Umthombo: Uphononongo lweNew York lweencwadi
Oko ndaqala ukugubungela umsebenzi The New York Times emva phaya ngo-1995, yayindikhathaza nanini na ii-lobbyists zenkampani kunye ne-conservative spinmeisters basebenzisa igama elithi, "Umsebenzi Omkhulu." Eli binzana landicaphukisa ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, icebisa ukuba abasebenzi ayizizigidi zabasebenzi ngabanyeโabasebenzi bentsimbi nootitshala besikolo, abasebenzi basehotele nabancedisi bokunyamekela ekhayaโkodwa endaweni yoko abanye abantu abangoongantweni nabasebenzisa amandla akhohlakeleyo. Okwesibini, ibinzana elithi "Umsebenzi Omkhulu" lithetha ukuba umsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo usemkhulu.
Yayinkulu ngokuqinisekileyo ngeminyaka yee-1950, xa iimanyano zabasebenzi zazimela ama-35 ekhulwini abasebenzi, xa iinkokeli zabasebenzi uJimmy Hoffa, uWalter Reuther, noGeorge Meany yayingamagama aziwayo, naxa izisongelo zogwayimbo lwabaqhubi belori kwilizwe lonke okanye abasebenzi beemoto zavuselela imvakalelo uloyiko phakathi kwamagosa eWhite House. Kodwa ngowe-1995, umsebenzi wawungasemkhulu kangako, yaye usemncinci nangakumbi namhlanje. I-10.3 ekhulwini kuphela yabasebenzi baseMelika bangamalungu emibutho, kwaye akukho nkokeli yabasebenzi igama lasekhaya (ngaphandle kokuba mhlawumbi uJimmy Hoffa-enkosi, uMartin Scorsese kunye no. I-Irishman ngalo nto). Umbutho owawukade unamandla eUnited Auto Workers uye wehla ukusuka kwincopho yamalungu asisi-1.5 sesigidi ngo-1979 ukuya kutsho. malunga nama-400,000 XNUMX namhlanje.
Ayinakuphikiswa into yokuba imibutho yabasebenzi inamandla angaphantsi kakhulu kunangaphambili; ngokwenene, abanye abahlalutyi bacebisa ukuba baye bangabi namsebenzi kwaye baphelelwe lixesha. Kodwa uninzi lwabenzi bomthetho baseRiphabhlikhi ngokucacileyo abavumelani; bacinga ngokucacileyo ukuba iimanyano zikude ekubeni zingabinamsebenzi kuba benza konke okusemandleni abo ukubenza buthathaka. Owona mzekelo uphambili woku weza ngo-2011 xa iRhuluneli yaseWisconsin uScott Walker watyhala ngomthetho ukuqhwalelisa imibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente kwilizwe lakhe.
Ngomzuzu ocacileyo ngo-2011, emva kweenzame zikaWalker zokuphelisa iimanyano zabasebenzi bakarhulumente eWisconsin, ihlakani lakhe uScott Fitzgerald, inkokeli yesininzi kwiSenethi yeRiphabhlikhi yaseRiphabhlikhi, wavuma ukuba eyona njongo yomthetho kaWalker ochasene nomanyano yayikukuba athathelwe ingqalelo. iimanyano njengentsika yezemali ye-Democrats. โUkuba siphumelele eli dabi, kwaye imali ayikho phantsi kwemibutho yabasebenzi, utshilo uFitzgerald, owayeza kuba ngumongameli weDemokhrasi "bazakuba nexesha elinzima kakhulu lokunyulwa kunye nokuphumelela kwiLizwe laseWisconsin."
Ngabantakwethu bakaKoch kunye nabanye oosozigidi bezigidi zezigidi baxhasa iinzame ezinje, abezomthetho be-GOP baye bafudukela kwelinye ilizwe emva kwelinye ukuze benze buthathaka iimanyano. Ngo-2017, i-Iowa yenze umthetho ofana neWisconsin ukukhupha imanyano yabasebenzi bakarhulumente, ngelixa izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezilawulwa yiRiphabhlikhi e-Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Kentucky, kunye ne-West Virginia, kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, zapasisa umrhumo wokuchasana nomanyano. imithethoโebizwa ngokuba โyimithetho yelungelo lokusebenzaโโukujongela phantsi imibutho yabasebenzi nobuncwane bayo. Le mithetho ivumela abasebenzi abakwiindawo zokusebenzela ezidityanelweyo ukuba baphume ekuhlawuleni naziphi na iintlawulo okanye iimali ezihlawulwayo kwiimanyano zabasebenzi ezixoxisana ngazo zize zizuzele amalungu azo amanyuso.
Ebona le mfazwe yaseRiphabhlikhi echasene nemibutho yabasebenzi, umhlalutyi wezopolitiko uThomas Edsall waphawula ngo-2014:
Ummangaliso wezopolitiko zaseMelika kukuba amaRiphabhlikhi athatha umsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo ngokubaluleke ngakumbi kuneeDemocrats. Ilungelo libona iimanyano njengentsika yekhohlo, umthombo obalulekileyo wemali, amandla ephulo, kunye neevotiโฆ Ukuba amaRiphabhlikhi kunye nabalondolozi babeka ingqwalaselo ephambili ekugxothweni kweemanyano zabasebenzi, yintoni eyenziwa yiDemocratic Party ukukhusela lo mmandla ungundoqo? Hayi kakhulu.
Kwincwadi yakhe ka-2019, Ukubanjwa kukaRhulumente: Indlela abaSebenzi be-Conservative, amaShishini amakhulu, kunye nabaNikimi abaZityebi bahlengahlengise iMelika-kunye neSizwe, uAlexander Hertel-Fernandez uchaza ukuba xa amaRiphabhlikhi ephumelela ukulawula i-trifecta yelizwe-oko kukuthi, uburhuluneli kunye nezindlu zombini zowiso-mthetho-inyathelo labo lokuqala liye laphindaphinda ukujolisa kunye nokunciphisa imibutho yabasebenzi ngenxa yokuba bayazi kunye notshaba olunamandla, kuya kuba lula ngakumbi ukumisela ezinye iinxalenye zenkqubo yabo yezobupolitika, njengokuncitshiswa kwerhafu kwizityebi namaqumrhu, ukugabadela, okanye ukumisela imithetho ecinezela abavoti. U-Hertel-Fernandez uchaza indlela abalondolozayo abakwenza ngayo oku ngomzamo weqela elilungelelaniswe kakuhle elibandakanya abenzi bomthetho be-GOP, oosomashishini abanovelwano, abaququzeleli beenkampani, amatanki okucinga aphiko lasekunene kunye namaqela afana ne-American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), kunye neendaba ezinobubele njengeFox News. . U-Hertel-Fernandez ubuza ukuba kutheni kungakhange kubekho lulungelelaniso, oluchasene ne-pro-union push.
Ngelixa abantu abaninzi baseMelika benombono othile wemizamo yokulwa nomanyano lwamaRiphablikhi, abaninzi bayasilela ukuxabisa iimpembelelo zezopolitiko zezo ntshukumo-iziphumo eziye zahamba indlela ende ekuqinisekiseni uloyiso lukaDonald Trump ngo-2016. Umnqamlezo womanyano, ubulungu bomanyano buwile ngesantya esikhawulezayo eWisconsin kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ihla ngeepesenti ezingama-44, okanye abasebenzi abangama-177,000, ukususela 2008. Trump waphumelela Wisconsin nje 22,748 iivoti ngo 2016. E Michigan, imbeleko ye UAW, Republicans watyhala umthetho anti-imanyano-umrhumo, kunye neminye imithetho emininzi ejolise ekunciphiseni ubulungu union. Ngenxa yalo mthetho kunye namaxesha anzima kwishishini lemoto, ubulungu bomanyano eMichigan butyibilike ngeepesenti ezili-19 phakathi kwe-2008 kunye ne-2018-ukwehla kwabasebenzi be-146,000, ukuya kwi-625,000. Olunye uphononongo lwafumanisa ukuba ngenxa yemithetho emitsha echasene nemanyano yaseMichigan, ishumi leemanyano ezinkulu zelizwe zisikiwe. inkcitho kwezopolitiko ngeedola ezingama-26 ezigidi okanye ama-57 ekhulwini. UTrump uphumelele iMichigan ngo-2016 ngeevoti ze-10,704 nje.
Oku kusenokungabi yimbangela, kodwa lunxulumano olunamandla. Njengoko uGrover Norquist, umlweli werhafu ochasene nerhafu enecala lokulwa nemibutho yabasebenzi, wabhala ngo-2017: "Ukuba uMthetho we-10 [umthetho waseWisconsin okhupha imibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente] uwiswe kumazwe angaphezulu, iDemocratic Party yanamhlanje. liya kuyeka ukuba namandla okukhuphisana kwezopolitiko zaseMelika. Yinto enkulu leyo.โ
Kuphononongo luka-2018, iingcaphephe zabasebenzi kwiYunivesithi yaseBoston, kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia, kunye neBrookings Institution zafumanisa ukuba imithetho echasene nentlawulo yomanyano yabangela Isabelo sevoti yedemokhrasi yehla ngesi-3.5 ekhulwini kumazwe awise imithetho enjalo xa kuthelekiswa namazwe angabamelwane angenayo loo mithetho โyelungelo lokusebenzaโ. Ukuba i-3.5 yepesenti iyancipha inkulu kakhulu kunokulahlekelwa kwe-margin ka-Hillary Clinton eMichigan (i-0.2 ekhulwini) kunye ne-Wisconsin (ipesenti ze-0.8).
EPennsylvania, ibali lahlukile. Abantu baseRiphabhlikhi apho baye basilela ukutyhala kuyo nayiphi na imithetho echasene nomanyano, kodwa babethwa kukudodobala okukhulu koqoqosho, Imibutho yasePennsylvania balahlekelwe ngamalungu angama-182,000 ukususela ngo-2008. UTrump uphumelele iPennsylvania ngamavoti angama-44,292. Elinye ilungu lemanyano ePennsylvania landixelela ngehlobo lika-2016 ukuba nangona engazange athenge izithembiso zikaTrump zokubuyisela imisebenzi, wayezimisele ukuvotela uTrump kuba uTrump wayebonisa ukuba uyazikhathalela iingxaki ezijongene neentsapho kunye noluntu.
Ukuba onke loo malungu angaphambili eMichigan, ePennsylvania, naseWisconsin ayesekwimibutho yabasebenzi, ke bona neentsapho zabo ngeba befumene iminxeba emininzi, iiflaya, nondwendwelo ezindlini kumalungu emanyano njengenxalenye yemigudu yephulo lika-2016. Oko kunokuba luncedo ekupheliseni inkohliso ye-Fox News ye-pro-Trump. Abo basebenzi ngekhe bave okuninzi malunga nemiba enxulumene nezabasebenzi ukuchasana ne-degoguery kaTrump: ukuba uTrump, owahlasela ngogonyamelo abaphambukeli ngokungekho mthethweni, wayenaye ngo-1980. wasebenzisa abasebenzi basePoland abangabhalwanga ngomsebenzi wokudiliza xa kwakhiwa iTrump Tower kwaye emva koko wabaqhatha ngaphandle kwentlawulo; ukuba umviwa otyhola i-China "ngokudlwengula" i-US kurhwebo wayenempahla yakhe ye-Trump-brand eyenziwe e-China; ukuba umgqatswa owakhankasa njengentshatsheli yabasebenzi idume ngokuqinisa iikontraka owamsebenzelayo; ukuba umviwa othembise ukubonelela ngokhathalelo lwempilo kuye wonke umntu waseMelika ngexabiso eliphantsi ngokwenene wayetyhala ukuba arhoxise uMthetho woNonophelo oZifikelelekayo kwaye ahlube izigidi zokhuseleko lwezempilo kunye nokhuseleko lweemeko zabo ebezikho ngaphambili.
Ukuba izikhundla zabasebenzi bezingehli, iimanyano zabasebenzi bezinokuthi zicenge amakhulu amawaka abasebenzi malunga nobudenge bezithembiso zikaTrump zokuba uza kuyibuyisa yonke imisebenzi kwaye akukho zifektri ziya kuvala iwotshi yakhe. (Xelela oko kumawaka abasebenzi abaphulukene nemisebenzi yabo xa iGeneral Motors yayivala umzi-mveliso wayo omkhulu wokuhlanganisa eLordstown, eOhio, kulo nyaka uphelileyo.)
Abanye abangaphakathi kwezopolitiko bandixelele ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi ayenzanga phantse ngokwaneleyo kwiphulo lika-2016 eMidwest. Xa ndabuza iinkokeli zabasebenzi ezininzi malunga noku, bandixelela ukuba imanyano zabo azenziwanga ngakumbi kukhankaso eMbindi-ntshona kuba bona-kakhulu njengoHillary Clinton kunye namagcisa akhe ephulo-babezithembile, eneneni bezithembile kakhulu, ukuba uya kubamba โudonga oluluhlazaโ amazwe aseWisconsin, ePennsylvania naseMichigan. (Yimfihlakalo kum ukuba kutheni nabani na enokuzithemba malunga nempumelelo yeDemokhrasi eWisconsin ngo-2016 emva kokuba uScott Walker ephumelele apho ngo-2010 kunye no-2014.)
Asingawo onke amagosa ombutho awayengakhathali kangako. Amanye amagosa eManyano yaBasebenzi beNkonzo yaMazwe ngaMazwe (SEIU) andixelela ukuba, ngokwahlukileyo, babenexhala lokuphulukana neMichigan kangangokuba babenebhasi kunye namavolontiya ephulo lomanyano ukuya eMichigan, endaweni yendawo ababesingise kuyo e-Iowa. Kodwa emva koko Iphulo likaClinton lathi abadingeki eMichigan kwaye kufuneka ndiye e-Iowa endaweni yoko. Amanye amalungu ombutho waseNew York andixelele ukuba afuna ukukhankasela uClinton ePennsylvania, kodwa ikomkhulu lakhe lephulo labaxelela ukuba kuya kuba luncedo ukusebenza eNorth Carolina. Umcebisi omkhulu kaClinton kwimiba yezabasebenzi undixelele ukuba wayewalumkisile amagosa ephulo ukuba izinto zikhangeleka zimbi eWisconsin kwaye kufuneka benze okungakumbi ukuyivala. Wandixelela ukuba icebiso lakhe alizange lihoywe; Ngokwenene, uClinton akazange enze iphulo lokumisa eWisconsin emva kokuba etyunjiwe.
Xa sijonga umva, kuyacaca ukuba uClinton akenzanga ngokwaneleyo ukuphumelela abavoti bomanyano eMidwest-into ekwakufuneka ayenze ngokucacileyo ngenxa yokucaphukela yena nomyeni wakhe ngokulwela iNafta kunye namanye amanyathelo orhwebo asimahla. Ndiyakrokrela ukuba esinye isizathu sokuba uClinton enze umsebenzi omfutshane kuMbindi-ntshona kukuba waye wadwelisa iziqinisekiso zemibutho emine yesizwe kwangethubaโiNational Education Association, American Federation of Teachers, the American Federation of State, County. kunye naBasebenzi bakaMasipala, kunye ne-SEIU-kwaye ke ngoko baziva incinane imfuneko yokubonisana nemibutho yabasebenzi yakudala efana nabasebenzi bentsimbi, abasebenzi beemoto, noomatshini.
Ezo manyano, kunye neTeamsters, zisenamandla kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zaseMidwestern ezifana neMichigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, kunye neWisconsin. UJoan Williams weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Hastings, uye waxoxa ukuba uClinton uye wavela, okokuqala nokuphambili, njengomviwa, ngo, kunye neklasi yengcali, nokuba ngaba ngamagqwetha, oogqirha, okanye abagcini beebhanki zotyalo-mali-kwaye abaninzi abavoti bee-blue-collar bakuva oku kwaye bayayicaphukela. (Kwaye uClinton akazange amncede ngesizathu sakhe ngabasebenzi bekhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uninzi lwabo olukholelwa ukuba le nkqubo ikhutshiwe, xa wayenikela iintetho eGoldman Sachs ngeedola ezingama-225,000 ngepop.)
Ngo-2016, uTrump waphulukana nevoti imizi yomanyano ngeepesenti nje ezisibhozo zeepesenti, umlinganiselo omncinci ophunyezwe yiRiphabhliki ukususela oko uRonald Reagan wazisa uWalter Mondale ngo-1984. (Ngo-2012, uMitt Romney walahlekelwa yimizi yomanyano ku-Obama ngeepesenti ezilishumi elinesibhozo.)
Ngexesha lephulo, uTrump wagxila kumzamo omkhulu wokuphumelela abavoti bekhola eluhlaza. Kwintshukumo ebithandwa ngabasebenzi abaninzi, uTrump wahlasela i-Carrier Corporation ekuqaleni kuka-2016 malunga nezicwangciso zayo zokuvala umzi-mveliso wombane wase-Indianapolis, wabeka abasebenzi abayi-1,350, kwaye wafudusela umsebenzi eMexico. Inyanga emva kokuphumelela kwakhe ukhetho, uTumpump wafikelela kwi-half-a-loaf deal kunye noMthwali; yayiza kugcina inxalenye yomzi-mveliso ivuliwe, igcina abasebenzi abamalunga nama-700, kwaye ufumane i-7 yezigidi zeerandi kwisaphulelo serhafu sikarhulumente. UTrump waqhayisa ngesi sivumelwano, kodwa abasebenzi abaninzi kunye neenkokheli zemanyano zamgxeka ngokusilela ukwenza okulungileyo kwisithembiso sakhe sokusindisa yonke imisebenzi. Bamalunga nama-600 abasebenzi abagxothwayo. UTrump ujike ityala ngo ukuhlasela umongameli weCarrier abasebenzi 'union wendawo, esithi wenze โumsebenzi ombiโ omele abasebenzi.
Emva kokumiselwa kwakhe, uTrump uqhubekile nokuya enkundleni yamalungu emanyano kunye nabanye abavoti abamhlophe. Wamema abasebenzi-mgodini bamalahle kwi-White House njengoko wayeqalisa ukugawula ummiselo omnye emva komnye ukunceda ukunyusa imveliso yamalahle kunye nenani lemisebenzi yokwemba amalahle. (Inani lemisebenzi yemigodi yamalahle ayiphumelelanga ukukhula phantsi kweTrump emva kokuwa kakhulu phantsi kuka-Obama.)
Emva kokuthembisa ngenkqubo yeziseko ezingundoqo ezixabisa ibhiliyoni enye yeedola ngexesha lephulo lakhe, uTrump ukwameme iinkokeli zemanyano yezokwakha, ezazinemibono yamakhulu amawaka abantu abahlawula kakuhle, imisebenzi emitsha yokwakha iindlela, iibhulorho kunye neetonela. Kodwa uTrump usilele ngokupheleleyo ukufumana nasiphi na isindululo ngeCongress, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba abezomthetho be-GOP banomdla omncinci kwizicwangciso zenkcitho enkulu kangaka.
UTrump uphinde wadibana noRichard Trumka, umongameli womanyano lwesizwe lwabasebenzi, i-AFL-CIO, ememela kwi-White House kwaye ethembisa ukuthobela izibongozo zabasebenzi zokuhlaziya iNafta kwaye abe nzima kurhwebo neTshayina. UTrumka uthe "uzakubiza iibhola kunye nokubetha" kwintsebenzo kaTrump njengomongameli, ngenxa yoko uye wancoma utshintsho lukaTrump ekugqibeleni oluphumeleleyo kwiNafta, ngelixa ehlaba iphulo likaTrump lokubulala u-Obamacare kunye nokunciphisa irhafu kwiinkampani kunye nezityebi.
โNgelishwa, nangona esenokungazi nokuba urhulumente wakhe wenza ntoni na, benze okungakumbi ukungcungcuthekisa abasebenzi kunokuba benze ukubanceda,โ uqukumbele ngelitshoyo uTrumka kuSeptemba ophelileyo. "Amalungu ethu asalindele ubukhulu bolu qoqosho ukuba afikelele kwiitafile zabo zasekhitshini."
Nabani na onika ingqalelo kwiphulo le-2020 unokubona ukuba abaviwa beDemokhrasi bafunde kwilahleko kaClinton. Kwiintetho kunye namaqonga abo, bagxile ekuphakamiseni abasebenzi, ngakumbi abasebenzi abasebenza nge-blue collar. Baye baxhasa a $15 ubuncinane umvuzo. Baxhasa ikholeji yoluntu yasimahla ukwenza kube lula kakhulu kubantwana bekhola eluhlaza ukuba baye ekholejini. Babuyisela ikhefu labazali elihlawulelwayo, ikhefu lentsapho elihlawulelwayo, neentsuku zokugula ezihlawulelwayoโnto leyo eyayiza kuphucula ulungelelwano lwentsapho yomsebenzi.
Abagqatswa balo nyaka beDemokhrasi nabo bafumene umyalezo malunga nokubaluleka kokuqinisa imibutho. Hayi nje uSanders noWarren kodwa uJoe Biden, uPete Buttigieg, uAmy Klobuchar, uMichael Bloomberg, uCory Booker, uJuliรกn Castro, kunye noBeto O'Rourke bonke bathethe ngesidingo sokwenza iimanyano zibe nkulu kwaye zomelele. Baxhasa isindululo sezindululo zokwenza ukuba kube lula kakhulu ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi ikhule-nokuba banika abaququzeleli bemibutho yabasebenzi ukufikelela ngakumbi kwiindawo zokusebenza okanye ukonyusa izohlwayo kumaqumrhu aphule umthetho ukuze abethe umva iinzame zomanyano, njengokugxotha abasebenzi ngenxa yokuxhasa umanyano. Aba baviwa babonakala bekhumbula oko uJacob Hacker kunye noPaul Pierson babhala kuyo Ophumeleleyo-Thatha-Zonke ezoPolitiko (2010): โNangona kukho amaqela amaninzi 'aqhubela phambili' kwindalo yonke yaseMerika anomdla olungelelanisiweyo, umsebenzi kuphela kowona uphambili ugxininise kwiinkxalabo ezibanzi zezoqoqosho zabo banemivuzo ephantsi."
Iimanyano kunye neenkokheli zabo ziye zarhoxa ekuxhaseni umgqatswa womongameli ngexesha lothotho lwalo nyaka olunesiphithiphithi lwecaucuses kunye neeprimaries. Iinkokeli ezininzi zomanyano ziyaluthanda uhlaselo lukaBernie Sanders ngokuchasene nokungalingani kwengeniso, kodwa boyika ukuba uTrump uza kumenza inkohlakalo ngoNovemba kuba uninzi lwabantu baseMelika lucinyiwe nguSanders ezibiza ngokuba ngusoshiyali. Uninzi lwalungabalandeli abakhulu baka-Elizabeth Warren kunye nezicwangciso zakhe ezininzi zokulungisa iMelika, kodwa kwiinyanga ngaphambi kokuba ayeke ugqatso, iimanyano zabasebenzi zathandabuza ukumxhasa kuba ukuvota kwabonisa ukuba amathuba akhe ephulo ayengaqaqambi. Ezinye iinkokeli zabasebenzi zazinethemba lokuba uJoe Biden uza kuba ngumgqatswa onamandla, onamandla abanokuthi bamlandele, kodwa abaninzi baye barhoxa ekumxhaseni ngenxa yokuba iphulo lakhe belingalingani kwaye. ngenxa yerekhodi lakhe lokukhokela izivumelwano zorhwebo ngokukhululekileyo.
Ndithethile neenkokheli zemanyano ezinethemba lendibano evaliweyo enokuthi iguqukele kumgqatswa omanyanisayo onethuba elinamandla lokunganyusi uTrump, umntu ofana noSenator uSherrod Brown waseOhio-intshatsheli engaguqukiyo yabasebenzi kunye neDemocrat ekufuneka ibenengxaki encinci. okuphumelela umva Michigan, Pennsylvania, kunye Wisconsin. Ngo-2018, iiDemokhrasi zibonise ukuba nako isaphumelela eWisconsin naseMichigan; bathimba indlu yeerhuluneli kuloo mazwe ngokukhankasela kwimiba ekhathalelwe ngabavoti be-blue-collar: ukugcina i-Obamacare, ukunyusa umvuzo omncinci, ukuphucula izikolo zikarhulumente, ukulungisa iindlela ezidilikayo.
Abanye abahlalutyi bezopolitiko ngokungathandabuzekiyo baya kuchaza ukuba ukugxila kwimiba yezoqoqosho kunokuba kungonelanga ukubuyisela abasebenzi abaninzi be-blue collar abamkele uTrump. Abaphengululi abaninzi baye bafumanisa ukuba izimo zengqondo zobuhlanga zidlale indima enkulu kunenkxalabo yezoqoqosho ekuhambiseni abamhlophe bekhola eluhlaza kwikholamu yeTrump. Kwincwadi yabo ka-2018, Ingxaki yesazisi: Iphulo likaMongameli ka-2016 kunye neDabi leNjongo yeMelika., UJohn Sides, uMichael Tesler noLynn Vavreck babhala ukuba isimo sengqondo sobuhlanga โsixonxa indlela abavoti abaziqonda ngayo iziphumo zoqoqosho.โ Bakuchaza oku โnjengoqoqosho olunobuhlanga,โ โinkolelo yokuba amaqela angafanelekanga aya phambili ngoxa iqela lakho lishiywe ngasemva.โ Bongeze ngelithi โkuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika, amaqela agqalwa njengangafanelekanga ebesoloko eziintlanga nobuhlanga obuncinane.โ
UDiana C. Mutz, unjingalwazi wezopolitiko kunye nonxibelelwano kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, wafumanisa ukuba yintoni eqhube amadoda amaninzi amhlophe ukuba axhase uTrump โyayingesosisongelo kubomi babo bezoqoqosho; sisisongelo kulawulo lweqela labo kwilizwe lethu kulo lonke ilizwe.โ Ayevakalelwa kukuba iwonga lawo elibekekileyo lalisongelwaโayekucaphukela ukuthontelana kwabaphambukeli, ecaphukela imisebenzi yomzi-mveliso eya eMexico, esoyika ukuba ukunyuka kweTshayina kwakulujongela phantsi ulawulo lwezoqoqosho lwaseMerika. Babeyithanda into yokuba uTrump ahlasele abaphambukeli, iMexico, kunye neTshayina. (Kwaye abaninzi abavoti abangamadoda bayayicaphukela into yokuba umfazi onamandla njengoClinton wayefuna ubongameli kwaye athathe uDonald John Trump.)
Le ngqumbo yobuhlanga kunye nokungahloneli abafazi akunakungahoywa. Ngaphandle kwelifa labo elikhwankqisayo lokucalucalulwa kwabantsundu nabasetyhini, iimanyano zabasebenzi zikwimeko entle yokunceda ukoyisa le ngxaki, ubuncinci ngabavoti abathile. Ngeli xesha le-polarization kunye ne-immigrant-bashing, ihlala ilityalwa ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi, ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na iziko ngaphandle komkhosi wase-US, idibanise abasebenzi abavela kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo, iinkolo, kunye nezizwe (kunye nesini) kwaye babadibanisa. Iimanyano zinokudlala enye indima ebalulekileyo. Njengoko uEzra Klein echaza kwincwadi yakhe entsha, Kutheni siPolarized, esinye isizathu sokuba isizwe sahlukane kangaka kukuba abantu abaninzi baseMelika bebesoloko bebethelela ubuntu obudala ukunganyamezeli kwaye bubaqhubela phambili ukuya kwelinye icala lezopolitiko.
Masithi umvoti wekhola eluhlaza ngumbukeli weFox News, ilungu le-NRA, kunye nobuKristu bevangeli, bonke beqinisa iimbono ze-pro-Trump. Kodwa ukuba loo mvoti ukwalilungu lombutho wabasebenzi, ulwazi olunikezelwa yimanyano lunokunceda ukuchasa ezo mpawu kwaye lwandise iimbono kunye neembono umvoti abhenca kuzo. (Ngokulinganayo, abo bantu banako, ewe, bazise neembono ze-pro-Trump kumanyano kwaye mhlawumbi bayityhale ngasekunene.)
Ukumanyana kunokunceda ukoyisa ubuntu obuqhelekileyo bezopolitiko. Emva konyulo lowama-2008, amagosa e-AFL-CIO aphawula ukuba amadoda amhlophe ngokubanzi avotele uJohn McCain ngeepesenti ezingama-57 ukuya kuma-41 ekhulwini, kodwa amadoda amhlophe angamalungu emibutho axhasa u-Obama ngeepesenti ezingama-57 ukuya kuma-40 ekhulwini. Ngaphezu koko, abanini bemipu bebonke bathanda uMcCain ngama-62 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-37 ekhulwini, ngoxa abanini bemipu ababengamalungu emibutho bexhasa u-Obama ngeepesenti ezingama-56 ukuya kuma-44 ekhulwini.
Ngokwepolitiki yexesha likaTrump, iimanyano zelizwe zinokuqhekeka zibe ngamaqela amathathu. Iimanyano ezinkulu zecandelo likarhulumente-i-American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, i-SEIU, kunye nemibutho emibini yootitshala abakhulu-bachasene noTrump. Le mibutho ngokubanzi inepesenti ephezulu yabasetyhini kunye nabasebenzi bebala kunemibutho yesizwe yabucala, kwaye ngokubanzi bashiyeke ngakumbi kwaye balawulwa yidemokhrasi kwezentlalo ngakumbi kunezo manyano. Imibutho yecandelo likarhulumente yamchasa uTrump ukusuka ekuphumeni, elwa nemigaqo-nkqubo yakhe enxamnye nabaphambukeli, uhlaselo lwakhe kwi-Obamacare, iMedicaid, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zenetha zokhuseleko, kunye nemanyano yakhe namaRiphabhlikhi ayenze injongo yawo yokubhengeza imfazwe kurhulumente- imibutho yabasebenzi.
Zikho ke iimanyano zamashishini, eziquka iUnited Steelworkers, United Auto Workers, kunye neUnited Mine Workers. Ezi manyano nazo zinezithethe ezinebhongo zedemokhrasi-i-UAW yayiyimanyano kaWalter Reuther-kodwa uninzi lwamalungu abo avotele uTrump. NjengoMongameli we-AFL-CIO uTrumka, ezi manyano zabona okuhle nokubi kuTrump kanye xa wayeseWhite House. Abazange bathande, phakathi kwezinye izinto, imfazwe kaTrump echasene ne-Obamacare kunye nabatyunjwa bakhe abachasene nomanyano kwinkundla yezomthetho kunye neBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi (NLRB), kodwa bathanda intetho yakhe enzima kurhwebo, iirhafu, kunye nokuvuselela imveliso kunye nemigodi. Indlela yabo eyona nto yayikukugxeka uTrump ngezenzo abazichasileyo kunye nokuqhwabela izandla indlela yakhe enobundlobongela kurhwebo.
Iqela lesithathu lemibutho yabasebenzi, urhwebo lwezakhiwo, lusondele kakhulu kuTrump, umakhi wezindlu nezindlu ezininzi ebezisebenza naye. Babezithanda izithembiso zikaTrump zesicwangciso seziseko ezingundoqo ezisisi-1 sebhiliyoni, kwaye babekulumkele ukwenza nantoni na ukumqumbisa kunye nomngcipheko wokuba umongameli odumileyo aziphindezelele ngokwenza isicwangciso sakhe seziseko zophuhliso. Ezinye iimanyano zokwakha zide zayiqhwabela izandla inkxaso kaTrump yokwakha imibhobho emitsha kunye nohlaselo lwakhe kwiSivumelwano esitsha sokuHlaza, apho ezinye iinkokeli zemanyano zakhalaza ukuba, ngokomzekelo, ukwakhiwa okucothayo kwezixhobo zombane zexesha elizayo (nangona oko kunokuthetha ukwakha iiinjini zomoya ezininzi).
Sijonge kolu lonyulo, imibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente ayimthandi uTrump njengakuqala. Banomsindo, ngokomzekelo, ukuba lowo wayeqeshwe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo uNeil Gorsuch wafaka ivoti yakhe kwi-5-4. UJanus Umthetho oya kubakhathaza bona kunye noovimba babo ngokwenza kube lula kakhulu kubasebenzi bakarhulumente ukuba baphume ekuhlawuleni nayiphi na imirhumo kwimibutho ethetha ngabo. Nabo bayavutha ngumsindo izityhilelo zamva nje ngu Maxesha ukuba u-Erik Prince (umzalwana kaNobhala weMfundo uBetsy DeVos) waqesha iintlola zangaphambili ukuba zingene kwi-American Federation of Teachers.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimibutho yabasebenzi bezakhiwo, baphoxekile kakhulu kukuba uTrump usilele ukuhambisa nantoni na kwiziseko ezingundoqo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iimanyano zamashishini ziyambulela uTrump ngamadabi akhe orhwebo ngokuchasene neMexico, China, kunye namanye amazwe (nanjengoko uninzi lweenkokheli zemibutho yabasebenzi zixabana namanye amaqhinga akhe kurhwebo).
Ngokubanzi, iinkokeli zemanyano zihlala ziqinile kumchasi uTrump. Abalibali ukuba umongameli uye wanyusa uhlaselo olubi lobuqu kuTwitter Trumka, ngokunjalo ngokuchasene ne umongameli we-UAW yendawo eLordstown kunye nomongameli wabasebenzi bentsimbi kwiplanti yeCarrier e-Indianapolis. Kuyathandabuzeka ukuba isikhundla somanyano kunye nefayile ikhathazekile nguTrump njengoko zinjalo iinkokeli zabo, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba abaqapheli kwaye baxoxa, usuku nosuku, njengoko zisenza iinkokeli ezininzi zomanyano, inkitha yabasebenzi kunye nezenzo ezichasene nomanyano. ithathwe lulawulo lukaTrump.
Ngaphandle kwezopolitiko, imeko yomanyano lwesizwe iye yashukunyiswa kukugqabhuka okumangalisayo kwamandla okusebenza okuye kwathatha iindlela ezimbini: ukwanda kokuququzelela uloyiso kwimizi-mveliso emininzi kunye. olona qhankqalazo lukhulu ukusukela ngoo-1980. Abanye bayibiza le nto โnjengomanyano olutsha,โ ugqabhuko-dubulo lobutshantliziyo, ngakumbi phakathi kwabasebenzi abasebatsha.
Uqhankqalazo lwabafundisi-ntsapho beREDforED lwaqala eWest Virginia ngoFebruwari 2018 kwaye lwanwenwela eKentucky, e-Oklahoma, eColorado naseArizona. Oku kuhanjwa ngabafundisi-ntsapho, abamalunga nama-70 epesenti ibingabasetyhini, banike amandla nenkuthazo kumbutho wabasebenzi ngokubanzi. Impumelelo yeREDforED kunye nokungoyiki kwanceda ukukhuthaza uqhanqalazo lootitshala eLos Angeles naseChicago, kunye nokuhamba kwabasebenzi baseMarriott ekwindla lowama-2018, emva koko, kunyaka olandelayo, ugwayimbo lweGeneral Motors lweeveki ezintandathu olubandakanya abasebenzi abangama-48,000 kwilizwe liphela.
Eli phulo loqhanqalazo-ingakumbi iREDforED walkouts, elonwabele inkxaso enkulu yoluntu-luvuse uchulumanco olutsha malunga nabasebenzi, njengoko lenza iphulo lokuLwa i-15 yeedola. Oku kunokunceda ukucacisa kutheni imvume yoluntu kwimibutho inyuke yaya kutsho kuma-64 ekhulwini, ukusuka kuma-48 ekhulwini kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo yaye phantse kwelona nqanaba liphakamileyo kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Kwezinye iindaba ezikhuthazayo zabasebenzi, uphononongo lwe-MIT lufumanise ukuba omnye kwababini abangezomanyano, abasebenzi abangabaphathi. bathi bangavotela ukujoyina umanyano, ukusuka kuma-32 ekhulwini ngeminyaka yee-1990.
Kumzila onxuseneyo noqhankqalazo lwentshukumo ibe yinto ebingalindelekanga ukwanda komanyano kwimimandla enesithethe somanyano esincinci, phakathi kwabo kukho oonjingalwazi, iintatheli zedijithali, abasebenzi basemyuziyam, abafundi begrad, abasebenzi beevenkile ze-cannabis, kunye nabasebenzi bezopolitiko. Malunga namashumi alithoba abasebenzi bekhontrakthi bakaGoogle ePittsburgh baye bamanyene, njengabasebenzi baseKickstarter, beyenza inkampani yokuqala eyaziwayo yetekhnoloji ukwenza umanyano.
Konke oku kuyathembisa emsebenzini, kodwa akukacaci ukuba olu qhankqalazo kunye noloyiso oluququzelelayo lubonisa uguquko ekudala lulindelwe kwisilayidi seminyaka yabasebenzi. Ngaphandle kothakazelelo olutsha, into efunekayo ukuguqula abasebenzi ayikomanyano lwabasebenzi abalishumi okanye amashumi amabini amawaka kumacandelo angaqhelekanga, kodwa kukuququzelela izigidi zabanye abasebenzi abangengabo imanyano kuqoqosho lonke. Oko kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukukufeza ngesizathu esinye esiyintloko: abaqeshi eUnited States balwa ngamandla kunabaqeshi kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe elinemizi-mveliso ukuze babethe, ngokwenene bayeke, imibutho yabasebenzi.
Iinkampani e-US ziphinda zigrogrise ngokuvala izityalo ukuba abasebenzi bavotela umanyano. Bahlala bebagxotha abasebenzi abakhaliphileyo abakhokela iidrive zokulungiselela. Bahlala befola abasebenzi abanobuhlobo ukuze bahlole iinzame zokuququzelela kunye nokungena kwiintlanganiso zemanyano. โAbaqeshi bayifezekisile incwadi yokudlala echasene nomanyano eUnited States ngendlela abangazange bayenze kwenye indawo,โ utshilo uJake Rosenfeld, ingcali yezabasebenzi kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington. Ayimangalisi ke into yokuba imibutho yabasebenzi ityhale abagqatswa bakamongameli beDemokhrasi nzima ukuba bafumane emva kwezindululo zomthetho eziya kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukumanyanisa.
Oku kugqabhuka okutsha kwamandla okusebenza kunokunceda ukwenza umahluko kunyulo lukaNovemba. Uninzi lokutyanda komanyano, nokuba kukwiidyunivesithi, iimyuziyam, okanye iivenkile ze-cannabis, zikwindawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukuze amandla angabinakwenza mahluko mkhulu kunyulo lukamongameli, kodwa anokunceda ukugcina okanye ukuphequlula izithili ezithile zeCongressional blue.
Uninzi lwabafundisi-ntsapho lunxunguphalo olunzulu kunye namaRiphabhlikhi-ngokunika ukucuthwa kwerhafu kwizityebi kunye namaqumrhu ngelixa becinezela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwemfundo kunye nemivuzo, ngenxa yezikolo ezizintshatsheli ngelixa befumana inkxaso-mali kwizikolo zikarhulumente zemveli-bancede iiDemocrats ukubamba uburhuluneli baseKentucky ngoNovemba ophelileyo kunye nerhuluneli yaseMichigan ngoNovemba. ngaphambili. Ootitshala kunye neminye imibutho ekhaliphileyo ikwancede iiDemokhrasi ukuba ziphumelele ulawulo lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho eVirginia.
Abafundisi-ntsapho benqanaba kunye neefayile bagxothwa kakhulu kumazwe anjenge-Arizona, iMichigan, kunye neNorth Carolina kangangokuba amandla abo, ukunkqonkqoza kwabo emnyango, kunye neefowuni zabo kunokunceda ukubhengeza loo mazwe kwintando yeDemokhrasi. Ngo-2020 emva kokuba beye kuTrump ngo-2016. Nangona kunjalo, kumazwe abomvu-obomvu afana ne-West Virginia ne-Oklahoma, apho uTrump waphumelela ngomda omkhulu, kuyathandabuzeka ukuba nomanyano oluphumayo luya kwenza ukuba iiDemocrats zikwazi. nibabambe.
Njengoko ndicacisa kwincwadi yam Ibethelwe phantsi, yasebenza phezulu: Ixesha elidlulileyo, langoku, kunye nekamva labasebenzi baseMelika (2019), ukwandisa amathuba abo okuphumelela, iiDemokhrasi kufuneka zenze umyalezo obhenela kuwo. zonke abasebenzi bekhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kubandakanywa nabo baxhamla kwiTrump, nokuba kungenxa yobuhlanga okanye ukuxhalaba kwezoqoqosho. Ukuba kukho isifundo esinye iDemokhrasi kufuneka ithathe ukulahlekelwa nguHillary Clinton, kukuba baya kuba nobunzima bokuphumelela amazwe amathathu abalulekileyo eMichigan, ePennsylvania, naseWisconsin-kunye nabo, umongameli-ngaphandle kokuba benza isibheno esinamandla kwi-blue-collar. Abantu baseMelika bazo zonke iintlanga, nokuba ngumyalezo kurhwebo, ukungalingani kwemivuzo, ukugqithiswa kweWall Street, ukuphucula impilo, okanye ukonyusa imivuzo yabasebenzi.
Ngabavoti abamhlophe abamhlophe badlala indima eqinisekileyo ekuziseni uloyiso kuTrump ngo-2016, iiDemokhrasi kufuneka zikhumbule ukuba ngelixa kubalulekile ukulwela abantu base-Afrika baseMelika, iLatinos, amahlwempu kunye nabaphambukeli, kubalulekile ukulwa ngokubonakalayo kuluhlu lwabasebenzi abasokolayo. abamhlophe. Nabo ke kufuneka bazi ukuba kukho umntu obakhathaleleyo, kukho umntu ozama ukubaphakamisa ukuze bangaziva belibele okanye beshiywe lixesha.
Ngokuzigwagwisa kukaTrump ngokuba ubugorha kurhwebo, iimanyano kufuneka zichaze ukuba i-Nafta entsha kaTrump yenza kancinci ukunceda abasebenzi de uNancy Pelosi, eqhutywa yimibutho yabasebenzi, wacacisa ukuba ngeke idlule kwiCongress ngaphandle kokuba umongameli wafumana iMexico ukuba ivume. ekunyanzeliseni ngamandla amalungelo abasebenzi. Iimanyano zinokuchaza ukuba uTrump uphambanise kakubi urhwebo lwakhe kunye ne-China ngokuzihambela yedwa, endaweni yokuba namahlakani ethu-iCanada, iManyano yaseYurophu, kunye neJapan-ecaleni lethu ukonyusa amandla e-bargaining ngokuchasene ne-China.
Uninzi lwamalungu emibutho yabasebenzi luyalwamkela ulwazi oluphuma kumanyano lwawo, kwananjengokuba uninzi luya caphuka ukuba umanyano lwawo lubaxelela ngokungqongqo ukuba bavotele bani na. Iimanyano zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiphulo lika-2020 ngokuchazela amalungu ukuba uTrump akazange aphantse abe yintshatsheli yabasebenzi athi uyiyo-kwaye, eneneni, uye wangcatsha abasebenzi amaxesha ngamaxesha. Iimanyano zinokunceda ukwenza kucace ukuba ngelixa izinga lokungaqeshwa lisezantsi kwaye uqoqosho lukwimo entle (ubuncinci de kube kuqhambuke i-coronavirus), oko kuyinxalenye enkulu yokuqhubekeka koqoqosho oluphuculweyo olwazuzwa nguTrump ku-Obama.
Iimanyano kufuneka zivuthele phezulu kwaye zicacise ukuba uTrump kunye nabo baqeshwe nguye basibuyise umva isigqibo sika-Obama sokwandisa intlawulo yexesha elongezelelekileyo kwizigidi zabasebenzi abangakumbi. UTrump unike ukucuthwa kwerhafu okukhulu kwiinkampani kunye nezityebi, kodwa amandongomane kubasebenzi abaphakathi. Uye watyhala ukuba ahlube izigidi zeentsapho ezisebenzayo kwi-inshorensi yempilo yazo ngokufuna ukuphelisa uMthetho wokuNakekela okufikelelekayo. Wenze kwalula ukuba iifemu zaseWall Street ziqhathe abasebenzi ngokuchitha umthetho ka-Obama owawufuna ukuba iifemu zotyalo-mali zisebenzele iimfuno zabasebenzi xa zilawula ii-401(k) zazo.
Abaqeshwa bakhe be-NLRB baye bahamba ngeendlela ezininzi zokwenza ukuba kube nzima ukudibanisa kunye nokwenza buthathaka ukhuseleko kubasebenzi abenza intshukumo edibeneyo-ecebisa, ngokomzekelo, ukuthabatha. ilungelo labancedisi bokufundisa abanezidanga kwiidyunivesithi zabucala ukuba bamanyane ngokubhengeza ukuba mabangathathwa njengabasebenzi. Unciphise inani labahloli be-OSHA ukuya kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi kwi-arhente yeminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Kwaye akenzanga nto ukuphakamisa umvuzo omncinci we-federal, oye wanamathela kwi-7.25 yeedola ngeyure ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi.
UTrump yi-conman nonpareil olahlekise izigidi zabasebenzi ukuba bakholelwe ukuba uyintshatsheli yabo. Akukho ziko eluntwini elikwisikhundla esingcono kunabasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo ukutshabalalisa abasebenzi baloo ngcinga yokudakumba.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela