Ibhayografi yee-icon zihlala ziwela kolunye lwezintlu ezimbini. Kwelinye icala basenokuba ngabanconywayo, kwezinye iimeko bajike umbandela lowo ube yingcwele. Kwelinye icala, banokuthambekela ekuxeleleni zonke iziqwenga, kwezinye iimeko bajonge ukudiliza umxholo. Yintoni eyenza I-American Arsonist yeNtlalo: uFred Ross kunye neGrassroots eQuquzelela kwiNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini, Ibhayiloji entsha kaGabriel Thompson yomququzeleli woluntu oyintsomi, engaqhelekanga kukuba inika ingxelo elungeleleneyo kakhulu yobomi kunye nomsebenzi womnye wabaququzeleli abaphambili abaqhubela phambili benkulungwane yama-20, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye enikezela ngezimvo eziluncedo kakhulu kubugcisa kunye nomsebenzi. ubugcisa bolungelelwaniso oluqhubekayo.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubomi bukaRoss libali lecandelo elibalulekileyo lentshukumo eqhubekayo eCalifornia. Weza ngobudala ngokwezopolitiko ngeminyaka yoo-1930; ukubona imizabalazo emikhulu yabasebenzi bezolimo ngelo xesha eyathi yavela emva kokugxothwa kwabantu abaninzi baseChicanos nabaseMexico ngeminyaka yoo-1930 eyathi yanxulunyaniswa negama elithi, “Los Repatriados,” wazifumana ejongene ubuso ngobuso nokubanjwa kwamaJapan. -AbaseMelika kwiinkampu zoxinaniso ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye nokuvela kwakhe okucothayo kodwa okuzinzileyo njengomququzeleli kunye nethiyori ngaphakathi koMbutho weNkonzo yoLuntu (kwaye kamva, i-United Farm Workers).
Nangona uRoss kunye nomququzeleli oyintsomi USawule Alinsky babesondele kakhulu, kwaye uRoss wasebenzela uAlinsky ixesha elithile, uRoss wemka kumcebisi wakhe kwiinkalo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, eyona nto iphambili kwindlela ka-Alinsky yokulungelelanisa yayiyingcamango yokwakha umbutho wemibutho. NgeSiseko seMimandla yezoShishino, imifelandawonye esekwe ekuhlaleni yadityaniswa, ihlala imiliselwe kuluntu lwezenkolo. Oku kujolise ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho othile wokuthembeka kwiinzame zoququzelelo. Kodwa uRoss akazange avume: Wayekholelwa kwisidingo sokuyila imibutho emitsha esekwe kuluntu eyayingabanjwanga ziinkokeli ezindala awayekholelwa rhoqo ukuba azikhathali okanye zingumqobo.
Omnye umahluko kukuba uRoss waqaphela ukubaluleka kombutho weChicano eCalifornia kwaye wayekulungele ukubandakanyeka kwimizabalazo abanye abaququzeleli, abaphenjelelwa ngu-Alinsky, babenokugqiba ukuba bahlukane kakhulu. Umbutho weNkonzo yoLuntu, awathi wancedisa ukuwakha, wawusekelwe kwintshukumo yeChicano, nangona ivulekile kwabanye. Yalwa nenkohlakalo yamapolisa eyayijoliswe eChicanos kwaye yazama ukwakha amandla ezopolitiko eChicano eLos Angeles.
Nangona uRoss engazange azibonakalise njengomntu waKhohlo (mhlawumbi ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yeMfazwe Yomlomo yentshutshiso yama leftists), utyekelo lwakhe lwalucacile ngasekhohlo. Wala ubukhulu becala ukuzibandakanya kuhlobo lwe-red-baiting olwaluxhaphakile ukusuka koo-1940 ukuya koo-1960, naphakathi kwabaninzi abaqhubela phambili.
Le nyaniso yandenza ndanqumama. Ndiye ndamgxeka kakhulu u-Alinsky kunye nabo bamlandeleyo ngenxa yabo de-ideology of organising: indlela ebonisa ukuba iphantse yangabalulekanga into ubani ayicwangcisayo; sisenzo sokuzilungiselela esiphakamisa ingqiqo yezopolitiko kwabo babandakanyekayo, kwaye iyiphakamisele kwicala lenkqubela phambili. Oku de-ideoloji ngabaninzi babalandeli baka-Alinsky kwangena kuluhlu lwabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo, ngakumbi ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kunye noo-1990 kwaye kwadlala indima echasene nemveliso kwiinzame zokuhlaziywa kwabasebenzi.
I-Ross echazwe nguThompson ibonakala iluhlobo oluthile lomlingiswa. Kwelinye icala, akukho ngqalelo kwingcinga kunye nemfundo yezopolitiko yasekhohlo kulungiselelo awaluqhubayo. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho ukuhambelana no-Alinsky. Kwangaxeshanye, indlela kaRoss, njengoko ibonakaliswe ziintlobo zemizabalazo awabandakanyeka kuyo, ibonakala ifana ngakumbi nohlobo “lweevolutionary leftism,” yokuba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zolungiselelo oluqhubekayo, ngokwemvelo siya kuzifezekisa iintlobo zotshintsho esiludingayo. njengoluntu—akukho mbono inkulu iyimfuneko.
Indlela enjalo ibaleka ukubaluleka kweenjongo zesicwangciso-qhinga esibanzi, esisekelwe kumbono omkhulu wezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, oku kubonakala ngathi ngumahluko phakathi kukaRoss no-Alinsky oye wagutyungelwa bubuhlobo babo obusondeleyo kwiminyaka.
Enye inkalo yonyango lukaThompson endandiyixabisa ngokukhethekileyo yayisekelwe kumbandela wosapho. Ubomi bentsapho kaRoss babubuhlungu kakhulu. Asikuko nje ukuba imitshato yakhe emibini yaphela kuqhawulo-mtshato. Kunoko, indlela kaRoss eya kubomi bakhe obulungelelanisiweyo yayikukubeka ukulungelelanisa ngaphambi kwayo yonke into.
Ngaxa lithile embalini indlela enjalo yayiza kugqalwa njengehloniphekileyo, ukuba yayingeloqhawe. Nangona kunjalo, ekufundeni ngokungabahoya kwakhe abafazi bakhe ababini, kunye nokuchitha ixesha elincinci kunye nabantwana bakhe (ngaphandle kokuphawulekayo kukaFred Ross, Omnci. owalandela emanyathelweni kayise njengomququzeleli), eyona nto yayichukumisayo yayikukuthanda ubulili kukaRoss. kunye nokumfameka kwakhe kwicala elinamacala amaninzi ukuze aphile ubomi bomququzeleli. Ucalucalulo lwesini lwaluhlekisa ngakumbi kuba uRoss wenza ukufikelela kwabasetyhini kwaba yinto ephambili kulungiselelo lwakhe.
Ngexesha likaRoss, kwakwamkelwa rhoqo ukuba amadoda angahamba kwaye asindise ihlabathi kwaye abafazi kufuneka banakekele ikhaya langaphambili. Kufuneka silumke malunga nokugweba ixesha elidlulileyo ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yeli xesha lethu. Ukanti umntu unokugqiba ngelithi, okokuqala, zazikho ezinye izifundo kwanangelo xesha, yaye, okwesibini, iindleko, kungekhona kubafazi ababini nabantwana bakaRoss ababini kuphela kodwa nakuRoss ngokwakhe, zaziqatha.
Kwimibutho yezentlalo kukho iingcinezelo eziqatha kubaququzeleli—abahlawulwayo nabangahlawulwayo—ukuba babeke yonke enye into ecaleni egameni lonobangela. Kukho iimeko apho oko kuyimfuneko, ukuba akunakuphepheka. Ndikhunjuzwa a Itshantliziyo loMzantsi Afrika, uNimrod Sejake, owagxothwayo ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe owawuchasene nocalucalulo, echitha iminyaka e-Ireland, umphumo waba kukuphoswa kwakhe yiminyaka yobomi babantwana bakhe. Umntu akanakuphinda aqikelele isigqibo esinjalo, esenziwe phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Ukanti eso sigqibo saba neendleko ezinkulu. Intsapho yakhe yayahlulelene gqitha ngenxa yokuba ukuzincama kwakhe kwakufanelekile kusini na, ilifa elibuhlungu gqitha kumntu owenze into eninzi kangaka.
Noko ke, kuRoss ingcamango yokuba umququzeleli abeke kuqala ulungelelwano ngaphezu kwayo yonke into—kuquka intsapho kabani—yanyuka yafikelela kwinqanaba lomgaqo. Yayingeyonto nje umntu anokunyanzelwa ukuba ayenze phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga, kodwa oko umququzeleli afanele ukulungela ukwenza phantse kuyo nayiphi na indawo. Kwimeko kaRoss, oku kwakuquka ukungamhoyi umfazi wakhe ngamaxesha athile abalulekileyo xa wayechacha kwipoliyo.
Ukusilela ekuyiqondeni imfuneko yolungelelwaniso losapho kunye nobomi obuzinikele kubulungisa bentlalontle ngokungenakuphepheka kukhokelele kukungasebenzi ngendlela uRoss awayecinga kwaye asebenze ngayo. Umbutho waba yinto yonke, kwaye oku kwakuthetha, ngamaxesha athile abalulekileyo-njengoko siza kubona xa uRoss esebenza noCesar Chavez-ukuzimisela ukuphosa iliso kwizenzo ezimbi, ezixhaphazayo ezenziwa egameni lentshukumo. URoss akazange akwazi ukubuza izenzo zomntu, nangaphezulu kukaRoss, wayekholelwa ukuba ubeka intshukumo ngaphambi kwayo yonke into.
I-Thompson ikwabonelela ngokujonga okunengqiqo kunye nomngeni weemvakalelo kuphuhliso lwe Abasebenzi baseFama abaManyeneyo baseMelika. UCesar Chavez, uMongameli owaseka umanyano, wayengumntu owafundiswa nguRoss. Ukutyhubela iminyaka ubudlelwane babo buye bavela, kangangokuba uRoss akazange anele ukuncoma uChavez, kodwa ukumbona njengenkokeli enokuguqula uluntu lwaseMelika. Olu tshintsho lwathatha iziphumo ezibi kakhulu xa uChavez ngokwakhe waguquka waba yinkokeli ezaliswe yi-paranoia, i-anti-communism, kwaye mhlawumbi, inqanaba elithile lokuchasa amaYuda, njengoko uRandy Shaw ebalisa Ngaphaya kwemimandla: uCesar Chavez, i-UFW, kunye noMzabalazo woBulungisa kwiNkulungwane yama-21..
URoss wazibonela ngawakhe ukuwohloka kwe-UFW, kubandakanya nokuhlanjululwa okwenziwa ngokuchasene neenkokeli ezibalaseleyo kunye namatsha ntliziyo, njengokucocwa kwabantu ababini abaphambili kwi-UFW, uMarshal Ganz kunye no-Eliseo Medina (owokugqibela uya kuba nguNobhala-Nondyebo we-SEIU. ), okanye ukuguqulwa kwevoti ephambili kwingqungquthela ye-UFW eyakhokelela ekuhambeni kwabaninzi abagqugquzeli be-UFW, beziva bengcatshiwe. Kodwa akazange athethe nto. UThompson ucebisa ukuba uRoss wayenokuba ngomnye wabantu abambalwa ababenokumcela umngeni ngempumelelo uChavez njengoko wayesihla eTartaro, ethabatha kunye naye umanyano olwathi ngeendlela ezininzi lwalatha kwicala eliyimfuneko kuhlaziyo olubanzi lwabasebenzi base-US.
UThompson akabalibali nje ibali eligqwesileyo, kodwa naye, ngamaxesha abalulekileyo kwincwadi, uchonga izifundo ezithile zabaququzeleli, ukuzoba kubomi kunye nomsebenzi kaRoss. Akahleleli malunga nokuba, kuyo yonke imeko, uyavumelana noRoss, kodwa izifundo zicacile. Omnye umzekelo, okhankanywe ngasentla, yayilulwazi lukaRoss lokuba abasetyhini ngokubanzi ngabona baququzeleli abangcono, kwaye ukuba umntu unqwenela ukufumana nayiphi na iprojekthi enkulu emhlabeni, kufuneka aphumelele abafazi. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kucace, umlinganiselo apho uRoss waqaphela ukuba ukuphumelela kwabasetyhini kwakungekho nje ukuphumelela kwimigudu yokuqala yokulungelelanisa, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba banendima yobunkokeli epheleleyo kwinkqubo yokwakhiwa kunye nobomi bombutho.
URoss, ukongeza, wakhuthaza umbono wokuqala apho abantu bakhona, emva koko ubaqhubela phambili, inkolelo yokulungelelanisa ukuba umntu ubhalisela u-Alinsky okanye uMao Zedong. Le ncwadi idwelisa intlaninge yezifundo ezongezelelekileyo awathi uRoss wazithatha kumava akhe nawazithiyoleleyo, ngokwemigangatho eyahluka-hlukeneyo.
URoss wayengakholelwa kwingcamango "yokutshiswa". Wayekholelwa ukuba umququzeleli ngumququzeleli okanye baye bancama kwaye bayeka. Ekufundeni oku ndakhunjuzwa ngebali elidumileyo lesiganeko esasibandakanya uNjengele George S. Patton—ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II—apho wabetha ijoni elalidiniwe edabini (isiganeko esenziwa nguGeorge C. kwi Patton).
Kwimeko kaRoss kunye noPatton, kwakukho ukufundwa kakubi kwabantu. Le yayingeyomizekelo nje yokubonisa ubudoda, enoba yayisetyenziswa ekuququzeleleni okanye emfazweni. Yayikukusilela ukuqonda indlela abantu abahlangabezana ngayo noxinzelelo ngakumbi ixesha elide. Abaququzeleli benza ukudinwa. Abanye babo bayishiya ngokupheleleyo intshukumo; abanye babuya ngokupheleleyo emva kwethuba elithile; kwaye abanye 'bathetha ngokutsha' ubudlelwane babo kwintshukumo ngokwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo.
Umhlobo wam wokwenene uye wemka kwisikhundla sobunkokeli kumbutho omkhulu wasekuhlaleni. Ndambuza ukuba kutheni enze le nto. Waphendula wathi: “Ngenxa yentsapho yakowethu. Ndaqonda ukuba ukuba izinto ziqhubeka ngendlela ebezihamba ngayo, andisayi kuba yinxalenye yobomi babantwana bam njengoko bekhula okanye ndibe liqabane elifanelekileyo lomfazi wam.”
URoss usenokuba wayichaza indlela enje ngendlela ebesiyibiza ngokuba “kukunyathela ngesiqingatha,” bubungqina bomntu ongazimiselanga ngokupheleleyo kulo mbutho. Ndiya kujonga njengento yohlengahlengiso kwinto elula yokuba ukubandakanyeka kwintshukumo yi-marathon. Olu lugqatso lomgama omde ngelo xesha isantya somntu sinokwahluka okanye sitshintshe ukuphefumla. Kodwa umntu akaze alilibale injongo yokugqibela. Ukungaphumeleli ukuxabisa i-multi-dimensionality kubomi bomququzeleli uqinisekisa ukuba endaweni yokwakha kunye nokuqinisa abaququzeleli, sivelisa i-Blade Runner-type replicators okanye i-androids, ekuboneni kokuqala, kubonakala ngathi ngumntu, kodwa ngokwenene balahlekelwe yimiphefumlo yabo.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kubonakala ngathi kwenzekile kuRoss. Ewe, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo wayemkhulu kwaye ezinikele. Kodwa ngokusilela ukubuxabisa ubume bembaleki yohambo lwethu kunye nesidingo solungelelwaniso, waqala ukuphulukana namaqhekeza obuntu ebekade esilwela ixesha elininzi lobomi bakhe.
UGabriel Thompson uye wavelisa enye yezona ncwadi zicinga kakhulu malunga nokulungelelanisa kunye nokuchaphazela utshintsho lwentlalo endiyifundileyo ngexesha elithile. Xa ebalisa ibali lobomi likaFred Ross, uThompson uye wanesibindi sokutyhala imvulophu kwizinto ezininzi ezinokuthi zingayihoyi.
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