UJohn Bellamy Foster, uBrett Clark, kunye noRichard York. I-Ecological Rift: Imfazwe yobungxowankulu emhlabeni. Uphononongo lweNyanga, ngo-2010. amaphepha angama-544.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba sesona sisongelo sikhulu esijongene noluntu. Isisongelo siyinyaniso ngokwenene. Ngaphandle kokuba sinqande ukungcoliseka kwekhabhoni ngokukhawuleza, utshintsho lwemozulu olubalekayo luya kuzenza mandundu iingxaki ezikhoyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nezentlalo, kwaye zenze ezintsha ezizezazo. Kodwa akusaneli nje ukubhekisa kwingxaki yemozulu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu yinxalenye yentlekele ebanzi yezinto eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo, eziswa yinkqubo yezoqoqosho exhomekeke ekukhuleni okuthe gqolo, ukuqokelelana okungapheliyo, kunye nokwahlukaniswa kwabantu okuhlala kusiba nzulu.
Ucwaningo lwe-2009 olupapashwe kwi indalo ibonise umkhamo wale ngxaki yendalo. Uphononongo, olwalukhokelwa nguJohan Rockstrom waseSweden kwaye lubandakanya isazinzulu semozulu saseMelika uJames Hansen, ichonge "imida yeplanethi" elithoba ebaluleke kakhulu kubomi bomntu emhlabeni. Kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, le mida yile: ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi acocekileyo ehlabathi, ukungcoliseka kwemichiza, ukuba neasidi yolwandle, ukutshintsha kokusetyenziswa komhlaba, izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo (umlinganiselo wokuphela), amanqanaba e-ozone kwi-stratosphere, amanqanaba e-aerosol (okanye amasuntswana amancinane) emoyeni, kunye nenitrogen. kunye nemijikelo ye-phosphorus elawula ukuchuma komhlaba (kwaye ke ngoko imveliso yokutya). Uphononongo lwathi ezintathu zale mida ibalulekileyo yeplanethi - imozulu, umjikelo we-nitrogen, kunye nokulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo - sele igqitywe. Okunye okune—ukutshintsha kokusetyenziswa komhlaba, umjikelo wephosphorus, iasidi yolwandle, nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ahlaziyekileyo—ziingxaki ezivelayo. Izazinzulu zithi le mida ayikaphulwa kodwa ingakhawuleza ukuba akukho nto yenziwayo. Imeko ye-ozone layer, elawula imitha ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni elibetha uMhlaba, yayikuphela kweendaba ezilungileyo. Isivumelwano sehlabathi sokuphelisa iigesi ezitshabalalisa i-ozone, ezinjengeechlorofluorocarbons, sibonakala senza umahluko. Ababhali bophononongo bathi bebengekazi ngokwaneleyo ukulinganisa imida yeplanethi yongcoliseko lweekhemikhali kunye namanqanaba e-aerosol.
Kwincwadi yabo yowe-2010, I-Ecological Rift, US Marxists uJohn Bellamy Foster, uBrett Clark, kunye noRichard York baphawula ngolu cwaningo:
Ukuzotywa kwemida yezijikelezi-langa ngale ndlela kusinika umbono ongcono wesongelo sokwenyani kwinkqubo yomhlaba. Nangona kwiminyaka yakutshanje isisongelo semekobume siye sabonwa ngabaninzi njengombandela nje wokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukukhusela isijikelezi-langa kufuna ukuba sinikele ingqalelo kuyo yonke le mida yezijikelezi-langa, neminye engekaqinisekiswa.
Ingxaki ebalulekileyo yinyani engenakuthintelwa yokuba inkqubo yezoqoqosho eyandisiweyo ibeka imithwalo eyongezelelweyo kwinkqubo yomhlaba esisigxina ukuya kwinqanaba lokugcwala kweplanethi. . . . Uqikelelo lweshishini njengesiqhelo lukhomba imeko apho indawo yendalo yoluntu iya kufana namandla okuhlaziya iiplanethi ezimbini ngo-2030.
Ubungxowankulu, inkqubo yokukhula okanye yokufa, kufuneka ingahoyi imida yesi sijikelezi-langa. Kodwa asinakukwazi ukuyenza-hayi ukuba siza kukhusela iplanethi ekhuselekileyo enokugcina impucuko yabantu. Kunjengokuba uFoster, uClark noYork bequkumbela ngelithi: “Akukho sicombululo kwingxaki yehlabathi enokufikelelwa ngendalo esingenakuthabath’ unyawo ukonyuka kobukapitali, njengenkqubo yehlabathi yama-impiriyali, njengento yawo. uphuhliso."
I-Ecological Rift ifanelekile - kwaye idinga - ukuba yiklasiki kwintsimi yayo. Iincwadi ezininzi ezintsha, kunye namawakawaka amaphepha kunye namanqaku, apapashwa malunga nengxaki yendalo nyaka ngamnye. Uncwadi ngeengxaki ezikhulayo zendalo esingqongileyo zoMhlaba ziye zaba lishishini lokukhula kancinci ngokwalo. Kodwa ngaphandle kobunzima bale ngxaki, okothusayo kukuba bambalwa abantu bezendalo kuMntla wehlabathi bacela umngeni kwabo bacingayo malunga nenkqubo yangoku yentlalo noqoqosho, indima eyisizathu esiyidlalayo ekuqhubeni ukubola kwendalo, kunye neendlela enokuthi le nkqubo icele umngeni ngayo. , kwaza kwatshintshwa. UCurtis White uye wasondeza kule ndlela iqhubekayo kwinqaku lika-2009 Orion phephancwadi:
Kukho umbuzo osisiseko onokuthi iingcali zendalo zingabi nobuchule kakhulu ekuwubuzeni, singasathethi ke ngokuphendula: "Kutheni le nto, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo yendalo kwenzeka?" . . .
Kodwa njengoko kubunzulu ngokwenzululwazi ukucinga kwemekobume malunga neenkqubo zendalo (ingakumbi amandla ayo okulinganisa utshintsho nokwenza uqikelelo ngekamva ngokusekelwe kuloo milinganiselo), izigqibo zayo malunga nokubandakanyeka komntu ekuthotyweni kwendalo zithande ukuncitshiswa kakhulu kwaye zibe yimbangela.
Uhlalutyo lokusingqongileyo luthande ukuba malunga "nemithombo". Imithombo yoshishino. Imithombo engaphawuliyo. Imithombo yasezidolophini. Imithombo ye-Smokestack. Imithombo yeTailpipe. Kwanemithombo yendalo (efana nemethane eza kukhutshwa kungekudala ekunyibilikeni kweArctic tundra). Kodwa imeko yokusingqongileyo ayilunganga kakhulu ekubuzeni, "Kulungile, kodwa kutheni sinayo yonke le mithombo yongcoliseko?"
I-Ecological Rift yinto eyahlukileyo kule siqhelo. Isiqalo sayo luvavanyo olunyanisekileyo lweengxaki, kodwa lujolise ekugxekeni okuzinzileyo kweethiyori eziphambili zendalo, izisombululo, kunye nezindululo ezingajongi unobangela wengxaki kwaye ezingaphandi nzulu ukuba kutheni le ngxaki yendalo ifikelele. ubungakanani obunjalo.
Umba omkhulu kwabo bajongene nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nezinye izinto ezingalunganga zokusingqongileyo kukufumana ukuqonda ngcono inkqubo yongxowankulu, ngubani ozuza kakhulu kuyo, kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo ukujongela phantsi inkqubo yendalo ezinzileyo. Ababhali bachaza i-capitalism njengenkqubo yokuqhekeka kunye nokutshintsha. I-Rifts, ngenxa yokuba ukuthembela kwayo kwingeniso yexesha elifutshane kunye nokukhula okungapheliyo kuthetha ukuba kufuneka iqhube i-wedge eqhubekayo phakathi koluntu kunye neemeko zendalo ezifunekayo ukuze kugcinwe bonke ubomi. IiShifts, kuba xa ijongene nokuthotywa kokusingqongileyo inkqubo ithande ukuyisusa kwenye indawo. Olu tshintsho lusoloko lungokwejografi - amashishini anetyhefu, angcolisa indalo ayasuswa kwiindawo zasezidolophini okanye kumazwe atyebileyo aye kuMzantsi wehlabathi. Omnye umzekelo yindlela ukuncipha kobutyebi bendalo kummandla omnye kuqhuba nje inkunzi yokwandisa ukufikelela kwabo kwenye indawo emhlabeni. Ushishino lwe-oyile, oluthe lwandisa imisebenzi yokugrumba elunxwemeni kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo (cinga ngeGulf of Mexico) kwaye ngoku lifuna ukugrumba i-oyile kuLwandlekazi lwe-Arctic olungekachukunyiswa noko, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wolu hlobo lokutshintsha kwejografi yobungxowankulu.
Kodwa iinguqu zikwayitekhnoloji. I-Capitalism idla ngokusabela kwiingxaki zokusingqongileyo kunye nokuncipha kobutyebi ngotshintsho lobugcisa kwiindlela zokuvelisa: ukutshiswa kweenkuni endaweni yokutshiswa kwamalahle, isichumiso sendalo sesichumiso sokwenziwa, iphepha leplastiki, i-oyile eqhelekileyo ye-biofuels, kunye nezityalo zamandla efosili yenyukliya. izixhobo zombane. Olu tshintsho luvule iimarike ezintsha ezinengeniso kodwa ludale noqhekeko olutsha, nolucinezela ngakumbi, lwendalo. Ababhali bayacacisa:
Enye indlela yokujonga oku kukubona i-capitalism njengoqoqosho lwamaqamza, olusebenzisa izixhobo zokusingqongileyo kunye namandla okufunxa okusingqongileyo ngelixa kushenxiswa iindleko ezibuyela eMhlabeni ngokwawo, oku kungenisa ityala elikhulu lendalo.
Logama nje inkqubo incinci kwaye ikwazi ukuqhubeka isanda ngaphandle, eli tyala le-ikholoji liyasuswa, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokuqaphela iindleko ezenziweyo. Nje ukuba inkqubo yezoqoqosho iqalise ukusondela kungekuphela nje kwimida yayo yengingqi kodwa imida yezijikelezi-langa, ityala elikhulayo lendalo liza kuba yingozi ngakumbi, lisongela ukuwohloka kwendalo.
Nangona kunjalo ukusondela kwale ngozi akuzukwenza ukuba abalawuli benkqubo batshintshe indlela. Ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo yinxalenye yeDNA yobungxowankulu.
I-capitalism ayinakho ukulawula inkqubo yentlalo kunye nendalo ngendlela egcina indalo esingqongileyo. Imisebenzi yayo iphula imithetho yokubuyisela kunye nokubuyiselwa kwe-metabolic. Ukuqhuba okuthe gqolo ukuhlaziya inkqubo yokuqokelelwa kwemali eyinkunzi kuqinisa i-metabolism yentlalo eyonakalisayo, ibeka iimfuno zenkunzi kwindalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zithini iziphumo kwiinkqubo zendalo.
Ubungxowankulu buyaqhubeka ukudlala iqhinga elifanayo elingaphumeleliyo kwakhona kwaye kwakhona. Isisombululo kwingxaki nganye yokusingqongileyo sivelisa iingxaki ezintsha zokusingqongileyo (kwaye kaninzi asizinqandi ezindala). Enye ingxaki ilandela enye ngokulandelelana kokusilela, okubangelwa kukungavisisani kwangaphakathi kwale nkqubo. Ukuba siza kucombulula iingxaki zethu zokusingqongileyo, kufuneka siye kwingcambu yengxaki: ubudlelwane boluntu lwenkunzi ngokwayo.
Abachazi bendalo abaphambili kunye namaqela ayasichasa esi sigqibo. Nangona basenokugxeka kabukhali ukonakaliswa kwemekobume, balinganisela izindululo zabo koko kunokwenzeka ngaphakathi kwesakhelo senkqubo yongxowankulu. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kuyathetheleleka ngezizathu zepragmatic zokuba imeko yendalo ihambele phambili kangangokuba asinaxesha lokutshintsha inkqubo, kwaye ke kufuneka sisebenze ngaphakathi kwenkqubo engalunganga esinayo. Abanye baye baqinisekiswa yingxoxo ye-neoliberal yokuba i-capitalism inokwenziwa luhlaza kwaye isebenze iziphumo ezinengqondo kwi-ecologically - ingcamango yokuba xa iimpahla zendalo zinexabiso elaneleyo, ukugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunokwenziwa inzuzo kwaye imarike ingaba ngumsindisi, kunokuba umtshabalalisi, iplanethi. Ukanti abanye basenokuzivuma iimpawu zobukhapitali ezichasene nendalo, kodwa banethemba lokutshintsha uluntu okanye bacinge ukuba nayiphi na enye inkqubo yentlalo inokuba mandundu ngakumbi.
Kodwa uFoster, uClark, kunye noYork baxoxa ukuba ezi mbono zisebenza ekuhleni ubuzaza bengxaki kwaye zigwebe iingcali zendalo esingqongileyo ekulandeleni amacebo anokuthi asilele. Bathi:
Imiceli mngeni yendalo nentlalo esijongene nayo isoloko icuthwa njengoko ingqiqo yemali eyinkunzi ihambe ngokungathandabuzekiyo kunye nohlaziyo olwahlukeneyo lubekwe phambili (njengokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ngokusebenzisa inkuthazo yentengiso) phantsi kwengcinga yokuba inkqubo inokulungiswa ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zabantu kunye neenkxalabo zokusingqongileyo. . Ezo zikhundla ziyasilela ukuvuma ukuba umiselo lwezakhiwo zenkunzi luya kuqhubela phambili, lusongela ukujongela phantsi iimeko zobomi, ngaphandle kokuba utshintsho olucwangcisiweyo luyalandelwa ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ubudlelwane bemali.
I-Ecological Rift inika indawo eninzi yokugxeka iithiyori ezahlukeneyo zongxowankulu obuluhlaza, ezikhuphisana nezisombululo ezisekelwe kwimarike kutshintsho lwemozulu kunye nezinye iingxaki zokusingqongileyo lolona khetho lusebenzayo noluyinyani olukhoyo. Abathetheleli bezi ngcamango bathi i-capitalism ibekwe kakuhle ekuhambiseni inkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kunye nokukhulula ubuchule obufunekayo ukubuyisela i-ecosystem, ngakumbi ukuba oorhulumente bancedisa ngokuxhasa ngemali entsha yeemarike eziluhlaza ukubanika inzuzo.
Awona mabhongo kakhulu kwezi theory ze "ecological modernisation" bacebisa ukuba ubungxowankulu bunokuthi ekugqibeleni buncothulwe: oko kukuthi, ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo elawulwa yimveliso yorhwebo ukwenzela inzuzo ukuya kwinkqubo esekelwe kutshintshiselwano lweenkonzo eziphilileyo ze-ikholoji. Abanye baye baxoxa ukuba i-capitalism, exhomekeke ekukhuleni rhoqo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkunzi, inokuguqulwa ibe yimeko yoqoqosho oluzinzileyo - uqoqosho oluye lwayeka ukukhula.
Ababhali baphendula ngelithi ukusilela okunzulu kwezi mbono kukuba abayiqondi, abayijongeli phantsi, okanye bayityeshele isibakala sokuba nawuphi na umngeni onzulu kwikhondo lobukhapitali elichasene nemekobume bekuya kuthabatha uhlobo lwengxabano enzulu yodidi, umzabalazo wentlalo noqoqosho. amandla ngokuchasene negcuntswana elinamandla elizuza kakhulu kwisimo esikhoyo.
UFoster, uClark noYork bathi, "Ithiyori ye-ecological modernization ithi, "ithiyori esebenzayo ekubeni ayiboni ukuvela kwengqiqo yendalo njengokuvela kuqala kungquzulwano lwentlalo kodwa kukhanyiselo lwendalo ngaphakathi kumaziko aphambili eluntwini. Iithiyori ziphikisana, ngoko, ukuba uhlaziyo lwendalo lwendalo alufuni uhlaziyo lwentlalo - oko kukuthi, amaziko ongxowankulu banamhlanje anokuthi athintele ingxaki yemekobume yehlabathi ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso olusisiseko lwentlalontle, ngotshintsho oluthe chu kwimisebenzi yalo.
Imbalasane ye I-Ecological Rift sisahluko sayo kubathengi kunye nomthengi. Abona bantu badimazekileyo bendalo esingqongileyo kunye namatsha ntliziyo badla ngokuphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kobuqu okuphezulu kunye nenkcitho ekhoyo yabantu abaqhelekileyo abasebenza kuMntla wehlabathi njengeyona ngxaki ingaguqukiyo yendalo yonke. Ngeli xesha, abona bantu bangenangqondo bezendalo baxoxa ukuba ukhetho lwabathengi olukhanyiselweyo sisisombululo kwaye indlela yokuziphatha yabathengi inamandla okugqiba ukuba imarike yongxowankulu isebenza njani.
Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngobuninzi, kunye nenkcubeko yabathengi eye yabangela ukuba ibangele, kunempembelelo embi kakhulu yendalo. Kodwa uFoster, uClark, kunye neYork baxoxa ngokunyuka koluntu lwabathengi abaninzi kwimeko efanelekileyo. Ukuthengwa kwabathengi akubangelwa kakhulu ukubola kwe-ikholoji kodwa ngomnye umqondiso we-capitalism yokuzama ukuzikhulisa ngazo zonke iindleko. Kwaye ngaphambi kokuba nabani na abaleke atyhole abathengi abaxinanisela kwiipaseji zevenkile enkulu okanye abakhweli bebambene kwimibhobho yetrafikhi ngokutyhala ngokungakhathali i-ecology yeplanethi ukuya ekulibaleni, ababhali basicela ukuba sijonge nzulu ukuba ngoobani na abathengi bokwenyani.
Ngokwenene, ubunyani beklasi e-United States kunye nokungangqinelani kwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo okuphumela ekubeni kukhwankqise ngakumbi kunokuba amanani osetyenziso asemthethweni acebisa. Isahlulo esincinci sabemi (malunga ne-10 lepesenti) singabanini bee-asethi eziyi-90 yeepesenti (kwaye ngaloo ndlela nee-asethi ezinemveliso) yelizwe, kwaye lonke uluntu luziqeshisa kubanini. Abona bantu bazizityebi bangama-400 (ababizwa ngokuba yiForbes 400) eUnited States banomlinganiselo wobutyebi xa kudityanisiwe uphantse ulingane nesiqingatha esisezantsi sabemi, okanye abantu abali-150 lezigidi. Ipesenti enye ephezulu yemizi yase-US ngo-1 yayinesabelo esifanayo (ipesenti ezingama-2000) zomvuzo welizwe lase-US njengama-20 epesenti yabemi. Iinyani ezinjalo zakhokelela iqela labaphandi beCitigroup kunye nabacebisi botyalo-mali ukuba babonakalise i-United States njenge "plutonomy", uluntu oluqhutywa kuzo zonke iinkalo zizityebi. Kulo mbono, "umthengi oqhelekileyo" yinto engenantsingiselo, ekubeni ukusetyenziswa kuyanda kulawulwa ngokutya okunethezeka kwezityebi, ezikwamisela izigqibo zemveliso kunye notyalo-mali.
Kwaye kukufutshane nokungabinantsingiselo ukuxoxa ngeempembelelo ze-ikholoji zokuthengwa kwempahla ngaphandle kokuhoya intengiso (eyona nkqubo ifikelela kude, ekhohlisayo, kunye nenempumelelo yosasazo yobuninzi eyayilwa kwimbali yehlabathi) kunye newele layo elibi, ukuphelelwa lixesha okucetyiweyo.
Yonke inkqubo yokuthengisa, apho iitriliyoni zeerandi zichithwa ekuphembeleleni abantu ukuba bathenge izinto abazidingayo, kwaye kungekho mnqweno wabo wokuqala, kuya kufuneka ichithwe ukuba loo nto ibinokuvelisa i-ecology yokwenyani yokusetyenziswa. Inkqubo yanamhlanje yentengiso ye-gargantuan (ngoku ebandakanya idatha eneenkcukacha kwikhaya ngalinye lase-US) yeyona nkqubo iphuhliswe kakhulu yepropaganda eyakha yabonwa, imveliso yokukhula kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini yongxowankulu ababodwa. Ayiyonkqubo yokwandisa ukhetho kodwa yokulawula ngomdla wokukhuthaza amanqanaba aphezulu entengiso kwingeniso ephezulu. . . . Ukuveliswa kweempahla ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunyusa iindleko zemveliso kwaye kucuthe intengiso (ekubeni iimveliso ngoko akufuneki zitshintshwe rhoqo) kwaye oku kuchasene neenjongo zenkunzi. Ugxininiso jikelele kukuveliswa kwezinto zorhwebo ezingabizi kakhulu nezikumgangatho ophantsi kwaye zitshintshwa rhoqo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, umgibe wabathengi uye wadityaniswa nomgibe wamatyala apho abantu abaqhelekileyo abasebenzayo baye baxhamla ngakumbi nangakumbi - inxalenye yokukhula kwixesha lethu lemali yemali-mali - kwiinzame zabo zokugcina "imigangatho yokuphila".
Icandelo lokugqibela le I-Ecological Rift, enesihloko esithi "Iindlela zokuPhuma", ibandakanya intelekelelo enomdla malunga nokuba ngawaphi amaqela kunye nemibutho yentlalo enokuthi ibe ngabameli abaphambili benguquko yendalo efunwa ngababhali.
Kuyacingeleka ukuba eyona arhente yezembali kunye nomqalisi wexesha elitsha lenguquko yezinto eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo kufuneka ifunyanwe kwizihlwele zehlabathi lesithathu ngokuthe ngqo emgceni wokubethwa kuqala ziintlekele ezizayo. Namhlanje umgca wangaphambili we-ecological ufumaneka kwi-Delta ye-Ganges-Brahmaputra kunye nommandla ophantsi otyebileyo wonxweme lwase-Indian Ocean kunye neelwandle zase-China-ilizwe lase-Kerala e-Indiya, eThailand, eVietnam, e-Indonesia. Abemi bala matyala, njengakwimeko ye-proletariat ka-Marx, akukho nto balahlekelwa yiyo kwiinguqu ezinkulu eziyimfuneko ukuthintela (okanye ukuziqhelanisa) nentlekele. Enyanisweni, ngokusasazeka jikelele kobudlelwane bentlalo yongxowankulu kunye nefom yempahla, i-proletariat yehlabathi kunye nabantu abaninzi abavezwe kakhulu ekunyukeni komgangatho wolwandle - umzekelo, kwi-delta ephantsi ye-Pearl River kunye nommandla woshishino waseGuangdong ukusuka eShenzhen. ukuya eGuangzhou - ngamanye amaxesha ziyadibana. Oku, ke, kunokubakho undoqo wehlabathi we-epicenter entsha yokusingqongileyo.
Kakade ke, esi sicatshulwa silingana nentelekelelo ecingisisiweyo, hayi ingqikelelo. Ikhefu lokuqala eliqinisekileyo kunye ne-capitalism kunye ne-impiriyalizim inokuthi yenzeke eLatin America okanye kuMbindi Mpuma, imimandla ekwathwele iimpembelelo zobukoloniyalizim kunye ne-impiriyalizim, ekungabuzwakaliyo ukuba sele iphambili kwi-ikholoji. Kodwa ugxininiso lukaFoster, uClark, kunye noYork "kwindawo entsha yabasebenzi bezendalo" ibonisa inkolelo yabo yokuba iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinguqu ezizayo ezichasene nenkqubo.
Ababhali bagxininisa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba "ingxaki yeplanethi ngoku esibambeke kuyo ... ifuna uvukelo lwehlabathi oludlula yonke imida yejografi", kuquka nezizwe ezihambele phambili zongxowankulu. Bathi:
Oku kuthetha ukuba iinguqu zendalo kunye nezentlalo kwihlabathi lesithathu kufuneka zikhatshwe, okanye zikhuthaze, imvukelo yendalo yonke kwakhona i-imperialism, ukutshatyalaliswa kweplanethi, kunye ne-treadmill yokuqokelela. Ukuqaphela ukuba ubunzima bentlekele yokusingqongileyo bunjalo ukuba buya kuwela yonke imigca yeklasi kunye nazo zonke izizwe kunye nezikhundla, ukuphelisa ixesha ngokwalo ngokwaphula oko uMarx akubiza ngokuthi "ikhonkco lezizukulwana ezilandelelanayo", kunokukhokelela ekugayweni okukhulu kwe-injini yokutshatyalaliswa. apho sihlala khona, kwaye siqalise ingcamango entsha yobuntu behlabathi kunye nemetabolism yomhlaba. Njengesiqhelo, utshintsho lokwenyani kuya kufuneka luvele kwabona bakude kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo zamandla kunye nobutyebi. Olona phuhliso lunika ithemba kwihlabathi longxowankulu oluphuhlileyo ngoku kukukhula okumangalisayo kwentshukumo yobulungisa yemozulu esekelwe kulutsha, ephuma njengamandla amakhulu ekuhlanganiseni izenzo ezithe ngqo kunye nokucela umngeni kwiingxoxo zangoku zemozulu.
Inokuthi kanye kanye njani "imvukelo yendalo yonke" ngokuchasene nobukhapitali ayinakuphendulwa ngayo nayiphi na incwadi. Inokufunyanwa kuphela ngomzabalazo. Kwaye ukubandakanyeka kumzabalazo ojolise kwi-ecology revolution, yona ngokwayo, ayisosiqinisekiso sempumelelo. Kodwa ukuba izisombululo ezijoliswe ebantwini kwintlekele yendalo zibekelwa bucala singaqinisekisa ukuba oongxowankulu abaphezulu bayakunyanzelisa izisombululo zabo ezikhohlakeleyo, izisombululo eziya kuba neendleko ezinkulu ngakumbi zobuntu nezendalo. Oku kuthetha, ngandlel’ ithile, ukuba sonke sinomqolo eludongeni. I-Ecological Rift yenza kucace ukuba abasebenzi behlabathi kunye namahlwempu ashiywe bengenandlela yimbi - kufuneka silwe.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela