Umthombo: Detroit Democratic Socialists of America
Kwincwadi yakhe entsha, Akukho baphathi: UQoqosho olutsha lweLizwe eliNgcono, UMichael Albert ubeka umbono wekhonkrithi kuqoqosho olutsha olubizwa ngokuba yi-economics participatory economics (parecon). Inkqubo yaqalwa nguAlbert noRobin Hahnel, kunye nenkcazo yayo yokuqala esemthethweni ngo-1991 kwiincwadi. Ndijonge phambili (uguqulelo lwasimahla kwi-intanethi Apha) Kunye UQoqosho lwezoPolitiko loQoqosho oluThatha iNxaxheba (uguqulelo lwasimahla kwi-intanethi Apha). Lo mbono ufanele ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi njengenye indlela enobulungisa, ekhululekileyo, nesebenzayo yongxowankulu, kwaye Hayi Boss, UAlbert ngobubele nangokuchukumisayo uchaza isizathu.
Ngoko ket ingaba uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba lubandakanya? Emva kwezandulela ezimbini ezikhuthazayo nguNoam Chomsky kunye noYanis Varoufakis, uAlbert uqala ukuphendula lo mbuzo ngokubeka amaxabiso athile afanele afakwe kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yezoqoqosho efanelekileyo. Olunye kukuzilawula: ingcinga yokuba abantu kufuneka babe nelizwi kwizigqibo ngokomlinganiselo wezo zigqibo zibachaphazelayo.
UAlbert ubonisa ukuba ekucingeni kokuqala, indlela efanelekileyo yokwenza izigqibo ibonakala ingumntu omnye, umgaqo wevoti eninzi - kwaye ngelixa oku kufuneka kusetyenziswe kwiimeko apho wonke umntu ovotayo echaphazelekayo ngokulinganayo, ineziphene kwezinye iimeko. Ngokomzekelo, uthi, “Masithi wena nabanye abalishumi nisebenza kunye njengeqela kwindawo esebenza kuyo nabanye abali-190. Ucebisa into entsha kubantu osebenza nabo abalithoba kunye nawe. Ngaba kufuneka bavote abangama-200?" Okanye ukuba kuqeshwa indawo yokusebenza, ngaba abo baza kusebenza ngalo msebenzi mtsha bafanele babe nelizwi elingakumbi kunabanye? Ngaba umntu omthiyileyo ufanele abe nelizwi elingaphezulu kunabanye abangamaziyo?
Elinye ixabiso liphathelele ukuba zingaphi iinzuzo umntu ngamnye afanele azifumane kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. UAlbert uyayigxeka indlela phantsi kobukapitali, enye yeendlela eziphambili efunyanwa ngazo ingeniso kukuba nempahla nje (umzekelo, izitokhwe, izindlu, njl.njl.), nto leyo ebangela isaci esithi “kuthatha imali ukwenza imali.”
UAlbert ukwagxeka amandla njengeyona nto imisela ingeniso. La mandla angathatha iindlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukuba unepropathi eninzi, ungatyhala i-ajenda yakho kwinqanaba lezopolitiko, ukuze uzityebise.
Ukwaxoxa nokuba isiphumo somntu akufunekanga simisele ingeniso, ingongoma echazwe ngokubanzi kamva kwincwadi. Kodwa umbono ulula kakhulu: kutheni kufuneka umntu afumane umvuzo othe chatha ngenxa yethamsanqa - nokuba yemfuza okanye imeko? Indlela yokuziphatha kunye nengqiqo ngakumbi kukugqiba ingeniso ngokusekelwe kwimigudu kunye nokuzincama, okubandakanya ixesha elide, kunzima kangakanani, kwaye phantsi kweziphi iimeko osebenza ngazo.
Amanye amaxabiso anikelwe kwisahluko sokuqala se Hayi Boss lumanyano, iyantlukwano, intlonipho yokusingqongileyo, ubudlelwane obunoxolo nezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba.
Okulandelayo, Hayi Boss iqwalasela umbuzo othi “Ngubani Ophethe Into?” Isindululo sika-Albert sesokuba kuluntu oluthatha inxaxheba iindlela zokuvelisa (oko kukuthi izixhobo, izixhobo zendalo, njl.njl eziya kwimveliso) aziyi kuba zezabani na, kwaye ziya kubizwa ngokuba ziiCommons. Kutheni ucinga ukuba umntu kufuneka abe nezixhobo zokuvelisa? UAlbert ubhala athi:
“Zonke ezi zixhobo zinemveliso ziziphiwo zendalo, njengokufudumala
ukusuka elangeni kunye nemithombo evela phantsi komhlaba, okanye bona
ziimveliso zembali ende yomsebenzi wokudala wabantu, njengaye
iteknoloji, ulwazi kunye nezakhono. Ziyinxalenye yendalo
kunye neeCommons ezakhiweyo ekufuneka kunye zihlonitshwe kwaye
isetyenziswe ngenkathalo ukuze kuxhamle uluntu lonke. Ukusebenzisa kakubi okanye
ukuwachitha sisono ngokuchasene nendalo kunye nembali yethu ukuba
linciphisa ikamva lethu.”
Omnye umbuzo ophendulwa yincwadi kwasekuqaleni ngulo “Ngubani owenza ntoni?” UAlbert uyalugxeka ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi, olubonisa ukuba lukhokelela kwinto ayibiza ngokuba ludidi lwabanxibelelanisi lwabantu abangengabo ongxowankulu kodwa abonwabela ubuninzi bemisebenzi exhobisayo kwiindawo zabo zokusebenza. Babandakanya oogqirha, abaphathi, abacwangcisi-zincwadi, nakwimeko yoqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo olusembindini (umz. indawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union), abacwangcisi bezoqoqosho.
UAlbert uqikelela ukuba olu didi lwenze malunga nama-20 ekhulwini abasebenzi kuninzi lwezoqoqosho lobukapitali, ngoxa abanye abangama-80 ekhulwini ngokuyintloko besenza “imisebenzi yokubethelela ingqondo nephindaphinda, eqobayo, ebulalayo, eyenza abantu bangakwazi ukwenza izinto ezithile, ibe ngamakheswa okanye engabaxeleli ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba bangalungiseleli okanye bangabi nalwazi. ikhuthaza abantu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo.” Hayi Boss ibonisa indlela ukuba lo mba awusonjululwanga, iyakuthi ibhukuqe ngenye indlela izicwangciso ezinesiseko esihle sokuzilawula:
“…nakuba bengekho abanini, kwaye
kungakhathaliseki amathemba aphikisanayo, i-20 yepesenti yodidi lomnxibelelanisi
iya kulawula i-80 yepesenti yeklasi yabasebenzi. Nokuba kunye-
ukulawula iinjongo, umkhondo wenguqu uya kuba ngaphandle
kunye nomphathi omdala, kunye nomphathi omtsha. "
Ukuthintela oku, uAlbert wazisa ingqikelelo yolungelelwaniso lwezakhiwo zemisebenzi. Oku bekuya kuthetha ukuba umsebenzi ngamnye uya kuba nolungelelwano lwemisebenzi yokuxhobisa neyokuhlutha amandla, kumxube ofana ngokubanzi nowayo yonke eminye imisebenzi: “Akukho mntu unokugrumba kuphela ubuncwane basemgodini okanye acwangcise kuphela ukusebenza komgodi.” Hayi Boss Uxoxa ngeenkcukacha ezininzi ukuba imisebenzi elungeleleneyo ingakhupha njani na amandla amatsha emveliso nanjengoko isenza ukuba ukungabi naklasi kwenzeke.
Emva koko, emva kokunika izigxeko ezibukhali kuzo zombini iimarike kunye nocwangciso oluphakathi, uAlbert uphendukela kwinto ayibiza ngokuba yinkqubo ye-nervous yalo naluphi na uqoqosho: inkqubo yolwabiwo. Ulwabiwo luchaphazela indlela uqoqosho oluyahlula ngayo izibonelelo kumalungu alo. Umzekelo, uqoqosho kufuneka lube nendlela yokumisela ukuba ungakanani umvuzo ofunyanwa ngabantu kunye nendlela amaxabiso ezinto neenkonzo amiselwa ngayo. Ucwangciso lokuthatha inxaxheba alubandakanyi iimarike okanye ucwangciso olungundoqo. Endaweni yoko, iphakamisa uhlobo lokwabela amagunya, ucwangciso lwedemokhrasi.
Iinkcukacha zenkqubo yolwabiwo, ebizwa ngokuba yisicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba, zifuna ingcaciso engaphaya kolu hlaziyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwi Hayi Boss, uAlbert uyichaza ngokucokisekileyo.
Ngamafutshane, iindawo zokusebenzela ziya kudala izindululo zento kunye nokuba zingakanani na abanqwenela ukuvelisa kunyaka olandelayo, abathengi bazakwenza izindululo zento kwaye bangathanda ukuyisebenzisa kangakanani na kunyaka olandelayo, kunye neqela elibizwa ngokuba yi-Iteration Facilitation Board. (IFB) iya kulungelelanisa amaxabiso ngokusekelwe kulwazi olufumene kwezi zindululo. I-IFB ingasebenzisa i-algorithm yokunyusa amaxabiso ukuba unikezelo lungaphantsi kwemfuno, kunye nokunciphisa amaxabiso ukuba unikezelo luphezulu kunemfuno. Abasebenzi kunye nabathengi baya kuthi ke basebenzise amaxabiso amatsha ukwenza umjikelo wesibini wezindululo. Le nkqubo iyakuphinda de kufikelelwe kwisicwangciso esinokwenzeka sonyaka (into ethetha ukuba ubonelelo nemfuno zilungelelaniswe ngokwaneleyo).
Kuninzi kakhulu kwisicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba. Umzekelo, uAlbert uchaza ukuba isicwangciso sonyaka sinokuhlaziywa njani ngokuqhubekayo unyaka wonke, indlela apho iindawo zokusebenza ziyakukhuthazwa khona ukunciphisa iziphumo ezibi zangaphandle zenkqubo yabo yemveliso (umz. ungcoliseko), indlela abantu abangakwaziyo ukusebenza abaya kufumana ngayo umvuzo owaneleyo. , kunye nendlela usetyenziso oludityanelweyo notyalo-mali (umzekelo, iphuli yasebumelwaneni, ezothutho zikawonke-wonke, njl.njl.) luya kufakwa kwisicwangciso solwabiwo sonyaka.
Ngokungafaniyo nemisebenzi emininzi kwezoqoqosho, Hayi Boss ukwaxoxa ukuba uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba ngokwalo alwanelanga. Inkqubo yezopolitiko, uluntu / inkcubeko, kunye nokuzalana nazo ziyimiba ebalulekileyo yalo naluphi na uluntu. UAlbert akalubeki uqoqosho ngaphezu kwala macala obomi, kwaye uchaza isizathu sokuba zonke ezi nkalo zine kufuneka kusetyenzwe ngenkuthalo ukuba uluntu olunqwenelekayo ngokwenene luza kufezekiswa.
Isahluko sokugqibela se-No Bosses sinikeza iimpendulo kwimibuzo ye-15 malunga noqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba. UAlbert akanazintloni zokubuza imibuzo enzima kwaye uyayiphendula nzulu.
Omnye umbuzo ubuza ukuba kutheni kufuneka sizikhathaze ngokucinga ngombono woqoqosho olutsha njengoko singenako ukuthatha indawo yobukhapitali nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala. Enye yeempendulo zika-Albert yeyokuba ukuba nenxaxheba kwezoqoqosho njengombono ekwabelwana ngawo kungakhokelela kwiinjongo zethu zexesha elifutshane ngendlela eyakhayo. Umzekelo, kunye ne-parecon njengombono wethu ekwabelwana ngawo, sinokutyhala umvuzo osekelwe kumgudu kunye nokuzincama.
Ngokufanayo, imibutho yethu inokuthi iqhubele phambili ekuzilawuleni kunye nakwimisebenzi elungeleleneyo. Uthi, “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba indlela esikhetha ngayo [ukudala utshintsho] ingasikhokheli kwisangqa emva apho sasiqale khona, okanye isise kwinkqubo entsha esengumhadi. Umbono ubalulekile ukuba siphelela phi.”
Kuko konke, Hayi Boss wenza umsebenzi obalaseleyo wokuphendula le mibuzo: “Ukuba awubuthandi ubungxowankulu, ubuya kuthatha ntoni endaweni yabo? Kutheni le nto i-postcapitalism yakho ifanelekile? Kutheni iza kusebenza? ” Amatsha ntliziyo asokole kule mibuzo, kwaye Hayi Boss inikeza iimpendulo ezinamandla, ezibambekayo ezifanele ukuzilwela.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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