Ipapashwe okokuqala ngo Indepaz ngoJanuwari 2003
Jonga i-En Camino's Media Alert ngalo mba
[iguqulelwe nguJustin Podur]
I-500 yeebhiliyoni zeepesos kwirhafu (malunga ne-250 yezigidi zeedola) ezihlawulwe ngabantu baseColombia kwiiveki ezimbalwa zanyamalala phantsi kwejongo lomphathi webhanki, uSara Ordonez, umfazi onelizwi kunye nelizwi lomntwana kunye nobuso bomfazi omdala, kunye iliso elibukhali likaGqr. Fanny Kertzmann Yankelevich, umalathisi weerhafu namasiko, elaa bhinqa lineenwele ezishinyeneyo elime kumaphephancwadi nezinja ezimbini ukuze ligrogrise abahlawuli berhafu. Banembono efanayo, ukuzigwagwisa, iingcamango ezifanayo nezeenkokeli zowe-1946, abakhuthazi bomlambo wegazi osintywiliselayo namhlanje.
Watsho kumabonakude ukuba iiarhente zakhe ziya kungena ezindlini zibuyise zonke izixhobo zombane ngaphandle kwemvume yokungenisa elizweni.
Umxubi ekhitshini kwindawo ethile akanalo ubhaliso lwangaphandle kwaye usengozini. Ngeli xesha, amazibuko azele ziinqanawa, zithwele izixhobo zokuthengisa izinto ezingekho mthethweni, imidiza yokuthengisa izinto ezingekho mthethweni, iwhisky yokuthengisa izinto ezingekho mthethweni, iinqwelo-moya ezilayishwe ngoomabonakude abangekho mthethweni kunye nezixhobo zombane, kwaye oohola bendlela bazele ziilori ezithwele ipetroli engekho mthethweni.
Uqinile kwababuthathaka, kwaye ubuthathaka kwabaqinileyo.
Xa uGqr. Kertzmann Yankelevich wagqiba kwinkampani yephepha lezizwe ngezizwe kwaye wabhengeza esidlangalaleni ukuba uya kongeza irhafu kwiincwadi, iincwadi zesikolo, kunye neencwadi zabafundi, umhlalutyi u-Isidro Rodriguez wabhala ku-El Faro:
'Uxelelwe esidlangalaleni ukuba kuye, incwadi iyafana nekhilogram yeetapile'.
UMaria Mercedes Carranza wabhala kwiLa Semana:
'Kucacile ukuba uNkosazana Kertzmann akohluli phakathi kwencwadi kunye nenkukhu, kuba ubhekisa kwishishini lomhleli ngokungathi bangabathengisi beenkukhu kwaye akakuhoyi oko iimagazini ezimele ilizwe, okanye iincwadi zezikolo. Ngenxa yoko, xa ethetha ngeencwadi usebenzisa iingxoxo ezibonisa uhlobo lokungaphuhlisi kwengqondo okushiye ilizwe likwimeko yokungaphuhlisi kwezoqoqosho.'
Ewe, iifatata zilingana neencwadi kunye nesobho senkukhu silingana neencwadi zokufunda, ekugqibeleni. Kodwa kwiinyanga ezisithoba ngaphambi kokuba iibhiliyoni zeepesos zabarhafi baseColombia zinyamalale phambi kwamehlo akhe, amazwi asemthethweni amlumkisa ngokuzingisa:
-Abantu abahlawula irhafu baya kuphulukana nezigidi ngezigidi zeepesos kwaye uqhubeka nokuvumela ukuba imali ifakwe kwiibhanki eziwayo. Yonke le mali iya kulahleka kwi-Banco del Pacifico kunye ne-Banco Andino.
Kwaye yalahleka ngenxa yeyona ndlela ilungelelanisiweyo 'yokubanjiswa kommangaliso' kwimbali yelizwe laseColombia.
I-Banco del Pacifico kunye ne-Banco Andino zenziwe ngabantu baseMerika, base-Ecuadorians kunye nabaseColombia. Umongameli weBanco Pacifico wonyulwa njengoMmeli waseColombia eWashington. Umphathi wefemu yase-US eyayilawula ibhanki yaba nguMphathiswa wezoKhuselo lweSizwe. Elinye lamalungu efemu elawula ibhanki lenyuke laya kwisikhululo soMkomishinala woXolo kuMongameli weRiphabliki. Omnye waba nguNobhala waBucala kuMongameli weRiphabhliki.
Umphathi weebhanki, ohlawuliswe nguMongameli weRiphabhliki ngokulawula i-Banco del Pacifico kunye ne-Banco Andino yayilungu lebhodi enye ye-Banco Andino.
Xa ilizwe lafumanisa ukuba kwiibhanki ezimbini, i-500 yeebhiliyoni zeepesos zeerhafu zayo zanyamalala, umntu wacebisa ibali elidala laseColombia kumlawuli werhafu kunye nezithethe kunye noMlawuli weBhanki: ukuba kwakukho iindlovu kwiiofisi zabo, kwaye zazingekho. abo kuphela abangazange baqaphele.
E-Colombia, nangona kunjalo, umthetho usebenza phezulu: abasebenzi abaphezulu bakarhulumente bawela phezulu ngenxa yezi zenzo. Ngenxa yoko, inenekazi elinelizwi kunye nendlela yomntwana yaba nguMphathiswa wezeMpilo, kwaye umfazi oneenwele ezilukhuni kunye nezinja waba nguMmeli eCanada.
Eli bali-elingekapheli-liqala nge-Banco del Pacifico kunye ne-Banco Andino eqokelele inxalenye yengeniso yerhafu yelizwe. Isivumelwano norhulumente sithe bangabambelela kwezi zibonelelo iintsuku ezingamashumi amabini, ze emva koko bazibuyisele kuNondyebo weSizwe.
Akuzange kuphele ngaloo ndlela kwaye ishishini elikhulu-kwiibhanki, ekugqibeleni liphelile ngoMeyi 20, 1999 ngokulandelelana ukuba i-press yakhawuleza ukuthula.
Kodwa ishishini laphela emva kwexesha, emva kwexesha kakhulu elizweni, kuba kwiinyanga ezisithoba ngaphambi koko, ngoSeptemba, ngo-Oktobha, nangoNovemba wowe-1998, uGloria Ines Cortes Arango, umalathisi weSebe lezeMali leSizwe, wabonisa ukuba kukho iyantlukwano kwiidiphozithi zebhanki ne Ilizwe laseColombia-uphawu lokuba kukho into engalunganga ngemali. UMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, uJuan Camilo Restrepo, umongameli webhanki uSara Ordonez, kunye nomlawuli weerhafu kunye namasiko bonke baxelelwa. Bonke babesazi kwangethuba, kodwa abazange benze njengoko babefanele ukuba benze, ngokwamaxwebhu ubuncinane kwiifayile ezintathu kwezine zophando-enye yomtshutshisi jikelele, enye yoluleko, enye yezopolitiko kunye neyokugqibela yolwaphulo-mthetho-isavuliwe, kodwa ilibalekile. .
Ngo-Oktobha 1998-6 kwiinyanga ngaphambi kokuba iibhanki zenze ngokumangalisayo ukubamba-kwingxelo yangaphakathi ye-Bank Superintendency ebizwa ngokuthi 'Uxwebhu lweNombolo yesi-8', ekuhlolweni, ukuxilongwa, kunye noqikelelo lweBhanki, utyikityo luka-A. Juan kunye no-Associates baxelele UGqr. Sara Ordonez:
"Imeko yebhanki ngokwemigaqo ye-patrimony kunye neziphumo zibi kakhulu"
Kwingxelo yangaphakathi yoMphathi, (ngoAgasti 17, 2001), omnye umhlalutyi waxelela uMphathi-Jikelele:
"Nangona izilumkiso malunga neemeko ezinqabileyo zebhanki, umlawuli weerhafu kunye namasiko, uFanny Kertzman, wenze okuchasene noko kuyimfuneko ukuthumela iBhanki yaseAndean".
Kodwa ngokungathi oko akwanelanga, โuGqr. UFanny Kertzman wavakalisa kulawulo lweBhanki yase-Andean ukungabikho kwakhe inkxalabo malunga nokulibaziseka kokuthunyelwa kweengqokelela, apho iirhafu kunye nezithethe zazixhamla kwinzala. Kwaye, ngaphandle koko, wathi "yingxaki kaNondyebo weSizwe", ngokwengxelo phambi koMtshutshisi Jikelele kaGregorio Alfredo Obregon Rubiano, umongameli wolawulo, kunye noMario Yepez Lopez, uSekela Mongameli wezeMali weBanco. Andino.
Emva kokubanjwa kwalo mmangaliso, iofisi yoMlawuli yathi kuphando lwayo lokuqala: โIbhanki, xa yayibhangisa, yalumkisa ngelithi ayisayi kubeka nayiphi na idipozithi ngaphandle kokukhetha. Yayiyisivumelwano eso. Kwaye yayizipaji ezazisele zingenanto zaseColombia ekufuneka zihlawulele oku.
NgoDisemba 1998, uMphathi-Jikelele weRiphabhlikhi walungiselela ingxelo kuMphathiswa wezaseKhaya uJuan Camilo Restrepo kunye nomphathi werhafu yelizwe ethetha into enye eyayithethwa ngumlawuli kwiinyanga ezine ezidlulileyo kumlawuli we-treasury: ukuvumela ezi bhanki zimbini ukuba ziqokelele iimali zoluntu, kodwa zibonisa ukutshona okucacileyo ngeli xesha. Guqula le meko.
Abaphandi bathi i-Comptroller yaqaphela ukuba kuzo zombini iibhanki kukho ukunqongophala kwe-liquidity kwaye i-solvency ekhoyo ivela kwiimali zabahlawuli berhafu baseColombia. Eso sikrokro saqinisekiswa ngabo kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngoAgasti 17 2001, xa ingxelo yangaphakathi eyayisiya kumlawuli eyayisithi: โIBhanki yePasifiki iye yanengxaki yokungabi namali yokuhlawula amatyala ukususela ubuncinane ngowe-1998, yaye ngenxa yeso sizathu yafuna ukuqokelelwa kwemali karhulumente. iirhafu zelizwe kunye nokuhlawula irhafu njengesisombululo.
Kwavakala intsimbi entsha yesilumkiso ngoJanuwari 12, 1999 xa umalathisi weSebe lezeMali leSizwe waphinda wafuna ukuba iibhanki zibuyisele yonke into ebeziyityala kunondyebo.
Ngomhla we-17 kuMatshi, umlawuli we-Ofisi kaNondyebo weSizwe wacela iibhanki ingcaciso yokusilela kwabo ukubuyisela imali yerhafu kurhulumente, kwaye njengesiqhelo, bathumela iikopi zememo kubo bobabini intsumpa yebhanki (uSara Ordonez) kunye nomlawuli we. iirhafu kunye namasiko (uFanny Kertzman). Kwangaloo mini umlawuli weSebe lezeMali leSizwe wacela kwa amagosa afanayo ukuba arhoxise imvume yeebhanki zokuqokelela irhafu nokufumana iingxelo zengeniso.
Kwiintsuku ezithile kamva, kwangaloo Matshi mnye, unondyebo waphinda wakhalaza ngokungathotyelwa kwemigaqo yeebhanki waza wabatyhola 'ngokubek' iliso elibukhali'. UMphathiswa kunye noGqr. USara Ordonez noFanny Kertzman baxelelwa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ngoku ukurhoxisa ishishini leebhanki.
Impendulo evela kuMphathiswa kunye noGqr. kwathi cwaka.
Ngo-Epreli 15: esinye isikhalazo esivela kwi-National Treasury ukuya kwiibhanki, kwaye njengoko ngoku sasiba yinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye ngokwenene 'idiniwe' njengoko bethetha e-Antioquia, ulwazi lwanikezelwa kuMphathiswa uJuan Camilo Restrepo, uDkt Kertzman, kunye noGqr Sara. Ordonez.
Ngomhla we-10 ngoMeyi: Umlawuli we-treasury ukhalaza kwiibhanki kwaye ubhenela kwakhona kuJuan Camilo Restrepo ukuba nguye kuphela onokuphelisa isivumelwano kunye neebhanki. UDkt Kertzman Yankelevich waxelelwa, kwakhona, ukuba kuya kuba yingozi kurhulumente ukuba iibhanki ziqhubeka zinegunya lokuqokelela irhafu kunye nokufumana izitatimende zengeniso, ziphinda ukuba iindlela ezinzima ziza kwamkelwa egameni labahlawuli berhafu baseColombia. UGqr. Sara Ordonez waxelelwa kwakhona ngendlovu echithe isiqingatha sesithathu sokukhulelwa e-ofisini yakhe, kodwa waqhubeka engakhange aqaphele.
Akukho namnye kwaba bathathu owathabatha nayiphi na kwezi ndlela zingqongqo. Ngokwamaxwebhu asezandleni zoMlawuli Jikelele weRiphabhlikhi, umsebenzi wabo wawulinganiselwe ukuthumela iileta kwiibhanki bebabuza ukuba kwenzeka ntoni.
Kwiintsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba uMphathiswa kunye noDkt. baphoqeleka ukuba banqumle iibhanki, kwenzeka into emangalisa ngakumbi: iidiphozithi zadubula ngendlela engaqhelekanga.
Ngokohlalutyo loMlawuli Jikelele weRiphabhlikhi, kude kube ngoko umyinge wokubanjwa kweerhafu 'uyesiqhelo', kodwa ngokukhawuleza amanqanaba aphezulu karhulumente ukuba kuya kubakho ungenelelo kwiibhanki, lo mndilili. idubule ukusuka kwi-2 yeebhiliyoni ukuya kwi-25 yeebhiliyoni zeepesos ngosuku.
Amaxwebhu asemthethweni acebisa ukuba kwi-Banco Pacifico kuphela, ngoMeyi 17, i-57 yeebhiliyoni zeepesos yabanjwa-imali enkulu kunayo nayiphi na ibhanki.
NgoMeyi 18-19, 11 billion.
Ngomhla we-20 kaMeyi, xa umphathi webhanki enikezela isenzo sokulawula ukungenelela, iPacifico yathatha i-33 billion.
Ngokutsho kwenye ingxelo yoMphathi, phakathi kokucinywa kwesivumelwano esivumela ukuqokelelwa kweerhafu ngamabhanki kunye nokungenelela komphathi webhanki, kwadlula iintsuku ezimbini. 'Oko kulibaziseka kukaDkt. Sara Ordonez kubiza ilizwe i-44 yeebhiliyoni zeepesos kwi-Pacific Bank kuphela', watsho omnye wabaphandi.
Kwalo xwebhu lunye luchaza enye into malunga noku kubanjiswa kungummangaliso.
'Abalawuli Banco del Pacifico kunye Banco Andino wayesazi ukususela ngoMeyi 17, iintsuku ezi-3 phambi kokungenelela, ukuba kwangethuba ngosuku olulandelayo babenokwaziswa ngesigqibo sokunqunyanyiswa kwesivumelwano kunye norhulumente kwingqokelela yerhafu; ngenxa yokuba uGqr. Fanny Kertzman wabalumkisa.'
Ngezo ntsuku ezine-uthi uhlalutyo olufanayo-ukuqokelelwa kweerhafu kwi-Banco Pacifico yodwa yanda i-700% ngokumalunga nexesha langaphambili. Ukubanjwa ngoMatshi, uEpreli, noMeyi odlulileyo bekuya kuba yi-23 yeebhiliyoni zeepesos. Ngoku ibiyi-217 billion.
'Into ecacileyo, evulekileyo, nengaqhelekanga', watsho omnye wabaphandi be-Comptroller kwaye wabuza: 'kodwa, kwelinye icala, ngubani kurhulumente, owazisa malunga nokungenelela okusondeleyo kwiibhanki zombini, uxelele amashishini karhulumente kunye amaziko ukuba afake ingeniso yawo yerhafu kwezo bhanki ngobuninzi? Kwakufuneka umntu ovela kumanqanaba aphezulu karhulumente enjenjalo. Umbuzo ngulo, ngubani? Oku kuya kuba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kuphando lolwaphulo-mthetho.'
Abaphandi be-Comtroller bamisela ukuba 'ngomhla wokungenelela (ngoMeyi 20, 1999), kwi-Banco Andino kuphela kwakukho i-112 yeebhiliyoni zeepeso zerhafu kunye nengeniso yerhafu yelizwe laseColombia.
Ngaloo mini, i-peso yaseColombia yayirhweba kwi-1600 kwi-dollar yase-US.
Emva kokuba loo mthambo uvaliwe, imali yerhafu yayingasakwazi ukufunyanwa, njengoko yayiza kuvalwa ngayo yonke ibhanki.
Kuphando lwangaphambili abo banoxanduva babonakala benguMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi uJuan Camilo Restrepo kunye noGqr Fanny Kertzman, kodwa kuhlalutyo olulungiselelwe kwiinyanga ezi-3 kamva, ngo-Agasti 17 2001, uMphathi Jikelele weRiphabhliki wathi: "Kangangonyaka ngaphambi kokungenelela, ibhanki unsumpa wayesazi ngokunqongophala kwemali yePacifico kunye ne-Andino Banks, ababesinda ngengeniso yerhafu kunye nengeniso evela kurhulumente waseColombia.
II.
I-Banco Pacifico yayivela e-Ecuador, kodwa amandla okwenene kuyo yayibizwa ngokuba yi-WestSphere, inkampani yase-US eyaziwayo ngoku njengeyona nto iphambili yokunyamalala kweemali zerhafu. Akukho namnye ovela kwi-WestSphere oye wabizwa ukuba aphendule ngokusesikweni. Inkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho ayikhange ichaze nabani na onoxanduva. Akukho mntu ukhe wohlwaywa. Namhlanje abantu baseKholombiya basaqhubeka bebandezeleka ngenxa yemiphumo yoku kubanjwa okungummangaliso kwaye bajongene nesongelo lokulahlekelwa ngakumbi kwiibhiliyoni. Kodwa abo kufuneka benze okuthile, bathi cwaka.
Umkhusane kulo mdlalo ohlekisayo watyhilwa ngo-2001 xa ijaji yaseFlorida yala ubizo lombuso waseColombia lokubuyisela ngaphezulu kwe-100 yezigidi zeedola zeedola zeemali zerhafu. Namhlanje isimbuku esilahlekileyo simalunga nama-300 eebhiliyoni zeepesos kwiBanco Pacifico kuphela. Leyo yindleko yesibhedlele esigcweleyo kwilizwe elinezigidi zabantu abahluphekayo abajongene nokubhubha esitratweni.
Ngendlela yomphathi werhafu kunye neengeniso, uFanny Kertzman, urhulumente uqhubele phambili i-$ 2.5 yezigidi ze-USD kwi-firm firm yaseMiami e-White and Chase, ukumangalela i-Banco Andino. Kuphela iBanco Andino, kungekhona iPacifico, nangona imali yerhafu ilahlekile kuzo zombini iibhanki.
Ngokutsho komphandi uConsuelo Ahumada kwincwadi yakhe ethi 'Cuatro anos a bordo de mi mismo' (iminyaka emine ndihleli kum), 'Kwisigqibo esingazange sibonwe kwimbali yelizwe, igosa laya eMiami ngoSeptemba 1999 laza lafumana ikhontrakthi. Inkampani yamagqwethaรขโฌยฆ UKertzman wabanyusele kwi-2.5 yezigidi zeerandi kumrhumo wamagqwetha we-5 yezigidi zeedolaรขโฌยฆ ekugqibeleni, kwaye eyona nto imangalisayo kukuba, uNicolas Landes, umlawuli webhanki kunye nokuzibhaqa eMiami, wamangalela iColombia nge-100 lezigidi zeedola, etyhola ngokuba iwonga lakhe. yaye igama elihle liye lachatshazelwa ngenxa yezigwebo nxamnye naye.' NgoNovemba 2002 inkundla yalikhanyela ityala lakhe.
I-'Andean Operation' yayixabisa abantu baseColombia kuphela kwisahluko sayo sokugqibela-i-7 yeebhiliyoni zeepesos ukususela ngoJanuwari 2003-izikolo eziliwaka zabafundi abaliwaka ngalinye, abantu abasisigidi bahlangulwa ekungazini kwilizwe apho ukungazi kubulalayo.
Ekupheleni kowama-2002 urhulumente waphulukana netyala kwiNkundla Yezibheno yaseAtlanta ngenxa yokungabikho kobungqina. I-Banco Andino yalahleka kwi-210 yeebhiliyoni, kwiipesos zanamhlanje.
Kutheni: i-Banco Andino yayingenayo isebe e-US, kwaye kwakungenakwenzeka ukubonisa ukuba idola enye yemali yelo lizwe yayibandakanyeka kwingxaki yebhanki.
Ibhanki eyayinokumangalelwa ngumbuso waseColombia eMiami yiBanco Pacifico, eyazuza kwi-Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) ngendlela ye-WestSphere imali eyayibambe, phakathi kwezinye, i-100 yezigidi zeedola kurhulumente weClinton.
I-OPIC yiarhente yoluntu enceda iinkampani zase-US zityale imali kumazwe asaphuhlayo. Kwaye ngaphezulu, i-WestSphere yayililungu lebhanki kunye nommeli wengxowa-mali yomhlalaphantsi yase-US; iPasifiki yayinesebe apho yayigcina khona imali yase-US kwaye kweli sebe le mali-mboleko yadluliselwa kwimizi-mveliso yaseWestSphere, umbutho wase-US.
Kodwa!
Inkampani yamagqwetha iWhite and Chase nayo ibimele iWestSphere.
Ngokusekelwe kwiingxelo kumaphephandaba asekuhlaleni ase-US, amalungu engqungquthela uGustavo Petro kunye noHernando Carvalho bakhuthaza ingxoxo kwinkomfa. Babonise ubungqina beenyaniso entliziyweni yengxabano ngaphandle kokutyhila ukuba ngubani ojongene nokusebenza kwiinkqubo zebhanki zaseCayman Islands, ezaziwa kwihlabathi njengendawo yokukhusela imali.
La maxwebhu, imibhalo yengxoxo-mpikiswano epapashwe kwiphepha-ndaba elisemthethweni, amaxwebhu aveliswe nguMlawuli Jikelele, kunye nokurekhodwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-congress, yenza isiseko sesi sahluko.
III.
'Ngexesha lengxoxo-mpikiswano, uJuan Camilo Restrepo wayeseFransi, esebenza njengoMmeli waseColombia, emva kokuba efake eyona rhafu inzima kwimbali ukuza kuthi ga ngoku', utshilo uConsuelo Ahumada kwincwadi yakhe.
Ukusuka kushicilelo olusemthethweni kunye noshicilelo:
Imbali yeBanco Pacifico kwiminyaka yayo yokugqibela-litsho ilungu leCongress Petro kwikhomishini yesi-3 yendlu-iqala ngokusweleka komsunguli xa ezinye iimali zomhlalaphantsi ezivela kumantla ehemisphere, ngakumbi i-US neJamani, zaqala ukufumana indlela yazo. ukuya kwiLatin America. Ngelo xesha iBanco Pacifico yaba ngummeli weWestSphere, ingxowa-mali yase-US.
Ukutshintshana kutyalo-mali kwiLatin America, loo mbutho wafumana imali kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwase-US ngendlela ye-arhente yoluntu, i-OPIC, eqinisekisa utyalo-mali.
Elinye lamasebe e-WestSphere eLatin America ukususela ekusekweni kwayo yayijoliswe ukuba ibe yiColombia, kwaye amanye amalungu ayo ngala:
UJacob Bibliowicz, umxhasi-mali obalulekileyo wephulo lalowo wayesakuba ngumongameli u-Andres Pastrana.
UGqr Luis Alberto Moreno, ummi waseColombia-US owathi kamva wathunyelwa eWashington njengonozakuzaku waseColombia waza wavunywa kwesi sikhundla kwiminyaka emine kamva ngurhulumente wase-Uribe Velez. UGqr. Moreno wazalelwa ePhiladelphia. Waphumelela kwishishini kunye nezoqoqosho kwiYunivesithi yaseFlorida ngo-1975, nakwi-International Management evela kwi-Thunderbird ngo-1977. Wayeliqabane elincinci kwi-Andean WestSphere-imali ye-230 yezigidi zeedola, engqinwe ngamaxwebhu aboniswe ngamalungu e-congress nangona wayethetha kwaye ukukhanyela ngokuqinileyo.
UGqr Luis Fernando Ramirez, owahlukileyo kwisikhundla soMphathiswa wezoKhuselo lweSizwe. Ngexesha lokuqeshwa kwakhe kwinkonzo, wayekwisikhundla somphathi weWestSphere-Colombia kunye nelungu leBanco Pacifico. Kodwa ukuze kungabikho mntu unokulithandabuza imbeko yakhe, waziyeka ezi zikhundla phambi kokuba athabathe umsebenzi obalulekileyo wobuchule bokhuselo lwelizwe.
UGqr. Camilo Gomez, uMkomishinala oPhezulu woXolo karhulumente.
UGqr. Gabriel Mesa, ilungu lolawulo lwe-WestSphere, unobhala wabucala kumongameli uPastrana.
Umnini weofisi ababehlala kuyo njengeWestSphere (uCarrera Septima no. 71-21, iofisi 702, eBogota), yayingokaGqr. Sara Ordonez, owathi umongameli uPastrana wabiza intsumpa yebhanki. Umsebenzi wakhe ibikukubeka iliso kwiibhanki ezisebenza kweli lizwe.
UGqr. Sara Ordonez wayelilungu le-Banco Andino, ekwangunondyebo wephulo likaMphathiswa weKhaya uJuan Camilo Restrepo njengomgqatswa wobongameli beriphabliki ngo-1998. Izithuba ezibini ezihambelana ngokupheleleyo. Ayiqhelekanga kwaphela. UGqr. Juan Camilo Restrepo wafumana inkxaso yemali kwi-Banco Andino ngephulo lakhe. Ayiqhelekanga kwaphela.
Emva kwexesha, uFrancisco Estupinan- omnye wabalawuli beBanco Andino- wabizwa ngokuba nguSekela Mphathiswa weKhaya nguMphathiswa uRestrepo. Njengomncedi, uDkt Sara Ordonez wamenza inxalenye yeBhunga labacebisi bomphathi webhanki, njengoko siphawulile, wayephethe ukulawula i-Andino kunye ne-Pacifico Banks.
U-Salomon Kassin Tesone, umgcini-mali-mali, oneminyaka engama-52 ubudala, wayelungu le-Andean Capital Markets, ingxowa-mali yotyalo-mali ye-Banco Andino. Ojongene nokubeka iliso umsebenzi wakhe nguDkt Sara Ordonez. Kodwa uGqr. Sara Ordonez wayekunye noMnu. Tesone, ilungu lenkampani yobudlelwane boluntu ebizwa ngokuba yiSanchiz and Associates.
Indawo echanekileyo yeli shishini ayaziwa kuba ngo-Ephreli 20, i-1988, xa uxwebhu lokubandakanya i-1485 lusayinwe kwi-notary 35 e-Bogota, amalungu ayo awazange achaze idilesi yalo. Kwaye abazange benze njalo ngo-Juni 17 kwi-Chamber of Commerce, xa babhaliswa phantsi kwenombolo ye-638406 yencwadi ye-9. Ngokwalo mbhalo, ulawulo lwefemu lwaluquka uJose Luis Sanchiz, uSalomon Kassin Tesone, kunye noRodrigo Puyo Vasco. Indawo yokuqala yayinguDkt Sara Ordonez, uCedula de Ciudadania 41-375.590.
Ngo-1997 owayesakuba nguMphathiswa weKhaya uJuan Manuel Santos wagxeka uKassin Tesone kwikholamu yakhe kwiphephandaba lesizwe i-El Tiempo, emtyhola ngokusebenzisa iiproxi ukuze afumane i-TermoCartagena ezandleni ze-Electric City Fund Inc.
UMoises Jacobo Bibliowicz wayengumxhasi wexesha elide weBanco Pacifico owayefumene iimali-mboleko ezincinci kumashishini amancinci amaninzi awayewaqulunqile, uninzi lwawo olwalunamasebe akwiindawo zokuhlala zemali. Kodwa akazange aphinde ayihlawule imali-mboleko. Wayesoloko enetyala ebhankini.
Ngokutsho koovimba, ngoDisemba 4 1998 wayetyala ibhanki i-2.458 yezigidi zeepesos, isixa esacinywa kwiinyanga ezi-3 kamva kunye nesibambiso esivela kwenye imali mboleko, ye-2.2 yezigidi. Kwakhona wathatha imali mboleko yokuhamba ye-1610 yezigidi zeepesos.
Embindini welo shishini lokumba umngxuma omnye ukuze azalise omnye, umntu othile wamkhwelisa kulawulo lweBanco Pacifico-Colombia. Kamva wabizwa ngokuba ngumlawuli weBanco Pacifico -Ecuador.
I-WestSphere Colombia yaba yi-Andean WestSphere kwaye yaphosa isithunzi sayo kuwo wonke ummandla.
Nge-Bibliowicz kulawulo lwe-Banco Pacifico-Ecuador, i-WestSphere ithenge isabelo se-10% kwimisebenzi yeBhanki yase-Ecuador. Ingxowa-mali yomhlalaphantsi yaseMelika iphumelele ulawulo lwebhanki. Isinyathelo esilandelayo se-WestSphere yayisenza uGqr Luis Alberto Moreno umongameli wolawulo lwe-Banco Pacifico-Ecuador.
Ukusuka kweso sikhundla, uGqr. Moreno watyikitya isivumelwano esingabhaliswanga kwii-akhawunti zombuso (ekukho ngoku kukho ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho eliqhubekayo e-Ecuador). Yayisisivumelwano esasiqinisekisa ukuba ibhanki yayiza kuba noxanduva ngayo nayiphi na ilahleko yelifa eyenzeka kulo naliphi na isebe layo, kuquka iKholombiya. Ngokomthetho, olo xwebhu, olujongene neakhawunti engalindelekanga, bekufanele ukuba lubhalisiwe kwiincwadi. Kodwa ayenziwanga.
Kodwa kutheni iWestSphere yayifuna ukulawula iBanco Pacifico konke konke? Impendulo ilula: ngokulawula i-banco Pacifico, i-WestSphere iya kulawula amasebe ayo: isebe layo laseColombia, isebe layo lasePanamaniรขโฌยฆ kunye neSebe layo laseMiami.
EMiami, uGqr. Ricardo Moreno-umntakwabo unozakuzaku eWashington, uLuis Alberto Moreno-wayenguSekela Mongameli wezeMali weBhanki yeSizwe yasePacific de ibhanki yanyamalala kunye neebhiliyoni zeepesos zemali yabarhafi baseColombia.
Ngokutsho kwe-Miami New Herald kunye ne-Bogota ye-El Tiempo ka-Juni 25, i-2001, i-Banco Andino yachithwa nguNicolas Landes ngokuhambelana nesimangalo esivezwe ngumbuso waseColombia. Loo bhanki yase-Ecuadorian yaqinisekisa ngexesha lokuzithethelela kwakhe ukuba ngo-1994 uDkt Luis Alberto Moreno watyelela indlu yakhe yobutofotofo yaseMiami ngamaxesha amaninzi, ekunye noDkt Andres Pastrana, urhulumente wakhe engazange afake ityala kwiBanco Pacifico eMiami.
Kwakhona waqinisekisa ukuba amanye amalungu e-WestSphere, i-firm elawula i-Banco Pacifico, yatyelelwa nguMongameli u-Andres Pastrana kwi-'Casa de Huespedes Ilustres 'eCartagena.
Kodwa xa sithetha ngeshishini labahlobo bakamongameli uPastrana, kwiKomishoni yesiThathu yeNdlu- igumbi elikumgangatho wesihlanu elihlala ngamalungu eCongress, iintatheli, amagumbi amabini azele ngabantu, iikhamera zikamabonwakude, iimakrofoni zesikhululo sikanomathotholo-iCongress. ilungu uPetro labuzwa: 'Wenze ntoni uLuis Alberto Moreno noMoises Jacobo Bibliowicz?'
'Ngokombono wam', waphendula, 'kwaye ngokutsho kophando lwethu, babephethe iimali-mboleko kwi-WestSphere ukuya kwi-WestSphere, kwisikali saseLatin America.'
'Kubalulekile ukukhumbula', wongezelela, 'ukuba i-Banco Pacifico, ngexesha lokuwa kwayo, yayiphantsi kolawulo lwabahlobo baka-Andres Pastrana, ngakumbi i-Bibliowicz'.
Ngokutsho kwe-El Espectador ngo-Agasti 26 2001 kunye no-El Tiempo ngoJuni 16 2002, aba bahlobo babenonxibelelwano kwinkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiLuminex, uluhlu lwabanini balo lubandakanya i-Bibliowicz, uGqr Fernando Londono Hoyos (wagxothwa kwisikhundla sakhe njengoMphathiswa wezoBulungisa kunye noMphathiswa wezoBulungisa. I-Interior ngumongameli ongenayo u-Uribe Velez), i-ambassador Luis Alberto Moreno, kunye noGqr Marta Lucia Ramirez (owaye wachatshazelwa ngumthetho apho i-elites iwela phezulu, ebizwa ngokuba nguPastrana njengoMphathiswa wezoPhuhliso, ithunyelwe eParis njenge-ambassador, kwaye ekugqibeleni wenza uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo lweSizwe phantsi kuka-Uribe Velez).
NgoSeptemba 13 1994, ngendlela yememo 188 yomphathi webhanki, uMnu. Jacobo Bibliowicz wafaka isicelo se-VJ 56179 sokuba ubulungu bakhe kulawulo lwe-Banco Pacifico luvavanywe. Kule memo, wongeza ileta kwinkampani Luminex letterhead yomhla Agasti 5 1994, wabhekisa kuJuan Carlos Bernal Romano of the Banco Pacifico, apho wavakalisa ukwamkela ukutyunjwa Fernando Londono Hoyos kulawulo Banco Pacifico - Kholambiya.
I-Bibliowicz inikwe njengezalathiso zomntu kunye nezorhwebo:
UGqr Fernando Londono Hoyos, Calle 96 No. 9-46, umnxeba 256 15 11
UGqr. Marta Lucia Ramirez, Calle 69 No. 4-65, umnxeba 310 01 31
UGqr. Luis Alberto Moreno, Transversal 27 No. 39-71, umnxeba 269 65 13
IV.
Ukugxeka i-Banco Pacifico e-Miami kwakufuneka ibeke i-ambassador yaseColombia eWashington phambi kwenkqubo yokugweba yase-US, ukuba ubuncinci bubungqina. Kamva uPetro wathi urhulumente wasePastrana akenzanga nto ekufuneka yenziwe ukuze kwenzeke oku.
'Kuphando lwethu,' waqhubeka, 'sigxininise kakhulu kwi-Banco Pacifico-Colombia, kodwa ukuba wenze uhlalutyo malunga nokudityaniswa kweebhanki-kunye neyethu yayingaphelelanga-uya kufumanisa ukuba izigidi ezihlanu zeedola zisuka kwi-Pacifico - I-Ecuador ibe kumashishini apho iWestSphere inotyalo-mali. Ngokomzekelo, eArgentina. Kukho amaxwebhu anamagama, imihla, iinkcukachaรขโฌยฆ
'Ukusuka ePanama, izigidi ezininzi zeedola zishiye, ziphela kumashishini aseWestSphere kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nabantu baseLatin America, kuquka noMnu Moises Jacobo Bibliowicz Volovitz.
'Ukusuka kwi-Banco Pacifico-Colombia, esiyijonge ngokubanzi, kwavela iimali-mboleko ezivela kumashishini aphethwe nguMnu Bibliowicz ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye namashishini eqela laseLloreda, abahlobo bomongameli weriphabliki. Ababini kubo bebengabaphathiswa bakarhulumente.
'Ukusuka eMiami kwafika malunga nezigidi ezingamashumi amane eedola, isixa esibalulekileyo semali, kumashishini e-WestSphere e-Colombia, ayengawo kaMnu. Moises Jacobo Bibliowicz, awayithengisa kwi-WestSphere. La ngamashishini eentyatyambo abekwe eMadrid, engekude neBogota. Olu yayilutyalo-mali olukhulu esilufumeneyo kwaye ke ngoko salulandela, kodwa xa sisiya kwiindawo eziboniswe kumaxwebhu, asifumananga nto. Kwakukho iintente nabasebenzi ababengahlawulwa. Asibonanga nabuphi na ubungqina obuphathekayo beshishini. La mashishini kaMoises Jacobo Bibliowicz, kule meko, amashishini ephepha, apho wakwazi ukuboleka yena kunye namanye amalungu olawulo lwe-WestSphere, njengoMnu Valdapalas kunye namadoda amabini anegama elithi Bohorquez.
'Ngexesha lophando lwethu siye safumanisa kungekuphela nje ukungena kodwa nokuphuma kweedola kwiiakhawunti kwiZiqithi zeCayman.
'Ezi yinxalenye yamashishini eentyatyambo ekucingelwa ukuba angawo', watsho uPetro, efunda inxalenye yamaxwebhu awayenawo, ngoku afakwe kwindawo yogcino-mpepha yeNdlu yaBameli.
Yayingamashishini awasekwa phakathi ko-1996-1997 kwaye kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu ayekwinkqubo yokubhangisa, kodwa aboleka imali eninzi ngeendleko zomsebenzi ezingazange zihlawulwe kubasebenzi.
Iintyatyambo zePolo zadalwa ngoJulayi 30 1991. I-directorshop yayikhokelwa nguMoises Jacobo Bibliowicz. Ezinye iinkampani zikwimeko efanayo:
Agricola Los Arboles
IFama yaseMaxima e-Ecuador
IMaxima Farm SA
UMaxima Farm Inc.
UMaxima Floral Traders SA
UMaxima Berris SA
Iintyatyambo zeRambo
CI Maxima Floral Traders SA
Iveki, Nota Economica, kaJuni 7-21 1999:
'UMphathiswa omtsha woKhuseleko lweSizwe, uLuis Fernando Ramirez, wasebenza kwi-Colombian Financial Corporation ngexesha likaSara Ordonez njengomphathi webhanki. Emva kokuphumelela kwiZiko leZifundo zaMazwe ngaMazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, wabuyela kweli lizwe ukuze adale, kunye noLuis Alberto Moreno, ingxowa-mali yotyalo-mali kwingingqi ye-WestSphere-Andean, ekhethekileyo ekuthengeni izibonelelo zeeprojekthi kwishishini leentyatyambo ezisikiweyo '.
V.
ECanada, unozakuzaku uFanny Kertzman wabhengeza phakathi ku-2002 ukuqala kwephulo elingadinwayo lokulwa noshicilelo olubi malunga neColombia.
Ingxoxo:
Emva kophando lwethu, sikholelwa ukuba iWestSphere yayifuna ntoni xa ithatha ulawulo lweBanco Pacifico? Ukusenga. Okokuqala, ifumene iimali-mboleko engazange iphinde ihlawule (bahlawulwe ngabahlawuli berhafu baseColombia endaweni yoko). Emva koko, imali evela kumashishini obuxoki yaphelela kwiZiqithi zaseCayman. Indawo yokugqibela yaloo mali ayaziwa, kuba abaphathi baseColombia abazange bajonge kuyo.
Ke, ngoku kwenzeka ntoni eColombia? IColombia ihlala enye inxalenye yesiqendu seCayman Island. Yeyiphi indawo? I-Banco Pacifico -Kholombiya nayo (yeyona)-ibolekwe imali kuJacobo Bibliowicz, kubahlobo basePastrana, kunye nabahlobo babahlobo basePastrana.
I-Bibliowicz yayiyinxalenye yegqiza elisemthethweni laseColombia eliye eWashington kunye noMongameli uPastrana ngo-Okthobha we-1998, utyelelo lokuqala lukamongameli njengentloko yelizwe.
Amangenelo ambalwa kuluhlu olude lwabantu kunye namaqumrhu aza kufumana imali-mboleko afundwe kwiseshoni:
I-Gramex SA iya kubhangisa. Yadalwa ngo-Juni 27, 1997 ngesaziso 1465 se-notary yoluntu 16 e-Bogota. Ulawulo olukhokelwa nguMoises Jacobo Bibliowicz Volovitz.
Grafex SA Carrera 21 No. 37-57. UMphathi Jikelele: David Puyana.
El Filo Ltd. Carrera 21 No. 37-57. UMphathi Jikelele: Eduardo Puyana Rodriguez.
'Amanene akwaPuyana ayinxalenye yosapho olwandisiweyo lwenenekazi lokuqala, uNohora Puyana de Pastrana', uPetro wacacisa. Waqhubeka:
'IQela laseLloreda eCali, eliza kuba nabaphathiswa ababini kurhulumente wasePastrana, nalo lifumene imali-mboleko. Bafumana mboleko ye-800 yezigidi zeepesos ngo-Agasti 2, 1996. Emva koko enye i-1.4 yeebhiliyoni zeepesos ngo-Agasti 25, 1997. Ngomthetho wama-246 kaJuni 1998, bavunyelwe ukuguqula ikhadi lekhredithi kunye netyala le-2.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. .
'Baye baxhamla kolo kuguqulwa, kwaye kamva bafumana enye imali-mboleko kwi-Jabonera Investments SA ye-2.15 yeebhiliyoni zeepeso. NgoDisemba 30, ikomiti yadibana kwaye yagqiba enye imali mboleko ye-2.176 yezigidi zeepesos ezivela eJabonera.
'I-Lloreda SA kunye ne-Jabonera Investments yinkampani enye ngokutsho kwamaxwebhu e-Lloreda SA Uphando olwayalelwa ekugqibeleni ngumphathi webhanki aluzange lubonise nayiphi na indiza yemali, ngenxa yokuba imali yayisele ishiye kwimali mboleko kumashishini abahlobo bakamongameli. yeRiphabhliki, kwiBibliowicz nabahlobo bakhe. Ngoko ke lo mngxuma, wembiwa ngabantu abafumana imali-mboleko kwaye abazange bazibuyise, wazaliswa yimali yabarhafi baseColombia.
'Enye ingongoma: xa igatya ngokutsho Banco Pacifico -Ecuador kufuneka igubungele amatyala ayo kunye nezibophelelo zeBanco Pacifico -Colombia iqala ukusebenza, uya kufumanisa ukuba abanini Banco Pacifico-Ecuador (eyawa ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwayo. inkqubo yayiseLatin America isikali), kuquka WestSphere, baye benza urhulumente Ecuadorian asayine isivumelwano esiqinisekisa ukuba xa impahla yebhanki ithengiswe abo baya kubuyiselwa imbuyekezo ayingabo abantu base-Ecuadorian ababegcinwe apho kodwa abanini bakudala ibhanki. Ummkeli omkhulu uya kuba yi-WestSphere. Sinobungqina bokuba le mali ayisoze yafunyanwa yiColombia.
'Kodwa ukhohliwe kuyo yonke le nto kutheni, xa kwakuyimbopheleleko yakhe, uDkt Luis Alberto Moreno akazange enze igatya eliza kwenza ukuba iColombia ilwele imali yethu yerhafu.
'KwiKomishoni yesiThathu yeNdlu siya kuba nobungqina bayo yonke into eyenzekayo kwesi siqendu', ilungu leNkongolo labhengeza.
'Nangona kunjalo, uhambo lwethu lwaphelela kwiiCayman Islands', watsho. 'Apho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuseka ukuba ngubani owayesemva kwenkqubo yebhanki yendawo apho imali yerhafu yaseColombia yaphela khona. Olu lwazi luya kukhutshwa kuphela kumagunya aseColombia. Kodwa abasemagunyeni baseColombia abakhange baye apho.'
Akukho nanye koku yapapashwa kumajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo. Kubo iindaba zazisisibhengezo esenziwe nguDkt Luis Fernando Ramirez, uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo lweSizwe. Ngokutsho kwakhe, uphando olunzulu lwenkonzo yezobuntlola emkhosini lubonakalise ukuba ingxoxo ayiyonto ngaphandle kwesekisi eququzelelwe ngabanqolobi ukuze iphazamise izibetho urhulumente ajongene nazo kwi-narcoguerrilla.
Ngokwe-International Monetary Fund, ngoFebruwari ka-2003 i-11 lezigidi zabantu baseColombia babehlwempuzeke ngokupheleleyo.
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