I-Western Sahara iye yabandezeleka kukuhlalwa ngamakholoni kwaye namhlanje ikhumbuza loo nto ijongene namaPalestina.
Ngaphandle kokuba ungowaseSaharawi, kulula ukulibala ngeNtshona yeSahara. Ikoloni yokugqibela yaseAfrika, ekunxweme olukumntla-ntshona welizwekazi, iNtshona yeSahara iye yathwaxwa bubukoloniyali kuqala yiSpain kwaye ngoku yiMorocco engummelwane. Ngapha koko, umsebenzi okhoyo ngoku oxhatshazwa yiNtshona yeSahara ukhumbuza umsebenzi ojongene nawo amaPalestine, nangona iSaharawis ifumana ingqwalasela encinci yehlabathi.
Urhulumente waseMorocco akazange akwazi ukuyamkela ingcamango yeNtshona yeSahara ezimeleyo. Bayibanga loo mmandla, bebonisa ukuba yayiyinxalenye yeMorocco ngaphambili. Ibango elinjalo lisikhumbuza elo lakha lenziwa yi-Ethiopia kummandla wase-Eritrea, ngaphambi kowe-1991, empuma Afrika. I-Eritrea yakrolwa kumhlaba owawulawulwa yi-Ethiopia ngokwembali, kodwa ukutyhubela iminyaka yolawulo lwase-Italiya abantu base-Eritrea baphuhla njengesizwe esahlukileyo nenkcubeko yabo. Ibango leTopiya kwi-Eritrea alikwazanga ukumelana novavanyo lwexesha kunye nenyani; Abantu base-Eritrea babengabantu abahlukileyo ababefuna ukuzimela geqe. Kuninzi okufanayo kunokuthiwa ngabantu baseSaharawi abangaziboni njengeMoroccan kwaye, ukuba kukho nantoni na, banobudlelwane obusondeleyo bembali kunye nobuhlanga kunye nommelwane waseMauritania.
IMorocco yasusa iprojekthi enkulu yokuhlaliswa kweminyaka yoo-1970 ngento eyathi yaziwa ngokuba yi “Green March,” apho amawaka abantu baseMorocco bafudukela eNtshona yeSahara begxotha iSaharawis. Iimbacu zaseSaharawi, ezazibaleka olu hlaselo kunye nemfazwe eyayiphakathi kwemikhosi karhulumente waseMorocco kunye nomkhosi wamajoni owawukhokelwa ngumbutho wenkululeko eNtshona yeSahara (eyaziwa ngokuba yiPolisario—Udumileyo kwiLiberacion de Saguia el Hamra kunye neRio de Oro) bazifumana beseAlgeria apho abaninzi bebekwiinkampu zeembacu ukususela ngoko. Imfazwe yaqhubeka de kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990s xa omabini amacala aye avumelana ukuba kupheliswe umlilo, nangona ukupheliswa komlilo kwakuxhomekeke kuvoto-zimvo olucetywayo—engazange yenzeke—kwikamva leNtshona yeSahara. Ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiinzame zokulamla le ngxabano, urhulumente waseMorocco wenze konke okusemandleni akhe ukuphazamisa isisombululo esinoxolo nesinobulungisa kule ngxaki yobukoloniyali.
IMorocco ibingeke ikwazi ukuhlala ingaguquguquki njengoko ibonakalisile ukuba bekungengenxa yendibaniselwano yenkxaso esebenzayo yamaFrentshi kunye nomanyano lweMorocco ne-USA. IMorocco, ebudlelwane bayo neFransi bubuyela kwixesha lobukoloniyali, ayinanto kwaphela inkuthazo yokusombulula le ngxaki ukuba nje ulungelelwaniso lwangoku lwemikhosi lusekhona. Nangona iPolisario-kunye norhulumente eyathi yamenza ngeminyaka yoo-1970, i IRiphabliki yeDemocratic Republic yaseSaharawi-inenkxaso yorhulumente wase-Algeria kunye nama-Mauritanians, kunye nenkxaso yoluntu ye-African Union, akukho nanye eyaneleyo ukuphula intando yamaMoroccan ukuba ahlale amakholoni eNtshona yeSahara.
Izibalo zezopolitiko kwiNtshona yeSahara ziye zantsonkotha kakhulu kule minyaka ingamashumi eminyaka. Okokuqala, kubekho utshintsho olukhulu nolukhathazayo lwedemografi elizweni ukusukela ngo-1975. Abemi baseMorocco ngoku bangaphezulu kweSaharawis eNtshona Sahara. Ke ngoko, naluphi na uhlolo-zimvo kuya kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo abantu abamiliselweyo abathathela ingqalelo iNtshona yeSahara. Ngaba uvoto-zimvo luya kubakhuphela ngaphandle abaphambukeli eNtshona Sahara? Kuthekani ngamawaka abantu baseSaharawi abakwiinkampu zeembacu naphesheya kweelwandle? Injongo ecacileyo yeMoroccan kukutshintsha 'iinyani ezisemhlabeni,' ukuze singathi, ukwenza uhlolo-zimvo lungenzeki.
Into yesibini ekuya kufuneka iqwalaselwe luqoqosho. I-Western Sahara ngowona mthombo uphambili we-phosphates kwaye urhulumente waseMorocco unqwenela ukulawula kobu butyebi bendalo. Ibiqhuba izivumelwano namaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe malunga nephosphates kunye nezinye izinto zendalo (ezifana neentlanzi ezininzi kumanzi onxweme) ngokungakhathali ngokuphandle kwenyani eyaziwayo kumazwe ngamazwe yokuba iNtshona yeSahara ayingomhlaba wabo. Kuya kufana nokunikezela kwakho ukurenta indawo kwindlu yommelwane wakho ngenxa yokuba ummelwane wakho ungekho edolophini. Akukho siseko esisemthethweni sendlela ethathwe ngurhulumente waseMorocco.
Kutsha nje kubekho ukunyuka komdla kumzabalazo wenkululeko waseSaharawi, eminye yawo ebinomdla kakhulu. EYurophu, kwaye ngakumbi eSpain, intshukumo yobumbano kunye nePolisario/SADR iye yavela. Umdlali owaziwayo uJavier Bardem uye wathetha phandle kwinkxaso yakhe kwisizathu saseSaharawi kwaye wabalisa ividiyo-Oonyana bamafu-ukutsalela ingqalelo kumsebenzi waseMorocco.
E-United States isizathu se-Saharawi asikhange sihoywe kakhulu ngabaninzi beentshukumo zaKhohlo kunye neNkqubela, kodwa zifumene amahlakani angaqhelekanga phakathi kwabagcini bezopolitiko base-US kunye no-John Bolton, owayengummeli wase-US kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, phakathi kwabaxhasi abanamandla. UBolton, owayesakuba ngumncedisi kaJames Baker (uNobhala kaRhulumente wase-US phantsi kukaGeorge HW Bush), uye wathetha ngokuphandle ekuxhaseni isizathu seSaharawi, oku nangona iPolisario yintshukumo yezopolitiko ekhokelwe. Akucaci ngokupheleleyo ukuba yintoni ingcambu yolu lungelelwaniso olungaqhelekanga kodwa uqikelelo luninzi ukuba lusekelwe kwindlela amaMoroccans amphatha ngayo uJames Baker xa lo mva wayezama ukulamla impixano. U-Baker wayengumthunywa okhethekileyo we-UN ukulamla le ngxabano ekuqaleni koo-1990. U-Baker wenze isindululo esinokuthi sibandakanye isisombululo esinamanyathelo amabini kule ngxaki. Nangona uPolisario wavuma, abantu baseMoroccan baxovula kwaye bemka etafileni. U-Baker emva koko wehla kwisikhundla sakhe solamlo evutha ngumsindo ngabantu baseMorocco. Kuye kwathiwa u-Baker kunye neqela lakhe-eliquka iBolton-akazange axolele amaMoroccans, nangona umntu kufuneka abuze ukuba kutheni urhulumente wase-US engazange, ngelo xesha, axhomekeke kumaMoroccans ukuba amkele isiphakamiso.
Enye ithiyori malunga nolu lungelelwaniso lungaqhelekanga kukuba iPolisario ayiyontshukumo yamaSilamsi. Ubukhulu becala ngumbutho olwela inkululeko kwilizwe eligcwele amaSilamsi. Kucingelwa ukuba, mhlawumbi, oku kubambe isibheno esithile kubagcini bezopolitiko base-US. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, isibakala sokuba icandelo leLungelo lezopolitiko lixhasa umbutho osemthethweni wenkululeko singaphezulu nje kokungaqhelekanga.
Ukuthula okunxulumene nezopolitiko zase-US ekhohlo kunye naphakathi kwenkqubela phambili malunga neNtshona yeSahara kuyamangalisa ngakumbi. Nangona iWestern Sahara yafumana ingqwalasela kwizangqa zaKhohlo kunye nenkqubela-phambili ngeminyaka yoo-1970, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ingqwalasela kunye neengxoxo ziye zaguquka. Nditsho namaqela akhankanyiweyo agqwesileyo afana neTransAfrica anika ingqwalaselo encinane kwiNtshona yeSahara, ubuncinane nakweyiphi na isiseko esingaguqukiyo. Nokuba oku kusekelwe kwinto yokuba i-USA ayibandakanyekanga ngokuthe ngqo okanye isekwe kwinto yokuba ungquzulwano luphakathi kwabantu ababini baseAfrika, akukho bunzima babalandeli beSaharawi e-USA kwicala lasekhohlo lezopolitiko.
Ulawulo luka-Obama luyaqhubeka nokuba nelungelo lokumanyana kunye nobukhosi baseMoroccan phezu kwawo nawuphi na umbuzo wamalungelo oluntu, kokubini eMorocco kunye nokuya kubantu baseSaharawi. Ngelixa abalawuli benze 'ingxolo' malunga neenkxalabo zabo malunga neNtshona yeSahara, inyaniso yeyokuba luncinci kakhulu uxinzelelo kulawulo oluvela kuyo nayiphi na imimandla ephambili yalo yokuvota ukuba iguqule umgaqo-nkqubo ekudala ikho yolu lawulo kunye nolawulo lwangaphambili. Ukuyibeka ngeyona ndlela icacileyo: akukho mntu ubonakala enikezela ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula oku kube ngumba oxhalabisayo.
Zininzi izigqebelo kunye nobunzima obunxulunyaniswa nomzabalazo wenkululeko waseSaharawi. Phakathi kwazo kukho:
Lo ngumzabalazo wokulwa nokuhlalisana ngokufana nowabantu basePalestine, njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, nangona ibandakanya ama-Arabhu/amaBerber/ama-Afrika akwi-sub-Saharan ngokuchasene nobukumkani obulawula ama-Arab/Berber. Ngenxa yoko, ukuthula kwiLizwe lama-Arabhu ngokunxulumene neNtshona yeSahara kuyavala iindlebe.
Lo mzabalazo ungena ngqo kumbindi weManyano ye-Afrika, esanda kutyumba umcebisi okhethekileyo oza kuncedisa ukulamla le ngxaki.
Ngaphandle kwezopolitiko zePolisario, ifumana ingqwalasela encinci kuKhohlo nakwizangqa eziqhubekayo.
Emva kokuba ithathwe njengengasemva engabalulekanga kangako kwezoqoqosho, iNtshona yeSahara ngoku ithathe indawo yezoqoqosho ebaluleke ngakumbi eyenza abantu baseMorocco bangabinakho ukunika inkululeko, nangona umsebenzi ubiza kakhulu.
Inyani yokuba icandelo leLungelo lezopolitiko lase-US likholelwa ukuba iNtshona yeSahara ibalulekile iyaphawuleka kodwa okwangoku ayinyanzelekanga ukuba ithathe isigqibo. Oyena mguquli-mdlalo iyakuba kukungeniswa kweNtshukumo yeNkululeko eNtsundu kumlingwa. Nangona kungayi kuba yinto engenakwenzeka ukulindela intshukumo yobukhulu kunye nobukhulu bombutho ochasene nocalucalulo (nxamnye noMzantsi Afrika) ukuba kuvele kwixesha elizayo elingekude, akucaci ukuba intshukumo elolo hlobo iya kuba yimfuneko ukuze kuguqulwe. ibhalansi yezopolitiko e-USA. Ukwanda koxinzelelo olucwangcisiweyo olusuka kwindawo ekhohlo, esekelwe kwi-Black America, inokwanela ukuguqula i-Western Sahara ibe yi-celebre ebangela ukuba ifanele ukuba.
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Nikela