NgoSeptemba 2018 ndabhala inqaku elichaza ukuba ingxaki elandelayo yezoqoqosho iya kwenzeka kwi-2-3 iminyaka. Bendingalunganga. Kuthatha iinyanga ezili-18 kuphela. Oku kulandelayo zizicatshulwa zelo nqaku, emva koko linomxholo othi 'Ukuthelekisa i-1929 kunye ne-2008 kunye nelandelayo'. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ezi ntlekele zoqoqosho zithathu ngoku zenkulungwane ephelileyo zifana njani ngeendlela ezininzi, eziphawulwa kukuwohloka ngokudibeneyo kweemalike zezemali kunye noqoqosho lokwenyani, enye imisela enye, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, kwindawo ehlayo jikelele. . Ngamanye amazwi, indlela imijikelo yezemali kunye neentlekele ezithi ziqhube kwaye zibangele ukucutheka kokwenyani 'okukhulu' (hayi ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho okuqhelekileyo) kunye nendlela, ukuwohloka kokwenyani kwezoqoqosho kukwenza kube mandundu ukuwohloka kwezimali ngokunjalo. Asikuko ukuba enye ibangela enye; zombini zibangela enye kwenye.
Oku kulandelayo kukuphinda kuveliswe ngokwelizwi lelo nqaku (ususe amanye amagqabantshintshi kunyulo lwaphakathi konyaka ka-2018 oluzayo. Ngenqaku elipheleleyo, yiya kwiwebhusayithi yam, http://kyklosproductions.com/articles.html)
โICANDELO 1:
Ishishini kunye noshicilelo oluqhelekileyo kule nyanga, Septemba 2018, liye lapapasha ii-akhawunti ezininzi ze-2008 yengozi yezemali kwiminyaka elishumi. Kule nyanga ingqalelo iye yajoliswa kwingozi yebhanki yotyalo-mali ye-Lehman Brothers eye yakhawulezisa inkqubo yezemali ngokubanzi e-US, nakwihlabathi jikelele, kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo. Kwinyanga ezayo, ngo-Okthobha, ngokungathandabuzekiyo siya kuva ngakumbi malunga nengozi njengoko isasazeka kwinkampani enkulu ye-inshurensi, i-AIG, nangaphaya kwayo kwezinye ii-brokerages (iMerrill Lynch), iibhanki eziphakathi (Washington Mutual), ukuya kwiingalo zezimali. yeenkampani zemoto (GMAC) kunye nee-conglomerates ezinkulu (GE Credit), ukuya kwiibhanki 'ezinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli' njengeBhanki yaseMelika kunye neCitigroup nangaphaya. Ezi 'ngxelo' zikholisa ukubalisa ngokwendalo, nangona kunjalo, kwaye zibonelela kancinci kwindlela yohlalutyo olunzulu lwembali kunye nethiyori.
Unxulumano kunye nothelekiso 1929 & 2008
Kuhlala kuthethwa ukuba iinyanga zokuqala zengozi ka-2008-09 zabeka uqoqosho lwase-US kwindlela yokuwa eerily efana naleyo ye-1929-30. Ilahleko yemisebenzi ibisenzeka kumyinge wesigidi esi-1 ngenyanga ngokwe-avareji ukusuka ngo-Oktobha 2008 ukuya kutsho kuMatshi ka-2009. Ngoko ke umntu usenokucinga ukuba iingcali zoqoqosho eziqhelekileyo zinokujongisisa amaxesha amabiniโoko kukuthi, i-1929-30 kunye no-2008-09โukuqinisekisa ngeepateni. okanye izizathu ezifanayo bezisenzeka. Okanye kuhlalutyo olunzulu lwamaxesha angaphambi ko-1929 no-2008 ukubona ukuba kukuphi ukufana okukhoyo. Kodwa abazange benze njalo.
Into esiyifumeneyo emva kuka-2009 kushishino lwezoqoqosho yayikukubhengeza nje ukuba ingozi ka-2008-09 'yayikukudodobala okukhulu koqoqosho', kwaye yayingekuko ukudodobala koqoqosho 'okuqhelekileyo' njengoko kwakusenzeka ukusuka ngo-1947 ukuya ku-2007 e-US. Kodwa abaniki ngcaciso ngokobungakanani okanye ngokomgangatho wokuba yintoni eyahlula 'okukhulu' kukwehla 'kwesiqhelo' okunikezelweyo. UPaul Krugman waqamba igama elithi, 'umkhulu', kodwa emva koko wasilela ukucacisa ukuba mkhulu kangakanani umahluko kunesiqhelo. Ngandlel 'ithile yayimbi kakhulu kunokudodobala kwezoqoqosho okuqhelekileyo kwaye ingekho mbi njengodakumba lokwenene. Kodwa oko luhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho nje ngezihlomelo.
Kuya kubaluleka ukunika ngcono, ingcaciso ethe kratya yomnyaka ka-1929 vs. 2008, ukusukela ngo-1929-30 ingozi ekugqibeleni yakhokelela kudandatheko olukhulu njengoko uqoqosho lwase-US lwaluqhubeka nokuhla ngakumbi ukusuka ngo-Okthobha ka-1929 ukuya kutsho kwehlobo lika-1933. , eqhutywa luthotho lweengozi ezine zebhanki ukusuka ngasekupheleni kuka-1930 ukuya entwasahlobo ka-1933 emva kokuwa kwemarike yemasheya yokuqala ka-Oktobha 1929. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuwohloka kwezimali ka-2008-09 kwavela emva kombindi ka-2009.
Okunye ukufana phakathi ko-1929 no-2008 yayiluqoqosho lwase-US lwadodobala ngo-1933-34-lungachacha ngokumandla okanye luwohloke ngakumbi-kwaye uqoqosho lwase-US lwadodobala ngokunjalo ngo-2009-12. Emva kokuthatha iofisi ngoMatshi 1933 uMongameli Roosevelt wazisa inkqubo yokubuyisela ishishini, ngo-1933-34, egxile ekunyuseni amaxabiso oshishino, kunye nokuqalisa ibheyile enkulu yebhanki. Olo ncedo lwebheyile lwayeka ukuwohloka ngakumbi kwezemali kodwa aluzange luvelise ukuchacha kokwenyani kwezoqoqosho. Ngokufanayo, u-Obama wakhupha imali kwiibhanki (eneneni i-Federal Reserve yenza) ngo-2009 kodwa inkqubo yakhe yokubuyisela i-2009-10, efana ne-Roosevelt's 1933-34, ayizange ivelise ukubuyiswa kwezoqoqosho ngokwenene.
Emva kokungaphumeleli ukubuyiswa kweshishini, umahluko phakathi kukaRoosevelt no-Obama uqala ukubonakalisa. Roosevelt ngexesha lonyulo lwaphakathi konyaka we-1934 watshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo ekuthembiseni, emva koko wazisa, iinkqubo zeNtsha yokuThengisa. Uqoqosho emva koko lwabuyela ngokukhawuleza ngo-1935-37. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, u-Obama wahlala kwikhosi kwaye waphinda kabini kwiprogram yakhe yokubuyisela egxile kwishishini ngo-2010. Ubonelele nge-800 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zokucutha irhafu yoshishino, ehlawulelwa nge-1 yetriliyoni yeetriliyoni kwiinkqubo zobunzima kuthi sonke ngo-Agasti ka-2011.
Ayothusi, ngokungafaniyo ne'Roosevelt's 'Isivumelwano Esitsha', esakhulisa uqoqosho ngokuphawulekayo ukuqala ngo-1935 emva kwexesha eliphakathi, i-'Phony Deal' ka-Obama yokubuyisela ngo-2009-11 ibangele ukuba uqoqosho lokwenyani lwase-US luqhubeke nokudodobala emva kuka-2009.
Uthelekiso lwembali lucebisa ukuba zombini ukudakumba okukhulu kwe-1929-33 (inqanaba lokuwa okuqhubekayo) kunye noko kubizwa ngokuba 'kukwehla okukhulu' koqoqosho ngo-2008-09 zabelana ngokufana okunomdla. Zombini ixesha lokuqala loxinzelelo lwe-1930s-Okthobha 1929 ukuya kukwindla ka-1930-kwaye ixesha elimalunga neenyanga ezilithoba zika-Okthobha ka-Septemba 2008 ukuya kuMeyi ka-2009 zibonakala zifana kakhulu: Ukuwohloka kwezemali kukhokelele kuzo zombini ezi meko kulandelelwano olumangalisayo lokuwa koqoqosho lokwenyani. kunye nomsebenzi.
Kodwa isiganeko sika-1929 siyaqhubeka, sisiya sisiba nzulu eminye iminyaka emine, ngelixa isiganeko sokugqibela sika-2009 sisehla ngokwemeko yokuhla koqoqosho. Emva koko, imigaqo-nkqubo efanayo yenkxaso-mali yoshishino (1933-34) kunye (2009-11) ikhokelela kwixesha elifanayo lokumisa. U-Obama uyaqhubeka nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-pro-shishini kunye nokuma, ngelixa u-Roosevelt eqhawula kwiimigaqo-nkqubo yezoshishino kwaye egxile kwi-New Deal yokubuyisela imisebenzi, imivuzo, kunye nengeniso yentsapho kunye nokubuyisela ngokukhawuleza. Ngokungafaniyo no-Roosevelt okhuthaza inkcitho yemali ejolise kwingeniso yendlu, u-Obama ugxile ekunciphiseni irhafu yoshishino-oko kukuthi enye i-1.7 yeetriliyoni zeedola (i-800 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kaDisemba 2010 kunye nenye i-900 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ekwandiseni ukucuthwa kwerhafu kaGeorge W. Bush eminye iminyaka emibini-emva koko unciphisa iinkqubo zentlalo nge-$ 1. itriliyoni ngo-Agasti 2011 ukuhlawula ukucuthwa kwerhafu yeshishini ka-2010-11.
Ukuthelekiswa komgaqo-nkqubo ohambelana nokubuyiswa kunye nokungabuyiswa kwakhona kucacisa ngokucacileyo iziphumo ezithelekisayo ze-1935-37 kunye ne-2010-11, njengoko kuthelekiswa nezicwangciso ezijoliswe kwishishini le-1933-34 kunye ne-2009-10 ebangele ukubuyiswa okumileyo. Kodwa iziphumo zezopolitiko zomahluko womgaqo-nkqubo zihluke kakhulu kwaye zinomdla.
Akukho nto inomdla kangako kwiziphumo zezopolitiko zeDemocratic Party. Ukhankaso luka Roosevelt ngo-1934 ngesithembiso seSivumelwano Esitsha sakhokelela ekubeni iiDemocrats ziyitshayela iNkongolo ngaphezu kokuba zenzayo ngo-1932. Bafumana izihlalo ngo-1934 ukuze ngo-1935 babe nokutyhalela phambili kwiSivumelwano Esitsha esacetywa nguRoosevelt nangona inkcaso yeRiphabhlikhi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, u-Obama uzigcinile, kwaye wade wenza nzulu, iinkqubo zakhe ze-pro-shishini phambi kwesiqingatha sonyaka ka-2010 nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni iiDemocrats zifumane ilahleko enkulu kwiCongress kunyulo lwaphakathi konyaka ka-2010. Emva koko, iiDemokhrasi zaculwa yiNdlu yeRiphabhlikhi kunye neSenethi eyavala yonke into. U-Obama nangona kunjalo waqhubeka ezama ukufikelela kwaye ecela uxolo kunye namaRiphabhlikhi, kodwa inja yaseRiphabhlikhi yamluma isandla ngayo yonke into.
U-Obama ucenge abavoti baseMelika ukuba bafumane elinye ithuba ngo-2012 kwaye bamnika lona. Isiphumo saba sisifanayo sezicelo zokungathobeli, ukukhatywa, kunye nokuqhubekeka kokudodobala koqoqosho lwase-US. Abantu baseRiphabhlikhi okwangoku baye balwenza nzulu ulawulo lwabo kurhulumente kunye nolawulo lwasekhaya, izindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nenkundla yezomthetho yasekhaya kulo lonke ixesha lika-Obama.
Isiphumo sokugqibela sayo yonke le nto yayinguTrump ngo-2016 njengoko i-Obama Democrats yathembisa ngakumbi okufanayo kunyulo lukamongameli luka-2016. Siyazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni emva koko.
ICANDELO 3:
Ingxaki elandelayo
Ingxaki yezemali elandelayo-kunye nokucutheka okuqatha koqoqosho lokwenyani kwakhona-akunakuphepheka. Kwaye isondele kunokuba abaninzi becinga, bemangalisiwe yiyo yonke intetho yoqoqosho olomeleleyo lwase-US oluxhamla i-10% ephezulu kwaye hayi abanye. Kutheni kungekudala nje?
Impendulo yalo mbuzo ayiyi kubonelelwa ngoqoqosho oluqhelekileyo. Baxakeke kakhulu besazisa ukwanda koqoqosho lwangoku lwase-US-oluqikelelwa kakhulu yi-GDP kunye nezinye iinkcukacha kwaye olusilelayo ukubamba amandla asisiseko aphantsi kwe-US kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi namhlanje, uqoqosho lwehlabathi olukhula buthathaka ngakumbi kwaye luthambekele ekubeni buthathaka. kwesinye isiganeko esikhulu sokungazinzi kwezemali.
Imikhosi ekhokelele kwingozi yebhanki ka-2008 yayanyaniswa namaqamza epropathi (eUS nakwihlabathi jikelele) kunye neemarike eziphuma kwizinto eziye zavumela amaqamza ukuba andise ukuya kumazinga angazinzanga, izinto eziphuma kuzo eziye zasasazwa kwaye zakhawulezisa ukosuleleka kuzo zonke iimalike zemali ngokubanzi nje ukuba ipropathi iqhume. yaqala ukuwa.
Ingozi ka-2008 yayingeyongxaki yezindlu, njengoko uninzi lwezoqoqosho lubhengeza. Yayininzi, mhlawumbi ngaphezulu, i-asethi yemali ephuma kuyo (MBS, CMBs, CDOs, CDSs, njl. njl.).
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kunokubonakala kokuwa kwamaxabiso e-subprime mortgages, kunye ne-derivatives emva koko, i-2008 yayiyingxaki yetyala elingaphezulu kunye netyala elenza ukuba i-boom kwi-subprimes kunye ne-derivatives inyuke ibe yi-bubble proportions.
Kodwa i-subprimes kunye ne-derivatives yayiseyimbonakalo, iimpawu zengxaki. Eyona nto idala kakhulu, ingozi ka-2008 yayinemvelaphi yayo esisiseko kwinaliti enkulu yokungabi namali ekhoyo kwiibhanki ezingoovimba, ekhokelwa yi-US Fed, eyenzeka phakathi koo-1980 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ubuninzi bemali yokuhlawula amatyala bubonelele ngetyala elitshiphu elithe laphembelela ityala eligqithileyo eliye laya kwi-subprimes kunye nezinto eziphuma kwi-2008. iimarike zemali kunye neebhondi ezingafunekiyo zase-US kunye nokonga & mboleko kwi-1998s, njalo njalo).
Ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala ngokugqithisileyo akuyena kuphela unobangela weengxaki zemali, nangona kunjalo. Ngumqathango ovumelayo. Ukuvumela ityala kwindawo yokuqala kukuhlawula okugqithisileyo kunye nekhredithi. Olo lwakhiwo lwetyala letyala lemali-mboleko yinto eyenzekayo kwiminyaka yoo-1920s eyakhokelela kwingozi yesitokhwe kaOktobha 1929. Yinto eyenzekayo kumashumi eminyaka andulela u-2008, ingakumbi ukukhawuleza emva kokunyuka kwezinto eziphuma kwimali kwiminyaka yoo-1990.
Ityala eligqithisileyo lidala imiqathango yengxaki, kodwa ukuhla kwamaxabiso e-asethi yezemali kuko okuqhubela phambili le ngxaki, njengoko elo tyala ligqithileyo elakhiweyo lingenako ukuhlawulwa (okt iintlawulo zenqununu kunye nenzala 'ezenziweyo). Ke ukuba imali yokuhlawula amatyala ibonelela ngamafutha etyala kule ngxaki, into ethe yaqalisa lo mlilo kukuhla kwamaxabiso okukhanyisa amadangatye.
Ukuwa kwamaxabiso esitokhwe ngo-Oktobha 1929 kwandisa iingozi ezine zebhanki ezalandelayo ze-1930-33. Ukuwa kwamaxabiso epropathi (i-subprime yokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo) ngo-2006-07 kubangele ukuwa kweebhanki zotyalo-mali ngo-2008, emva koko ngokukhawuleza kwachitheka kwamanye amaziko emali (ii-brokerage, iinkampani ze-inshurensi, iimali ezihlangeneyo, iinkampani zezemali zemoto, njl. njl.) emva koko. ukuwa kwebhanki yotyalo-mali yeLehman Brothers ngoSeptemba ka-2008.
Namhlanje ngo-2018 siqhubekile nokunyuka kwamatyala ukusukela ngo-2008. Njengoko kuqikelelwa yiBhanki yokuHlaliswa kwaMazwe ngaMazwe (BIS) eGeneva, eSwitzerland, lilonke ityala lase-US linyukile ukusuka kuqikelelo lwezigidi ezingama-50 zeedola ngo-2008 ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-70 zeedola ekupheleni kuka-2017. oku lityala loshishino, kwaye ingakumbi amatyala oshishino angengawo awemali. Loo nto yahlukile ku-2008 xa yayigxile kwityala le-mortgage. Kwakhona kunokuba yingozi ngakumbi.
Urhulumente wase-US ukusukela ngo-2008 uye wanyusa ityala lakhe lomanyano ngeetriliyoni, njengoko ebeqhubeka nokuboleka kubatyali-mali kwihlabathi liphela ukuze 'axhase ngemali' kwaye acuthe irhafu yabatyali-zimali kwaye aqhubeke nokunyuka kwenkcitho yemfazwe ukusukela ngo-2008. 2008, njengoko ukunqongophala kwemivuzo yokwenyani kunye nokukhula kwengeniso kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi emva ko-2008 kukhokelele kwityala labafundi eliyi-1.5 yetriliyoni, i-1 yetriliyoni yeedola kunye ne-auto kunye nekhadi letyala, kunye ne-7- $ 8 yetriliyoni ngaphezulu kwityala le-mortgage. Kwihlabathi jikelele, ngokutsho kwe-BIS, ityala leshishini elingeyomali likwayeyona nto iphambili enoxanduva lokukhawulezisa amanqanaba etyala lehlabathi-ingakumbi ukuboleka ngeedola kwiibhanki zase-US kunye nabatyali-mali (oko kukuthi ityala ledola) ngoqoqosho olusakhulayo, kunye netyala leshishini I-China ikhuphe ukugcina amashishini karhulumente kunye nokuxhasa ngemali ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zasekhaya.
Ngoko umqhubi wetyala uye waqhubeka engathinteli njengengxaki ukususela ngo-2008, kwaye uye wakhawuleza. Amaqamu e-asethi yezemali avele kwihlabathi jikelele ngenxa yoko-incinci i-bubble yangoku kwii-stocks zase-US. Ngeli xesha asiyomali mboleko yezindlu. Lishishini elingelilo elemali kunye netyala leshishini eliyeyona ndawo inokwenzeka yentlekele elandelayo, nokuba kuse-US okanye kwihlabathi liphela okanye zombini.
Ukusukela ngo-2008 i-US kunye namaqamza amatyala ehlabathi aphinde aphenjelelwa kwakhona-njengakwiminyaka yoo-1920 nasemva ko-1985 yimali ethe kratya yokuhlawula amatyala ebonelelwa yi-US central bank, kunye nezinye iibhanki ezingundoqo zoqoqosho. Ibhanki ephakathi, i-Fed, iyodwa iye yaxhasa iibhanki zase-US kunye nabatyali-mali ukuya kwi-6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukusuka kwi-2009 ukuya kwi-2016, njengesiphumo se-QE kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezinga lenzala ekufutshane.
Ukusukela ngo-2008, izinga lenzala eliphantsi nelizinzileyo kubatyali-zimali kunye neshishini likhokelele kubuncinci i-1 yetriliyoni yeedola ngonyaka ekwakhiweni kwamatyala eshishini, njengoko imiba yebhondi yenkampani iye yanda ngenxa yemali ye-Fed enexabiso eliphantsi. Le mali ilula ivumele iinkampani zase-US ezingabalekiyo ukuba ziphile kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, njengoko bezifumbela amatyala etyaleni elidala. Imali etshiphu ephantsi iphinde yaphembelela ukuthengwa kwesitokhwe seshishini kunye nentlawulo yezahlulo kubatyali-mali, ezithe zaphinda zafakwa kumaxabiso esitokhwe kunye namaqamza. Ngokunjalo ukuphinda kabini kunye nokuphinda-phindwe kathathu kwengeniso yenkampani ukusuka ku-2008 ukuya ku-2017 kwenze ukuba irekhodi lithengwe kunye nolwabiwo lwezabelo kubaninizabelo.
Kutshanje, ngo-2017-18 i-locus yenkxaso-mali itshintshele kwi-Trump yokunciphisa irhafu eye yanyusa inzuzo yase-US nge-20% nangaphezulu. Njengoko idatha iqalile ukubonisa ngo-2018, uninzi lwaloo nto ngoku iphinda ihlawulwe kwakhona kwi-stock buybacks kunye ne-dividend payouts-kulo nyaka iphelele ngaphezu kwe-1.4 yezigidigidi zeedola, emva kweminyaka emithandathu esele i-1 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka ekuthengeni nasekuhlawuleni. Yimalini engaphezulu kwe-7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ekuhanjisweni yinkampani yaseMelika ekuthengeni kwakhona kunye nezabelo kubanini-zabelo abazizityebi.
Iphi intaba yemali ebonelelwe ngabatyali-mali bonke? Ngokuqinisekileyo hayi ekunyuseni umvuzo wabasebenzi. Ngokuqinisekileyo hayi ekuhlawuleni iirhafu ezingakumbi kurhulumente. Ithe yahanjiswa kwiimalike zezemali e-US nakwihlabathi jikelele-izitokhwe, iibhondi, izinto eziphuma kuzo, imali, ipropathi, njl.njl-ukudityaniswa nokufunyanwa e-US, okanye igcinwe kumaphepha ebhalansi ngolindelo lwentlekele ezayo ezayo. Okanye ithunyelwe kwiimarike ezisakhulayo (iimarike zezimali, ukudibanisa kunye nokufunyanwa, amaphulo adityanisiweyo, ukwandisa imveliso, njl.njl.) xa zazikhula ngo-2010-2016.
Ke amaxabiso e-asethi yezemali aya kuqala phi ukuwohloka kumaqamza amaninzi adalwe kwihlabathi jikelele nase-US ukuza kuthi ga ngoku-kwaye oko kuphinda kuphinde kubekho ingxaki yezemali elandelayo? I-BIS ibisoloko ilumkisa ukuba ijonge iibhondi zamashishini ezingafunekiyo zase-US kunye neemalike zemali-mboleko exhaphakileyo. Zilumkele izinto ezintsha ezithatha indawo ye 'subprimes' ezindala kunye neeCDS-okt, iExchange Traded Funds, ETFs, passive index funds, dark pools, njl. njl. Bukela kwakhona iimarike zestock zase-US ziphendula kwiziganeko zezopolitiko zase-US, kwimfazwe yorhwebo yokwenyani. I-China mhlawumbi ngo-2019, ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo koqoqosho lwemarike olukhulayo kunye neemali, kwingxaki yokubuyisela imali mboleko yebhanki engasebenziyo e-Itali, e-Indiya nakwezinye iindawo, okanye ukuthotywa kwezoqoqosho lwase-Bhritane emva kwe-Brexit 'enzima' elandelayo. entwasahlobo, okanye uqoqosho lwase-Asia lungena kwisivumelwano sokucotha kweTshayina okanye ukuhla kwexabiso lemali, okanye kulo naluphi na uphuhliso olungekabonwa. Ukwehla kwamaxabiso kuyo nayiphi na kwezi kungasentla isenokuba yimvelaphi yokucutheka okulandelayo kwe-asethi yemali eya kusasazwa ngosulelo lwezinto eziphuma kuzo kwiimarike zehlabathi. Kwaye nawona makhulu amanani etyala akhiwe ukusukela ngo-2008 anokwenza ukuhla kwexabiso ekugqibeleni kukhawuleze kwaye kunzulu. Kwaye izinto ezintsha eziphuma kuzo zinokukukhawulezisa ukosuleleka kuzo zonke iimarike ngokukhawuleza.
Uncedo lwemali lukhona. Ekuphela kwento efunekayo ngoku yintlantsi ukuyimisa. Ingxaki elandelayo yemali iyeza. Ishumi leminyaka lokugqibela, i-2008-18, ifana ngokumangalisayo namaxesha ka-1921-1929 kunye no-1996-2007.
Kuphela ngoku iza kuza ne-US ecela umngeni kukhuphiswano lwamazwe angaphandle kunye namahlakani angaphambili ngokufanayo njengoko izama ukugcina isabelo sayo sokucotha urhwebo lwehlabathi; kunye noqoqosho lwase-US oluthe lwatshabalalisa amakhaya ngokwezoqoqosho iminyaka elishumi; kunye netyala elikhulu US federal ngoku $21 yetriliyoni kwaye ukuya $33 yetriliyoni ngenxa yokuthotywa irhafu Trump; ngentlekele yase-US kumvuzo womhlalaphantsi, ukufikelela kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye neendleko, kunye nenkqubo yemfundo ewohlokayo; ngoqoqosho oludale kuphela imivuzo ephantsi kwaye ubukhulu becala imisebenzi yenkonzo elindelekileyo; ngentshukumo yomanyano ephantse yatshatyalaliswa; kunye ne-Pharma enkulu eqalise ingxaki ye-opioid ebulala abantu abaninzi baseMelika ngonyaka kunokuba balahlekile ngexesha lonke le-9 yemfazwe yaseVietnam; ngenkcubeko evumela i-40,000 yabemi bayo ngonyaka babulawe ngemipu kwaye bangenzi nto; ngenguqu yangaphakathi kunye nokurhoxa kwamaqela amabini asekiweyo ezopolitiko; kunye neTrump kunye nephiko lasekunene intshukumo ekhawulezayo inyuka kwaye ilungele ukuya ezitalatweni ukuzikhusela.
UGqr Rasmus ungumbhali wencwadi ezayo ethi 'Isibetho seNeoliberalism: Umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ukusuka eReagan ukuya kwiTrump', iClarity Press, 2020. Ubhloga jackrasmus.com kwaye umqheba wakhe we-twitter ngu-@drjackrasmus. (Ukufumana uhlalutyo oluthe kratya lokufana kunye nomahluko phakathi kuka-1929 kunye no-2008, kunye nendlela u-Roosevelt no-Obama abayiphatha ngayo le ngxaki ngokwahlukileyo, funda ngaphandle kwencwadi kaGqirha Rasmus ka-2010, 'Epic Recession: Prelude to Global Depression', iiPlutobooks, ngoku ziposwe. kwiwebhusayithi yakhe, http://kyklosproductions.com).
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Nikela