Umthombo: Ellenbrown.com
Ifoto nguTierneyMJ/Shutterstock.com
Ngokutsho kwenqaku le-6 ka-Epreli CNBC.com, ISpain imiselwe ukuba ibe lilizwe lokuqala eYurophu ukwazisa ingeniso esisiseko jikelele (UBI) kwixesha elide. UMphathiswa wezoQoqosho waseSpain ubhengeze izicwangciso zokukhupha i-UBI "ngokukhawuleza," ngenjongo yokubonelela umvuzo osisiseko welizwe lonke oxhasa abemi "ngonaphakade." UGuy Standing, unjingalwazi wophando kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon, uxelele i-CNBC ukuba akukho themba lokuvuselelwa koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngaphandle komvuzo osisiseko wendalo yonke. โKuphantse ukuba akukho-brainer,โ watsho. "Siza kuba nohlobo lwenkqubo yengeniso esisiseko kungekudala ...."
โUrhulumente uza kuyifumana phi imali?โ ayisekho inkcaso esebenzayo ekuboneleleni ngenethi yokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho kubantu. Urhulumente unokufumana imali kwindawo enye efumene ngaphezu kwe-5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-Wall Street kunye ne-Corporate America: ibhanki ephakathi inokuyiprinta. Kwiposi ye-9 ka-Epreli echaza nge-1.77 yezigidigidi zeedola ezinikezelwe kwiWall Street phantsi koMthetho we-CARES, UWolf Richter waqaphela, โUkuba iFed ibithumele loo -$1.77 yezigidi zezigidi zeerandi kumakhaya ali-130 lezigidi eUnited States, mzi ngamnye ngewufumene i-13,600 yeedola. Kodwa hayi, le yayiyimali yehelikopta kuphela eWall Street nakubanini-asethi.
"Imali ye-Helicopter" - imali ekhutshwe nje yibhanki ephakathi kwaye ifakwe kuqoqosho - ingasetyenziselwa ngeendlela ezininzi, kubandakanywa nezakhiwo zokwakha, ukuxhamla iziseko zelizwe kunye nebhanki yophuhliso, ukubonelela ngemfundo yeyunivesithi yamahhala, okanye ukuxhaswa ngemali kwe-Medicare, ukhuseleko loluntu, okanye umvuzo osisiseko jikelele. Kwingxaki ekhoyo ngoku, apho ukuvalwa okugunyazisiweyo ngurhulumente kushiye amakhaya asengozini ngakumbi kunanini na ixesha ukusukela kwi-Great Depression, i-UBI ibonakala iyindlela ethe ngqo nesebenzayo yokufumana imali kuye wonke umntu oyidingayo. Kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuba kuya kubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuwa kwedola. Njengomxhasi wegolide uMike Maloney wakhalaza ipodcast ye-16 ka-Epreli:
Ukuchwetheza amanani ongezelelweyo kwiikhompyuter akusenzi sibe zizityebi. Ukuba le thiyori iphambeneyo yokuprinta imali phantse kuye wonke umntu ngokusisigxina iyabambelela, ixabiso leedola kwisipaji sakho okanye epokothweni liya โฆ liqhubeke nokumoshaโฆ. Ndifuna nje umntu andicacisele ukuba izosebenza njani lento.
Emva kokuba ndifunde kancinane ngaloo nto, ndacinga ukuba ndingawuthatha umngeni. Nantsi indlela kwaye kutheni i-UBI exhaswa yibhanki ephakathi inokusebenza ngaphandle kokumosha idola.
KwiNkqubo eSekwe kwiTyala, uQoqosho lwabaThengi lufutshane yimali
Okokuqala, ezinye iziseko zemali yanamhlanje. Asinayo inkqubo yemali ezinzileyo nezinzileyo. Sinenkqubo yetyala, apho imali yenziwa kwaye itshatyalaliswe ziibhanki mihla le. Imali yenziwa njengediphozithi xa ibhanki iboleka imali kwaye icinywe xa imali mboleko ibuyiswa, njengoko kuchazwe ngokweenkcukacha yiBhanki yaseNgilani. Apha. Xa kusenziwa iimali-mboleko ezimbalwa kunezibuyiswayo, ukubonelelwa ngemali kuyehla, into ebizwa ngokuba โyi-deflation deflation.โ I-Deflation ke ibangela ukudodobala koqoqosho kunye nokudakumba. Ibinzana elithi โimali yehelikoptaโ layilwa ukuchaza unyango lweso sifo soyikwa kakhulu. Ingcali yezoQoqosho uMilton Friedman uthe kulula ukunyanga ukwehla kwamandla emali: printa nje imali kwaye uyinese ngeehelikopta ebantwini.
Imali yethu ikwimeko engapheliyo yokwehla kwamandla emali, ngenxa yendlela eyenzeka ngayo imali. Iibhanki zenza inqununu kodwa kungekhona inzala efunekayo ukubuyisela iimali-mboleko zabo, ngoko ke imali eninzi isoloko iboleka umva kunokuba idalwe kwiimali-mboleko zokuqala. Ngaloo ndlela ityala lihlala likhula ngokukhawuleza kunokubonelela ngemali.
Xa umthwalo wetyala ukhula kakhulu kangangokuba ababoleki abanakuthatha ngaphezulu, bahlawula iimali-mboleko ezindala ngaphandle kokuthatha amatsha kwaye isibonelelo semali siyacutheka okanye sinciphe.
Abagxeki bale thiyori โyentsholongwane yetyalaโ bathi umsantsa phakathi kwamatyala kunye nemali ekhoyo yokubuyisela unokuzaliswa โngesantya semali.โ Amatyala ahlawulwe ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye ukuba iintlawulo ezifunyenwe ngokudibeneyo ngababolekisi zichithwa emva kuqoqosho, zifumaneka ngokudibeneyo kubatyali ukuba bahlawule ibhalansi yabo yenyanga elandelayo. (Jonga ingcaciso egcweleyo Apha.) Isiphene kule ngxabano kukuba imali edalwe njengemali-mboleko icinyiwe ekuhlawuleni imbuyekezo kwaye ayifumaneki ukuba isetyenziswe kwakhona kuqoqosho. Intlawulo ye-zeros ngaphandle kwe-debit eyenziwe ngayo, kwaye imali iyanyamalala.
Enye ingxaki ngengxabano "yesantya semali" kukuba ababolekisi musa Ngokwesiqhelo bachitha iingeniso zabo bebuyela kuqoqosho lwabathengi. Enyanisweni, sinezoqoqosho ezimbini - uqoqosho lwabathengi / lomvelisi apho iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ziveliswa kwaye zithengiswa, kunye noqoqosho lwemali apho imali igxotha "isivuno" ngaphandle kokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kunye neenkonzo. Uqoqosho lwemali luyintsika kuqoqosho lokwenyani, kwaye ngoku luqulathe uninzi lwemali kwinkqubo. Kwipolisi engabhalwanga ebizwa i "Fed put", iBhanki enguvimba isoloko ikhohlisa unikezelo lwemali ukuxhasa iimarike zezimali. Oko kuthetha ukuba abanini beenkampani kunye nabatyali-mali banokwenza imali eninzi kwaye ngokukhawuleza kuqoqosho lwemali kunokutyalomali kubasebenzi nakwizixhobo. Abagcini beebhanki, abatyali-mali kunye nabanye "abagcini" babeka imali yabo kwi-stocks kunye neebhondi, bafihle kwiindawo zerhafu ze-offshore, bayithumele phesheya, okanye bayigcine ngemali. Ekupheleni kwe2018, iinkampani zase-US zazihleli I-1.7 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngemali, kunye ne-70% ye-100 yeebhilidi zeedola ebanjelwe phesheya kolwandle.
Ngeli xesha uqoqosho lwabavelisi/labathengi lushiywe lutyalo-mali olunganelanga kunye nemfuno enganelanga. Ngokwephepha likaJulayi 2017 elivela kwiZiko laseRoosevelt elibizwa ngokuba โKukuphi Ukuchacha? Ityala loMgaqo-nkqubo woKwandiswa oQhubekayo kwi-Fed":
I-GDP ihlala ingaphantsi kakhulu kwindlela ekudala iqhuba kunye nenqanaba eliqikelelwe ngababikezeli kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo. Kwi-2016, i-GDP ye-capita yangempela yayiyi-10% ngaphantsi kwe-Congressional Budget Office's (CBO) 2006, kwaye ayibonisi zimpawu zokubuyela kwinqanaba eliqikelelweyo.
Ingxelo yabonisa ukuba eyona ngcaciso inokwenzeka yolu hlumo lunqongopheleyo yayiyimfuno enganelanga. Imivuzo yayimi; kwaye phambi kokuba abavelisi bavelise, babedinga abathengi abankqonkqozayo kwiingcango zabo.
KwiMesopotamiya yamandulo, umsantsa phakathi kwamatyala nemali eyayikho yokulihlawula wawulungiswa ngamaxesha athile ityala "jubilees" โ uxolelo lwemali-mboleko eye yasula isileyiti. Kodwa namhlanje ababolekisi abangookumkani neetempile. Bangoobhanki babucala abangazibandakanyiyo kuxolelo lwetyala kuba igunya labo kukwandisa inzuzo yabanini zabelo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ngokwenza oko baya kubeka emngciphekweni wokungakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala ngokwabo. Kodwa kukho enye indlela yokuphepha umsantsa wamatyala, kwaye oko kukuwugcwalisa ngokutofa rhoqo ngemali entsha engenatyala.
Yimalini ekufuneka iTofwe ukuZinzisa uBonelelo lweMali?
Ukuvalwa okugunyazisiweyo kwi-coronavirus kuye kwayenza mandundu ingxaki yamatyala, kodwa uqoqosho beluthwaxwa kukukhula kwamatyala ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kwangaphambi koko. I-UBI iya kujongana nomsantsa phakathi kwamatyala omthengi kunye nemali ekhoyo ukuyibuyisela; kodwa kukho izikhewu ezifanayo zetyala leshishini, ityala lomdibaniso, kunye netyala likarhulumente kunye nelikamasipala, okushiya indawo yemali yehelikopta ngaphambi kokuba ukuhla kwetyala kube kukunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Ukujonga nje umsantsa wamatyala wabathengi, ngo-2019 i-80% yamakhaya aseMelika kuye kwafuneka aboleke ukuhlangabezana neendleko.
Emva kwentlekele yezemali ka-2008, umvuzo kunye namatyala edibene ayenganelanga ukuvala isithuba. Ngo-Epreli ka-2019, malunga nesinye esithathwini semali-mboleko yabafundi kunye neemali-mboleko zemoto bezisilela okanye sele zisilele. Iziphumo ebeziqikelelwa ibikukukhula kokutshona kwabantu, ukutshona, kunye nokuhla kwamatyala.
URoberts ubonise kwitshathi yesibini ukuba ngo-2019, umsantsa phakathi kwengeniso yokwenyani yonyaka kunye neendleko zokuphila zazingaphezu kwe-15,000 yeedola ngomntu ngamnye, kwaye intsilelo yonyaka engenakuzaliswa nangokuboleka yayingaphezulu kwe-3,200 yeedola.
Cinga, ke, isahlulo selizwe sehla ngokuthe ngqo kwiiakhawunti zebhanki zabantu ze-1,200 yeedola ngenyanga okanye i-14,200 yeedola ngonyaka. Oku kuya kusondela kumyinge we-15,000 yeedola ezifunekayo ukuvala umsantsa phakathi komvuzo wokwenyani olahlwayo kunye neendleko zokuphila. Ukuba i-80% yabamkeli abafuna ukuboleka ukuhlangabezana neendleko basebenzise imali ukuhlawula amatyala abo omthengi (amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, amatyala omfundi, amatyala ezonyango, njl. njl.), loo mali iya kulicima ityala ize inyamalale. Ezi ntlawulo zemali-mboleko (okanye ezinye zazo) zinokwenziwa zibe zinyanzeliso kwaye zizenzekele. Enye i-20% yabamkeli, abangafuni kuboleka ukuhlangabezana neendleko, abanakudinga izabelo zabo zesizwe ngaloo njongo. Uninzi luya kuyigcina okanye ityale imali kwiimarike ezingasebenzisi bathengi. Kwaye imali eyayichithwe ngokwenene kwiimpahla kunye neenkonzo zabathengi yayiza kunceda ukugcwalisa i-10% ye-gap phakathi kwe-GDP yangempela kunye nenokwenzeka, ukuvumela ukubonelela ukuba kunyuke kunye nemfuno, ukugcina amaxabiso ezinzile. Isiphumo sokugqibela siya kuba hayi ukwanda kwenetha kwisalathiso samaxabiso omthengi.
Ukuvalwa koqoqosho lwangoku kuya kubangela ukunqongophala, kwaye amaxabiso ezo mveliso anokulindeleka ukuba anyuke; kodwa akuyi kuba ngumphumo "wokufuna / ukudonsa" ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okubangelwa yimali ye-helicopter. Kuya kuba "yindleko / i-push" yokunyuka kwamaxabiso ukusuka ekuvalweni kwefektri, ukuphazamiseka kokubonelela, kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zoshishino.
Imizekelo yamazwe ngamazwe
Abagxeki beenaliti zemali yebhanki ephakathi babhekisela kwi-hyperinflation eyaziwayo yembali - e-Weimar eJamani, eZimbabwe, eVenezuela, njl. Ngoku ka UProf. Michael Hudson, oye wafunda lo mbuzo ngokubanzi, "Yonke i-hyperinflation kwimbali iye yabangelwa inkonzo yamatyala angaphandle ehla izinga lotshintshiselwano. Phantse ngalo lonke ixesha le ngxaki ibibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwemali yangaphandle ngexesha lemfazwe, kungekhona inkcitho yangaphakathi.โ
Kwimizekelo yangoku yoorhulumente bafaka imali entsha ukuxhasa ukukhula kwasekhaya, sinokujonga eTshayina naseJapan. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, Imali ye-M2 yaseTshayina ikhule ukusuka kwi-11 yeetriliyoni zeeyuan ukuya kwi-194 yetriliyoni yeeyuan, phantse 1,800% Nyusa. Ukanti umyinge wokunyuka kwamaxabiso yeSalathiso samaxabiso oMthengi sihambe phakathi kwe-2% kunye ne-3% ngelo xesha. Isikhukula semali esifakwe kuqoqosho asizange sibangele ingxaki yokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngenxa ye-China I-GDP yanda kwikliphu ekhawulezayo efanayo, evumela unikezelo kunye nemfuno ukuba inyuke kunye. Enye into yayikukuthanda kwamaTshayina ukonga. Njengoko ingeniso inyuka, ipesenti yengeniso esetyenzisiweyo kwiimpahla kunye neenkonzo zehla.
EJapan, iinkqubo ezinkulu zovuselelo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-โAbenomicsโ ziye zaxhaswa ngemali ngokuthengwa kwebhondi yibhanki eyintloko yaseJapan. IBhanki yaseJapan ngoku "wenze imali" phantse isiqingatha setyala likarhulumente, ukufaka imali entsha kuqoqosho ngokuthenga iibhondi zikarhulumente ngeyen eyenziwe kwiincwadi zebhanki. Ukuba i-US Fed iyenzile loo nto, iya kuba yeyakho $ 12 zezigidi kwiibhondi zikarhulumente wase-US, ngaphezulu kwamaxesha amathathu I-3.6 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwityala likaNondyebo iyabamba ngoku. Ukanti izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso eJapan lihlala linenkani lingaphantsi kwe-2% ye-BOJ ekujoliswe kuyo. I-Deflation iyaqhubeka ukuba yinkxalabo enkulu eJapan kunokunyuka kwamaxabiso, nangona ibhanki ephakathi yenza imali ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.
UBI kunye noloyiko lwe "Nanny State"
Abagxeki abalumkileyo balumkisa ukuba i-UBI yindlela eya kwi-totalitarianism, "uluntu olungenamali," ukuxhomekeka "kwi-nanny state," kunye ne-ID yedijithali efunekayo. Kodwa akukho nasinye kwezo ziphumo kufuneka sihambe ne-UBI. Ayenzi abantu baxhomekeke kurhulumente, ukuba nje banokusebenza. Yingeniso nje eyongezelelweyo, efana nezahlulo abatyali-mali abazifumana kwizitokhwe zabo. I-UBI ayibenzi abantu bonqene, njengoko izifundo ezininzi zibonisile. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, baba ivelisa ngakumbi kunokuba ngaphandle kwayo. Kwaye i-UBI ayithethi ukuba imali iya kupheliswa. Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yokunikezelwa kwemali sele idijithali. Iintlawulo ze-UBI zinokusasazwa ngedijithali ngaphandle kokutshintsha inkqubo esinayo.
I-UBI inokusebenzela iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo wemali, ibonelela ngomnatha obalulekileyo wokhuseleko kubemi ngamaxesha anzima, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali, ngokuzinzisa ukunikezelwa kwemali. Uqoqosho lwabathengi / lomvelisi lufuna ngokwenene inaliti yemali ye-helicopter ukuze ihlale izinzileyo, ivuselele imveliso yezoqoqosho, kwaye igweme ukuhla kwe-deflationary.
U-Ellen Brown ligqwetha, usihlalo we I-Banking Institute Institute, kunye nombhali weencwadi ezilishumi elinesithathu kuquka IWebhu yeTyala, Isisombululo seBhanki yoLuntu, yaye Ukubhankisha Abantu: Ukwenza imali kwi-Digital Age. Ukwaququzelela inkqubo kanomathotholo I-PRN.FM kuthiwa "Yimali Yethu.โ Amanqaku akhe ebhlog angama-300+ afakwe apha EllenBrown.com.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela