"Siphila kumaxesha ayingozi kakhulu" utshilo umgca wokuvula wenqaku likaCJ Polychroniou (kunye noLily Sage) elinesihloko esithi "INkqubo eNtsha yezoQoqosho yeHlabathi eDisintegration eKhawulezayo," epapashwe kutshanje kwi-Truthout. Kwaye ngelixa eli candelo likhankanywe ngasentla yayisisigxeko esibuhlungu sobungxowankulu be-neoliberal behlabathi kunye nesimemezo senkqubo entsha yombutho wezoqoqosho nezentlalo, ithisisi yawo yayiyeyokuba inkqubo yehlabathi iyawohloka kwaye uluntu lwangoku ludidekile.
Ngaba ilizwe (laseNtshona) likwimeko emaxongo? Sibe nodliwano-ndlebe noC.J. Polychroniou malunga nemeko yehlabathi ekhoyo ngoku, sigxininisa kwinkqubela phambili yaseYurophu nase-United States, kwaye safuna iimbono zakhe malunga nemiba echaphazelekayo yezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nezentlalo, kuquka nokunyuka kwelungelo elikude kunye nokubanjwa kwekhohlo. .
UMarcus Rolle kunye no-Alexandra Boutri: Masiqale ngokubuza - yintoni kanye kanye onayo engqondweni xa usithi, "Siphila kumaxesha ayingozi kakhulu?"
CJ Polychroniou: Siphila kwixesha lobunzima obukhulu behlabathi, ukubhideka kunye nokungaqiniseki. Kufuneka kube ngaphaya kokuphikiswa ukuba siphakathi kweziganeko ezininzi kunye nophuhliso oluphazamisa amandla ethu okulawula imicimbi yoluntu ngendlela evumela ukufezekiswa kocwangco lwezopolitiko noqoqosho olusekelwe kuzinzo, ubulungisa kunye nozinzo. Eneneni, ihlabathi lanamhlanje lizaliswe ziingozi neengxaki eziya kuvavanya ngamandla amandla oluntu okugcina ikhondo elilungeleleneyo kuyo nantoni na efana nobomi bempucuko.
Ukuqala, besibona ukudodobala koqoqosho lwentlalo kuninzi lwelizwe elihambele phambili kwezoshishino ukusukela kwiminyaka yokuqala yoo-1980, kunye nokubuyela umva kwentlalontle, ngelixa ipesenti encinci yabemi ityebile ngendlela emangalisayo ngaphandle kokucinga. ethi ithobe idemokhrasi, ibhukuqe โukulunga okuqhelekileyoโ kwaye ikhuthaze inkcubeko yehlabathi lokutya inja.
Imigibe yokungalingani okukhulu kwezoqoqosho yaqatshelwa naziingcungela zamandulo, ezinjengoAristotle, ukanti sisavumela izityebi nabanamandla ukuba banganeli nje ukumisela uhlobo loluntu esiphila kulo kodwa nokumisela iimeko ezenza kubonakale ngathi kukho. ayikho enye indlela yokulawula inkqubo apho izilangazelelo zamashishini amakhulu zigqwesa kwiimfuno zentlalo.
Kulo mxholo, inkqubo yezopolitiko eyaziwa ngokuba yidemokhrasi emeleyo iwele ngokupheleleyo ezandleni zeoligarchy enemali elawula ikamva lomntu. Idemokhrasi ayisekho. Owona msebenzi uphambili wabemi kwiindawo ezibizwa ngokuba โzedemokhrasiโ kukunyula ngamaxesha athile amagosa aza kulawula inkqubo eyilelwe ukufezekisa iimfuno zolawulo lwentando yesininzi kunye nobungxowankulu behlabathi. "Into eqhelekileyo" ifile, kwaye endaweni yayo siye sahlula-hlula uluntu apho ababuthathaka, abahluphekayo nabangenamandla bashiywe kwinceba yoothixo.
Ndibamba ngelithi ezi mpawu zingasentla zibamba ngokuchanekileyo inkcubeko yezopolitiko kunye nentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho "yobungxowankulu basemva kwexesha." Nangona kunjalo, amathuba otshintsho lwentlalo oluqilima akabonakali ethembisa ngenxa yokungabikho okukhulu kweengcamango ezidityanisiweyo ze-gestals ezikhokela izenzo zentlalo nezopolitiko. Into esinokuyibona ivela kwiminyaka ezayo luhlobo oluqatha nolunya kakhulu lobukapitali.
Emva koko, kukho ukufudumala kwehlabathi, okusongela ukukhokelela ekuwohlokeni kobomi obuninzi bempucuko ukuba buyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ubungakanani behlabathi langoku elikwaziyo ukujongana neziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi - imililo yasendle rhoqo, ixesha elide lembalela, ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle, amaza okufuduka kwabantu abaninzi - eneneni iyathandabuza kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, akucaci ukuba inguqu yokucoca imithombo yamandla yanele ngeli xesha ukuze iqulathe ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi kuya kuvelisa iintlekele zoqoqosho ezingekude kakhulu kwixesha elizayo, ukungazinzi kwezentlalo kunye nokungazinzi kwezopolitiko.
Ukuba ingxaki yokutshintsha kwemozulu ayanelanga ukwenza umntu aqiniseke ukuba siphila kumaxesha ayingozi kakhulu, yongeza kulo mfanekiso ungasentla isisongelo esisoloko sikho sezixhobo zenyukliya. Enyanisweni, isisongelo semfazwe yenyukliya okanye ukuba nokwenzeka kohlaselo lwenyukliya sibonakala ngakumbi kwimekobume yehlabathi yanamhlanje kunalo naliphi na elinye ixesha ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha leathom. Ihlabathi elineembombo ezininzi elinezixhobo zenyukliya liyindawo engazinzanga ngakumbi kunelizwe eline-bipolar elinezixhobo zenyukliya, ngakumbi ukuba sithathela ingqalelo ubukho obukhulayo kunye nempembelelo yabadlali abangengabo karhulumente, njengemibutho yobunqolobi egqithisileyo, kunye nokusasazeka kokungenangqondo. kunye / okanye ukucinga okusisiseko, okuye kwavela njengesibetho esitsha kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi jikelele, kubandakanywa ne-United States yokuqala.
Ithini imeko yeNxele kwiYurophu yanamhlanje?
Ukusukela ekuweni kobukomanisi beSoviet, iEuropean Left ibikwimeko yokungazinzi ngokupheleleyo, nangona intlekele yeYurophu yasekhohlo yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1970s - oko kukuthi, kwakudala phambi kokuwa โkobusoshiyali obukhoyo ngokwenene.โ Kodwa masicace. Sithetha ntoni namhlanje ngegama elithi European Left? Imibutho yaseYurophu yobuSoshiyali neyeNtlalo yeDemokhrasi yasilahla kwakudala nasiphi na isizathu sokuba โngobusoshiyaliโ yaye, enyanisweni, iye yaba ngabaxhasi bobugqwirha nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo bobukapitali obukhululekileyo. Asekho amaqela obukomanisi akhoyo, kodwa uninzi lwayo alunampembelelo kwaphela kwezopolitiko.
Kuphela eGreece uneqela lamakomanisi elisaphethe impembelelo ethile ngaphakathi kwintshukumo yabasebenzi, kodwa ngokusisiseko liqela likaStalinist kwaye ngokwenene lisebenze nzima ukugcina uzinzo lwezopolitiko kwaye ngaloo ndlela imeko ikhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, kude kube mva nje, iQela lamaKomanisi laseGrike lalidume kakhulu kuneManyano yeRadical Left, eyaziwa ngokuba yiSyriza, ebikurhulumente ukusukela ngoJanuwari ka-2015, ngenxa yengxaki embi yemali kunye nezoqoqosho eqale ekuqaleni kuka-2010. kwaye ukusukela ngoko waguqulela ilizwe kwindawo yokhuselo yaseJamani/yaseYurophu.
Kakade ke, kukho iintshukumo zengca kunye namaqela e-Radical Left afumaneka phantse kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu, kodwa abafumani nkxaso idumileyo. Ukunyuka kweSyriza eGrisi kwabonwa njengokumela ukusa kweYurophu yaKhohlo, kodwa ukuthengiswa kwayo ngokupheleleyo kwiinkosi ze-euro kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo okwenyani kwiqela lezopolitiko elinobunono obunobuqhophololo kunye nelona qela lezopolitiko elinobuqhophololo lube sesinye sezithintelo ezinkulu kwimikhosi yenkqubela kulo lonke. ilizwekazi.
Ubuvakalisa ugcino oluqinileyo malunga neSyriza, enyanisweni ngala maphepha, kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba inyukele emandleni. Yintoni eyonakeleyo ngeGreek Radical Left?
I-Syriza yayingumbutho oxengaxengayo wamaqela ahlukeneyo asekhohlo (amakomanisi akudala e-euro, amaKomanisi e-anarcho, ama-Maoist kunye nedemokhrasi yezentlalo), kwaye isibheno sawo sasivalelwe ikakhulu kudidi lweengqondi. Yayingenambono wehlabathi obambeneyo kwaye, enyanisweni, [kwakunzima] ukuphawula ukuma kwayo kwimiba eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo ngenxa yamaqela amaninzi ezopolitiko eyayiwamele.
Ngokwemvelo, uninzi lwabavoti baseGrike babona i-Syriza ingekho nto ngaphandle kwentshukumo yee-clowns zezopolitiko, kunye no-Alexis Tsipras kwi-helm yayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukujonga ngokusondeleyo ubunkokeli obuphambili beSyriza bekuya kutyhila iqela labantu ababengoosomathuba kwezopolitiko, abantu abalambele igunya. Kum, ke ngoko, kwakucacile ukuba, kwimeko apho iSyriza ingena kulawulo, izinto ezimbini ziya kwenzeka: okokuqala, ukwahlukana phakathi kwama-radicals kunye nama-opportunists, kwaye okwesibini, ukunyanzeliswa kwamathuba (u-Alexis Tsipras kunye neqela lakhe) abaphezulu kwezoqoqosho zasekhaya kunye euromasters. Kwaye yiloo nto kanye eyenzekileyo.
Emva kweminyaka emihlanu yobunzima obukhohlakeleyo kunye nokwehla okubukhali komgangatho wokuphila kulo naliphi na ilizwe laseYurophu emva kwemfazwe, abantu baseGrike bavotela amandla e-Syriza, bekholelwa ukuba inkokeli yayo, u-Alexis Tsipras, uya kuthwala izithembiso zakhe zangaphambi konyulo zokuphelisa ubungqongqo kunye noxinzelelo. emva koko ukukhulisa uqoqosho kwakhona, ukukrazula izivumelwano zokuhlangula ze-EU/IMF, kunye nokunyanzelisa ukucinywa kwenxalenye enkulu yetyala. Kodwa kamsinya nje emva kokungena kulawulo, oosomathuba baqonda ukuba ukhetho yayikukunikezela ngokupheleleyo kwimikhosi yobukapitali okanye ukuhla kulawulo. Bakhetha eyangaphambili, ukuze bahlale belawula, nokuba oko kuthetha ukugqiba ukuqhutywa kwe-ajenda ye-neoliberal ye-European Union kunye ne-IMF njengenxalenye yenkxaso yemali yelizwe.
I-Syriza sele ilawula phantse iminyaka emibini ngoku, kwaye, ngeli xesha, iqhube i-ajenda ye-neoliberal phantsi komqala wabantu baseGrike ngamandla amakhulu kunye nokuzimisela kunanoma yimuphi urhulumente wangaphambili. Yavumelana nesicwangciso esitsha, esikhohlakeleyo nesihlazisayo, kwaye ngoku yongamela ukuthengiswa okupheleleyo koqoqosho kunye nokuwohloka ngakumbi komgangatho wokuphila, ngaloo ndlela izalisekisa imbono ekudala ikho yeenkosi ze-neoliberal zaseYurophu ukuba umvuzo wamaGrike kunye nomgangatho wokuphila. umgangatho wokuphila wesizwe akufuneki ube ngaphezu kwalawo afumaneka kumazwe akufutshane eBalkan afana neBulgaria neRomania. Naliphi na igosa likarhulumente okanye umphathiswa karhulumente ome endleleni yokuphunyezwa kwe-neoliberal agenda wayekhe wabekwa yedwa okanye wakhutshelwa ngaphandle kurhulumente. Eneneni, enye yezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zikaTsipras njengenkulumbuso yaseGrisi kukukhululeka kwakhe ekuthengiseni amaqabane akhe angaphambili.
Ukukhusela iinjongo kunye neenjongo zakhe, oko kukuthi, ukuthengiswa kwelizwe, wada wagqiba ekubeni afune izifundiswa zakhe ezivela phesheya, njengomongameli weLevy Institute, uDimitri Papadimitriou, kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, uRania Antonopoulos, ngoku osebenza njengoMnye uMphathiswa waseGrike wokuLwa nentswela-ngqesho. Kungekudala emva kokwamkela isikhundla soMphathiswa wezoQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso ngenxa yohlengahlengiso lwamva nje lwekhabhinethi, uPapadimitriou - xa ebuzwa malunga nophando lwakhe njengengcali yezoqoqosho apho wayecel' umngeni kwiimfundiso zaseYurophu zobungqongqo kunye ne-neoliberalism kwaye wakhuthaza ukuqaliswa "kokuhambelana. "Imali yoqoqosho lwaseGrisi olugula kakhulu - uphendule ngokuthi, "kude kube kwiveki ephelileyo bendisisifundiswa, kwaye izifundiswa zinokuthi ... izinto. Kodwa xa kufika ixesha lokuphumeza inkqubo, baye baqonde ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezinye izinto bezingalunganga!โ
Ewe kunjalo, amajelo eendaba aseGrike ayenomthendeleko wokusebenzisa amathuba amangalisayo kunye nokuhanahanisa kwale ndoda, kodwa indlela asabela ngayo iye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kweeprogressives kunye needemokhrasi kwezentlalo kuyo yonke imbali yanamhlanje. Ngokungamangalisiyo, uPapadimitriou uqhubeke wathi amaGrike, amaSpanish kunye namaTaliyane aphila ngaphaya kwamandla abo, ngaloo ndlela ebonisa intobelo yakhe kwi-EU kunye neenkosi ze-IMF, kwaye enye yezona zinto ziluncedo zokuthelekisa iGrisi ngoku lilizwe eline " umsebenzi ophantsi.โ
Obekusenzeka eGrisi kunokumela umzekelo ogqithisileyo ngenxa yemeko yezoqoqosho, kodwa imele imeko yezopolitiko yaseYurophu yangoku yaKhohlo. Oko kukuthi, iNxele ngaphandle kokukholelwa kwezopolitiko kunye nemilinganiselo, uMachiavellian wasekhohlo okhetha ukukhonza iiMasters zoMntu kunokuba afune ukulungelelanisa uluntu oluvela ngaphantsi.
Ithini inkcazo yakho ngokunyuka kukaDonald Trump, kwaye ngaba ngokwenene ubona ikamva "kwiTrumpism"?
Ukuqonda into kaDonald Trump kufuna ukuba sijonge ngaphaya komntu ngokwakhe kwaye, endaweni yoko, kwindlela uluntu lwase-US oluye lwavela ngayo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Izigidi zabantu baseMelika baye babona indlela yabo yokuphila iwa ngokupheleleyo okanye isoyikiswa ngamandla ezoqoqosho abangawaqondiyo okanye abangawaqondiyo. Ngokomzekelo, bona (kunye noDonald Trump) bagxeka iMexico kunye neChina ngokulahlekelwa yimisebenzi yaseMelika, kodwa akukho mntu uthatha ingxaki ukubabonisa ukuba ubuninzi beemveliso ezithunyelwa yiChina, umzekelo, ezithunyelwa eUnited States. uveliswa yi-US okanye iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhethe ukufudusela imisebenzi yazo ngaphandle kwe-US ukuze zisebenzise amathuba aphantsi okusebenza. Okwangoku, imivuzo e-US ihleli ithe ngcu kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo kuninzi lwabemi, ngelixa uqoqosho lukhule kakhulu. Kodwa iinzuzo zoqoqosho ziphela phantse ezandleni zenkampani encinci kunye nezezimali, ekwalawula i-ajenda yezopolitiko.
"I-Trumpism" kunye ne-dingenuous populism imele ikamva lezopolitiko zaseMelika, ngakumbi ekubeni imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho eya kuthi iqhutywe nguMongameli uTrump ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuyenza ibe mandundu imeko yokungalingani kweli lizwe kwaye ngoko ke angenzi nto ukunciphisa umsindo kunye nexhala malunga nekamva. amandla okuqhuba athumele abantu abaninzi ezingalweni zikaDonald Trump.
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Nikela
1 amagqabantshintshi
Udliwano-ndlebe olunika umdla. Kodwa kufuneka kongezwe amagqabantshintshi amabini. Okokuqala, kuchanekile ngakumbi ukuthathela ingqalelo iYurophu eshiyekileyo kwiyantlukwano yabo kunokuba kushiye iYurophu enye. Okwesibini, i-diarray kwimigangatho yasekhohlo kwiYurophu idibaniswa ngokusondeleyo kunye nenkqubo "yentlalo-nkululeko" eyamkelwa yi-social-democrats kulo lonke elaseYurophu.