The ENew York Times' 2,400+ ingxelo yamagama (6/3/19) nguJulie Bosman, uJulie Turkewitz kunye noTimothy Williams malunga nezikhukula zembali kuMbindi-ntshona-phakathi eyona manzi iinyanga ezili-12 okoko kwaqalwa ukurekhodwa kwiminyaka eyi-124 eyadlulayo—ngumzekelo obonisa indlela yokungalungi ugutyulo lwentlekele.
Ukukhumbula uMkhukula Omkhulu wowe-1993 nokunikela ingqalelo kwiidolophu ezine ezigutyungelwe ngamanzi zaseDavenport, eIowa; uValmeyer noPrairie du Rocher, eIllinois; kunye neClarksville, eMissouri, ecaleni koMlambo iMississippi, i Maxesha unike omnye umzekelo weendaba eziphambili ezigubungela iziphumo eziyingozi zentlekele yemozulu eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokukhankanya loo ngxaki-phakathi kwamanye amagalelo abantu kwintlekele engaqatshelwanga-ekhokelela abafundi ukuba bacinge ukuba akukho zisombululo zokunciphisa okanye zokuthintela ezi ntlekele. (FAIR.org, 1/18/13).
Umntu unokuxolelwa ngokusuka kude ENew York Times xela ukuba "izikhukula ezingayekiyo" zenzeke nje njengezehlo ezizimeleyo, kwaye akukho nto ingako esinokuyenza malunga nayo.
The Maxesha ukhankanye ukuba uNogumbe ka-2019 “uvuselela iinkumbulo ezibuhlungu zoMkhukula omkhulu,” nokuba “imiphumo yezigqibo ezenziwe emva kowe-1993” “zibuye ngequbuliso,” kodwa xa yazichazayo ezo zigqibo, ubukhulu becala yabavalela. inqanaba lendawo, ngaphandle kokuzibeka kumxholo wezinye izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezenziwe kwinqanaba likarhulumente kunye ne-federal.
The Maxesha wamphatha uValmeyer njengomzekelo wendlela yokusabela kwiintlekele, njengoko “iingcaphephe zolawulo lwezandyondyo” zamncoma uValmeyer “njengophononongo lwemeko,” waza wacaphula uSodolophu uHoward Heavner esithi uValmeyer bubungqina bokuba “unokwenza yonke into ngokufanelekileyo kwaye uluntu lusenako. ube sengozini.”
Kodwa xa ubani efunda ngokusondeleyo ngoko uValmeyer wakwenzayo ukuze abe ngumzekelo onjalo, ufumanisa ukuba abantu ngokusisiseko basuka nje basuka emlanjeni, njengoko uHeavner owayerhoxa wathi: “Unokuzimisa kuphela ukuze kubekho ilahleko encinane.” Kuyabonakala ukuba, ekuphela kwesiphene kwimpendulo yabo engenasiphako kukuba "ayinguye wonke umntu oshukumayo."
The Maxesha' ingxelo yangaphambili (1/6/16) kwimpendulo kaValmeyer kwizikhukula waphawula ukuba “phantse wonke umntu” owafudukela kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiNew Valmeyer wavuma ukuba “babengenakuzikhethela.” Ke kutheni abantu “benokukhetha” ukusala ngasemva kwindawo ekungahlalekiyo kuyo neyingozi?
Ingxelo yangoku inika impendulo ephuma komnye umthombo ocatshulweyo ukucacisa oku, uyise kaHeavner uRobert, kodwa akendisi ngokubaluleka kwayo, endaweni yoko wenza ubuhlwempu bakhe kakhulu ukuba angashukuma njengokhetho lobuqu okanye ukusilela. Umcaphula esithi ukuhlala kwindawo esezantsi “yeyona ndlela inoqoqosho yokwenza le nto ndiyenzileyo,” kunye nonyana wakhe usodolophu esithi akanakunyanzela abantu abahluphekayo ukuba bahambe kuba “bakhethe eyabo indlela.”
Oku kuhambelana neziphumo zangaphambili ze-FAIR (Yongezelelweyo!, 8/07; FAIR.org, 9/1/17) ngendlela amajelo osasazo eshishini awabajongela phantsi ngayo abahlwempuzekileyo, abadla ngokuhlala ngasemva kwiindawo eziyingozi ngenxa yokuba bengenandawo yokuya kwaye bengenandlela yokuphuma, ekubhengezeni kwabo iintlekele.
EClarksville, i Maxesha Khange ichaze ukuba iClarkville ixhomekeke "kwisethi ehlayo yamavolontiya" avela eMelika, kuGcini lweSizwe, amabanjwa kunye nabantu abadala ukuba bakhe "indonga ezinkulu zesanti," kwaye waphawula inani elincinci lamavolontiya eClarkville ngo-2019, xa kuthelekiswa nama-2,000-abanye. Amavolontiya ebenawo ngo-1993.
EPrairie du Rocher, i Maxesha ichaze indlela amagosa asekuhlaleni athatha ngayo "ukungcakaza ngokukrakra" ekukhanyeni ingcebiso yoMkhosi weeNjineli zoMkhosi ngo-1993 xa baqhushumba bemba imingxunya kwi-levee engasentla kwedolophu ukuphambukisa ukuphuma kumbindi woluntu. Baceba ukwenza okufanayo kulo nyaka, ngaphandle kokuba "banethemba" lokuqhumisa i-levee kwindawo ephezulu. Umkomishinala wasekhaya uSteve Gonzalez ukwafuna ukweyisela urhulumente wobumbano ukuba abandakanye idolophu kwipaki yesizwe, ukwenza "iWashington ibe noxanduva lokomeleza uluntu kwizikhukula." Ukuba ezo zicwangciso aziphumeleli, ukwanda rhoqo kwiindleko zeNkqubo ye-Inshurensi yoMkhukula yeSizwe exhaswa ngurhulumente eqhutywa yi-FEMA neWashington’s ngakumbi izicwangciso zokunyusa iintlawulo zanyanga le kuloo migaqo-nkqubo inokuba "sisikhonkwane sokugqibela ebhokisini" kuPrairie du Rocher.
Imibuzo emininzi ibinokubuzwa apha: Kutheni iClarksville kufuneka ixhomekeke “kwinani elinciphayo” lamavolontiya ukujongana nezikhukula? Kutheni le nto amagosa asekuhlaleni ePrairie du Rocher kufuneka enze "ungcakazo olula," okanye iyelenqe lokweyisela urhulumente ukuba athathe uxanduva lokhuseleko lwedolophu?
The Maxesha ayixoxi ngendlela yokwala kukarhulumente wobumbano ukuxhasa ngokwaneleyo iziseko zentlekele kunye neenkqubo zolawulo-ukuze ahlawule. qhubeka ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu kwizityebi kunye neenkampani-zishiya ilizwe lisengozini ngokungeyomfuneko kwiintlekele. Kwaye ayithethi nge-FEMA yolawulo lukaTrump ukushiya ngaphandle utshintsho lwemozulu kwisicwangciso sayo sobuchule bokusabela kwintlekele, okanye iinkqubo ezisilelayo zelevee ezibandakanya ubukhulu becala imiqobo yomhlaba, endaweni yohlobo lwangoku. iziseko ezingundoqo zokuphambukisa amanzi kwindawo kwilizwe elifana neNetherlands, kuba urhulumente wobumbano uyala ukuhlawula imali efanelekileyo kwiiprojekthi ezimbalwa zesikhukula esigunyazisayo, xa engazigatyanga ngokupheleleyo (I-Roll Call, 6/13/18; Hill, 4/5/19).
IPublica (8/6/18) ufumanise ukuba ukubalwa kweendleko-inzuzo esetyenziswa nguMkhosi weeNjineli zoMkhosi ukubeka phambili izixhobo ezinqongopheleyo ziyifomula yokuthethelela iidolophu ezihlwempuzekileyo, njengezo zisezidolophini. Maxesha' ingxelo, njengoko ilandela iinkqubo ze-levee ezikhusela umhlaba onexabiso eliphezulu ngeendleko zokuqinisa izikhukhula zabanye abakufutshane, ngokunqumla amandla omlambo wokusasazeka phezu kwe-floodplain. Oku kuya kucacisa ngokuyinxenye ukuba kutheni iidolophu zaseMidwest ezifana neValmeyer, iClarksville kunye nePrairie du Rocher zikhukulisekile njengoko zinjalo.
Naxa izixeko ezinje ngeDavenport zilandela ezinye iindlela ezincomekayo kwi-levees, njengokuthenga umhlaba kwintlambo yezandyondyo ukuze wamkele umlambo-owaba yimpumelelo ukusuka ngo-1993 ukuya kutsho ngo-2019. Maxesha ayiphumelelanga ukudibanisa izikhukula ezigubungele isixeko kunye nemozulu eguqukayo. Oku kokona kushiyiweyo kwingxelo ende yokusilela ukukhankanya ingxaki yemozulu eyandayo, kunye nokungakhathali ukukhankanya nayiphi na inzululwazi yemozulu.
Ewe kunjalo, njengeFAIR kaJim Naureckas (7/2/12) uye wachaza, ebuza ukuba ingxaki yemozulu yabangela Izikhukula kukusilela ukuqonda umahluko wengqiqo phakathi yemozulu iziganeko ezifana nembalela, izikhukula kunye neentsuku ezimangalisayo, kunye mozulu. Zonke iziganeko zemozulu ngoku zenzeka ngaphakathi kwemozulu eguqukayo, eya kuchaphazela ubunzima kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kwezi ziganeko, njengoko izazinzulu zemozulu ziqikelela ukuba izikhukhula-eziyiyo. sele eyona ntlekele yendalo iqhelekile kwaye inexabiso elikhulu-iya kuba rhoqo kwaye ibe namandla, kunye neziphumo ezibi zangoku nezexesha elizayo kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo efana nokukhula kwezityalo (Wired, 5/24/19).
Ngelixa ezinye iivenkile zithanda Iindoda eziqhelekileyo (6/4/19) khange ibenangxaki yokwenza umdibaniso, oku kukwaphikisana nengxelo yangaphambili kwi Maxesha (11/19/18), eyalumkisa ngoqikelelo lokuba ukwanda kwezikhukula kunye nezinye iintlekele ezibangelwa yimozulu ziya kufana “nomboniso bhanyabhanya woloyiko wokwenene.” Okumangalisayo kukuba, kwinyanga nje edlulileyo, i Maxesha (5/15/19) iphethe ibali malunga nokuchaswa kweenkokeli kwiindawo ezifana neDavenport kunye neClarksville ekuthetheni ngeempembelelo zengxaki yemozulu-isihloko esithi, "Kwi-Flood-Hit Midwest, ooSodolophu babona uTshintsho lweMozulu njengeSifundo esiPhetshweyo." Kubonakala ukuba abanye Maxesha Iintatheli ziyibona ngendlela efanayo.
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