UJane LaTour usebenze kwintshukumo yabasebenzi ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Usebenze kwiifektri nakubasebenzi kwiimanyano ezininzi ezibandakanya iSithili sama-65, enye yeemanyano ezikhokelwa ngasekhohlo zesiXeko saseNew York. ULaTour ukwasebenzele uMbutho weDemokhrasi yoManyano kunye neWagner Labour Archives kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York kwaye ungumbhali we Oodade kuBuzalwana: Abasetyhini abaSebenzayo baQuquzelela ukulingana kwisiXeko saseNew York.
ULaTour ubhalele Znet, Z Magazine, CounterPunch, The Indypendent, Labour Press, The Ijenali yoMsebenzi noMbutho, kunye nezinye iimpapasho kunye neewebhusayithi ezininzi. Ulilungu lebhodi yexesha elide yoMbutho weMbali yaBasebenzi yaseNew York kwaye iminyaka emininzi uhlele incwadana yeendaba Iindaba zeMbali yomsebenzi. Uye wahlela Iindaba zeHat Hat, iphephancwadi labasebenzi bezikhundla kunye neefayile kwintengiso yezakhiwo, kwaye usebenza kwincwadi malunga nenqanaba kunye nefayile ye-activism.
UAndy Piascik: Ungene nini kwaye njani kwintshukumo yabasebenzi?
LaTour: Ndalishiya ikhaya lam lodidi oluphakathi ngasekupheleni konyaka wam wokuqala ekholejini ndaza ndaqalisa ukusebenza kwimizi-mveliso ukuze ndizixhase. Ebudeni beminyaka yam njengomsebenzi womzi-mveliso, ndafumana imfundo ekumgangatho wehlabathi ngeMerika eyaguqula ubomi bam yaza yandibeka kwikhondo elahlukileyo. Ndiwachaze la mava okuqala kunye nam njengondwendwelo lwe-anthropologist ezama ukuqonda iindlela ezingaqhelekanga zabantu endidibene nazo.
Ndakhawuleza ndacatshukiswa kukuthotywa kwemihla ngemihla okukhulu nokuncinane endandikubona kuyo yonke indawo: abaphathi bethetha nabafazi abadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba babe ngoonina babo โnjengamantombazana; Abasebenzi base-Afrika-baseMelika bathunyelwa kweyona misebenzi ishushu, inzima kakhulu kwizityalo; ukuxelelwa ngabaphathi kanye phambi kokuba sihambe siye ekhefini ukuba abantu abahlawulwayo bebengayi kulunga kwaye bekuya kufuneka sithathe uhambo olude lokubuyela kumzi-mveliso ukuba sifuna iitshekhi zethu; iingqikelelo zabaphathi bobukrelekrele namandla abo amakhulu kunathi basebenzi; iindlela ezigabadeleyo amadoda nabaphathi abanobuchule bathetha nathi ngendlela ethobโ isidima necekisekayo ngesini.
Kwaye kukho iziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezihlala zikhumbuleka njengenye injineli endadibana nayo okokuqala kwitheko leKrisimesi xa ndandisebenza. eHewlett-Packard owandixelela ukuba andinangqondo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ndiye ekholejini. Ucalucalulo, ukungabikho kokusesikweni nazo zonke ezinye izinto endajamelana nazo ngokukhawuleza zandenza ndangumvukeli.
UPiascik: Zeziphi izenzo zasemsebenzini obubandakanyeka kuzo?
LaTour: Ndandisoloko ndingumxhasi wesenzo esithe ngqo emsebenzini. Ukuqwalasela iimeko kunye nokwazi abantu abasebenza kunye nam kwakhokelela kwizicwangciso zokusebenza kunye kwiinjongo ezifanayo. Andizange ndifunde iikhontrakthi zam zomanyano ezahlukeneyo (kwaye apha andikukhuthazi oko, ndichaza nje okwenzekayo), kodwa ndingacinga ngesicwangciso apho sinokusebenzisana sonke ukufezekisa injongo yethu.
Kwanangaphambi kokuba ndithathe inxaxheba kugwayimbo oluvuyisayo lwe-UPS oluvunywe ngumanyano njengeTeamster e-Edison, eNew Jersey, ndandiwathanda amandla okuhamba. Ndikhokele ukuhamba-hamba kumzi-mveliso osePhiladelphia apho sasingenabushushu! Iifestile zonke zazaphukile kwaye ngobo busuku bokuqala bubandayo, abantu bandixelela: Uqhelana nayo. Hayi. Leyo yinkumbulo entle: ukusebenza kwishifti yasebusuku apho, ngaphandle kwabaphathi abaninzi, sakwazi ukwenza amaqhina asondeleyo. Sade saphuma kwaye ndikhumbula kakuhle ndibona zonke izibane zemoto phambi kwam xa sasiphuma kumzi-mveliso.
Ekuqaleni, la madoda ayengamadoda, kodwa emva koko kwabakho umanyano. Sahamba sonke. Ngobusuku obulandelayo: voila! Baye balungisa iifestile kwaye sinendawo yokusebenza eshushu. Kwakukho ezinye izenzo ezininzi ezifanayo. Ndifunde lukhulu kubantu ebendisebenza nabo kwaye omnye endikhe ndabhala ngaye, inkosikazi egama linguDolly yaseWest Virginia eyandifundisa malunga nokuqonda eklasini, njengaku: Ukweliphi icala? UDolly wandifundisa ukuba kukho amacala amabini.
UPiascik: Yeyiphi eminye yeyantlukwano phakathi kokulungelelanisa emsebenzini nokwenza oko njengomsebenzi womanyano emva kokuba uye kusebenzela iDistrict 65 kwisiXeko saseNew York?
LaTour: Ukusebenzela iSithili sama-65 ukuqala ngo-1977 njengekholonizari okanye ityuwa kuqala, njengoko ibizwa rhoqo, kwaye ke njengomququzeleli womanyano, wandifundisa ezinye iiseti zezifundo. Ngeendlela ezininzi ndandixinezeleke kakhulu ukusebenzela umbutho wabasebenzi kunokuba ndandinjalo kwiinkampani. Noko ke, maxa wambi ndandikwazi ukusebenzisa isikhundla sam ukuze ndithabathe amanyathelo angqalileyo. Okulusizi ukuthi, okuninzi okanye okuninzi koko kwavela ekuboneni ukungangqinelani okucacileyo kunye neengxaki ngaphakathi komanyano. Ndifumanise ukuba kukho iyantlukwano enkulu phakathi kwabasebenzi bombutho kunye neenkokeli kwelinye icala, kunye namalungu. Oku kwazibonakalisa ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye kwazisa intiyo enkulu.
Kunokuba wonke umntu abe kwiqela elinye, amalungu adla ngokulwa ngokuchasene nomanyano. Omnye wamava am okuqala oku kwenzeka xa ndathatha indawo ye-arhente yeshishini eyaya kwikhefu lonyango. Iivenkile zakhe beziquka ezinye apho abaququzeleli bebezama ukubhalisa abasebenzi kunye nabanye abebesele bevotele u-Ewe kumanyano apho iarhente yeshishini iza kuthatha iintambo kwiingxoxo. Kaloku iivenkile zazixokozela. Omnye ude wamangalela umbutho eNLRB. Ngaxa lithile, ndaya kwintlanganiso yevenkile kwaye umphathi wevenkile wala ukuhlala ngaphambili nam kunye nabanye abameli bomanyano. Ndabona ezinye izinto ezininzi ezandifundisa izifundo ezibalulekileyo. Ndagxothwa kwiDistrict 65 emva kweminyaka emithathu. Ndaxelelwa ukuba kungenxa yokuba ndikhetha abasebenzi ngaphezu kombutho. I andizange ndisebenzele enye imanyano de kwaba ngumsebenzi wokugqibela womsebenzi wam.
U-Piascik: Ngawaphi amava onawo kumzi-mveliso nakubasebenzi bemanyano yabasebenzi athe akhokelela ekubeni nibeke imiba yabasetyhini phambili kwaye ibe sembindini phakathi Oodade kwiBrotherhoods nakumanqaku akho amaninzi?
LaTour: Kwangoko, njengomsebenzi wefektri kunye nabasebenzi bomanyano, bendinamava amaninzi apho igridi yamandla yayahlulahlulwe ngokucacileyo kwaye amadoda, nangona ingengawo onke amadoda, ayengabaxhamli. Enye ivenkile yombane endiyilungiselele iDistrict 65 yayingabasebenzi abangabasetyhini. Xa sasinentlanganiso yethu yokuqala emva kolonyulo olukhulu, amakhosikazi atyumba indoda ekuphela kwayo (eBEKENGABI nenxaxheba kuququzelelo) ukuba ibe yishop steward. Oko kwakusivula amehlo.
Ndasebenza nabasetyhini kwimigca yendibano ababenesiphiwo kwaye bekrelekrele, kodwa xa kufikelelwa ekuzibekeni phambili kuso nasiphi na isikhundla sobunkokeli, babengenathemba kubuchule babo bokwenza umsebenzi. Kwakukho amava omnye kwi-District 65 ayeyothusa kakhulu, ngenxa yenqanaba lam lobutsha lokungazi. Salungiselela iqela labafazi labasebenzi saza saba nentlanganiso yethu yokuqala. Kwakumnandi kakhulu. Simeme wonke umntu: abefundisi, ii-switchboard operators, abaququzeleli, kwaye saba nengxoxo emnandi, nezicwangciso zekamva. Noko ke, umalathisi ngelo xesha, owayengumfazi, wayiphelisa le nto: Azisekho iintlanganiso. Kubonakala ngathi ndiyakhumbula ukuba wayevakalelwa kukuba iya kujongela phantsi umsebenzi wonke womanyano.
Piascik: Ngabaphi abanye?
LaTour: Enkulu kakhulu ah-ha amava endawafumana emva kokuba ndigxothiwe nguDistrict 65. Ndamenywa yenye yeenjingalwazi zam zezabasebenzi eRutgers University ukuba ndithethe neklasi yakhe ngomxholo othi. Kwakunjani ukuba ngumququzeleli obhinqileyo womanyano? Lonto indenze ndacinga nyani ngayo ndaye ndaqonda ukuba ubukhulu becala ndihamba nendlela izinto ebeziyiyo kwaye ndingabubuzi ubudlelwane kunye namalungiselelo ngaphakathi kwimanyano.
Omnye umzekelo omkhulu kuxa ndandisebenza neqela elaliququzelela iRevlon eNew Jersey. Le yayiyeyona venkile inelona nani likhulu lamalungu eSithili sama-65 kwaye babeneqela elilungileyo nelinamava lokuququzelela kunye nothethathethwano elikhokelwa ngumfazi owoyikekayo ogama linguMarge Orr. Kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo xa sikwiintlanganiso kwiofisi yomalathisi oququzelelayo ukuba andithumele ndiye kufuna iipensile, ikofu, okanye nayiphi na enye into efunekayo. Noko ke, ukuba ndandingekho, wayeza kumthumela phandle uMarge. Maxa wambi sasithunyelwa sobabini ukuba siye kulanda nantoni na elahlekileyo. Ndilunge ngokwaneleyo ukuba ndiphume ndisengoyena mntu uphezulu, nangona bendiza kuthunyelwa ngaphandle naxa bendingumququzeleli ophambili. Kodwa uMarge? Akukho ndlela yayingeyonto yesini. Oku, kunye namanye amava avula amehlo eRutgers nakwiProjekthi yabaseTyhini yoMbutho weDemokhrasi yoMbutho weDemokhrasi, kwandikhokelela ekugxininiseni kwam kumabhinqa asebenzayo.
UPiascik: Ngaba ungathetha ngezinye iinzame zokuguqula iimanyano zibe yimibutho ekumgangatho kunye nefayile obhale ngayo kwaye ingumxholo wale ncwadi uyibhalayo?
LaTour: Incwadi endisebenza kuyo isekelwe kwiimbali zomlomo endizenzileyo kunye namalungu amanqanaba ahlukeneyo kunye namaqela efayile kwiminyaka emashumi. Ngalo lonke elo xesha, ndiye ndadibana naba bantu baye bakwenza umsebenzi wabo ukuchasa intswela-bulungisa abayibona kwimibutho yabo yabasebenzi kunye neendawo abasebenza kuzo. Kwi-White Lung Association, iqela elingenzi nzuzo eligxile kwiingxaki ezibangelwa kukuvezwa kwe-asbestos kwindawo yokusebenza, idla ngokuba lilungu leqela lefayile okanye lithathe inxaxheba kwinqanaba elicwangcisiweyo kunye neqela lefayile, hayi umsebenzi womanyano okanye igosa, elaliza kuzisa ingxaki yabo kuthi. Njengoko ndibhale malunga no noodade kwiBrotherhoods, le yindlela endadibana ngayo noIrene Soloway ophuma kumbutho waBachweli kunye nabanye abaninzi.
UPiascik: Ngaba umsebenzi owenziweyo kuMbutho weDemokhrasi yeManyano kunye noVimba weWagner Labour Archives unxulumene njani?
LaTour: Ukusebenzela iProjekthi yaBasetyhini kwi-AUD yayilithuba elihle lokudibana naba bahlaziyi. Njengoko ndachaza kwincwadi yam, ukusebenza nabasetyhini ababeququzelela ngaphakathi kwimibutho yabo kwaye besenza loo misebenzi yesiqhelo ye-blue collar kwandikhokelela ekuqondeni ukuba kufuneka ndenze udliwano-ndlebe nabo, kungekhona nje ukubathethelela.
Ngokufanayo, xa ndisebenza kwi-Wagner Labor Archives e-NYU, u-Debra Bernhardt wandiqesha ukuba ndiqhube ukuqokelela kongasekhoyo, u-Burton H. Hall omkhulu, owayesandula ukusweleka. Umsebenzi wakhe wonke njengegqwetha wawuchitha emele abantu abaphikisayo kwimibutho yabo kwimilo yabo eyahlukeneyo yokuphucula imibutho yabo. UDebra wacebisa ukuba ndenze udliwano-ndlebe nabanye baba bavukeli kwaye yiyo loo ndlela endadibana ngayo nabahlaziyi abaninzi, ukuze ndibambe imizabalazo yabo kwiikhasethi ezirekhodiweyo, kwaye ndiqokelele iirekhodi zabo zoovimba babasebenzi.
UPiascik: Ngaba kukho naziphi na izifundo ongathanda ukwabelana ngazo nomsebenzi wakho nenqanaba kunye neefayili?
LaTour: Le mizabalazo inokuninzi okusixelela ngayo malunga nemeko yemibutho yabasebenzi kweli xesha linzima kwimbali yethu. Kutheni le nto abambalwa bema ngokuchaseneyo xa ubuninzi bobulungu buhamba kunye nesimo se-quo? Babelwela ntoni? Yiyiphi imiba eyabaqhubela ekubeni bachithe ixesha labo, imali yabo, nomsebenzi wabo kangangamashumi eminyaka belungisa imibutho yabo? Kwaye ngokulula, wawuyintoni umbono wabo ngomsebenzi?
Omnye umzekelo obalaseleyo liBhunga leSithili sePainters eNew York. Abavukeli abaninzi babenombono obanzi ngolo hlobo wento ababefuna ukuyibona kwikamva lomsebenzi. Omnye umzekelo omkhulu ungomnye wamaqela ohlaziyo lokuqala kwi-Teamsters abazibiza ngokuba yi-FORE - Ukwesaba Ukutshatyalaliswa Kuphelile. Amadoda alo mbutho ulawulwa lihlokondiba enza umsebenzi ochulumancisayo ukuze achase amahlokondiba awayeqhuba umanyano lwawo. Bambalwa kakhulu abasaphilayo.
Esinye sezishwankathelo endihlala ndisithi xa ndibuzwa malunga noku: Babesilwela intshukumo yabasebenzi esiyifunayo. Hayi le sinayo. Enye into yokugqibela yale projekthi ifakwe kumxholo ongezantsi wencwadi endisebenza kuyo: โImida yoHlaziyo kwiMisebenzi eQuquzelelweyo.โ
UPiascik: Kutheni le nto umanyano lwezikhundla kunye neefayile lubaluleke kangaka?
LaTour: Ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwirenki kunye namalungu ombutho weefayile, akukho "bunini." Akukho tyalo-mali, akukho mvakalelo yokuba izenzo zakho kunye nobukho bakho benza umahluko kwiziphumo ezichaphazelayo. Ukungakhathali yingxaki ekudala isokola imibutho yabasebenzi kwaye isuka kulo msantsa phakathi kwamalungu neenkokeli.
Amava omnye kwiSithili 65 aqukene nolu lwahlulo. Sasinentlanganiso yabasebenzi kwaye umlawuli obhinqileyo endimkhankanye ngaphambili watsalelwa umnxeba kumzi-mveliso obhekiselele kumalungu ombutho wabasebenzi abala ukusebenza ixesha elongezelelekileyo. Umalathisi uxelele iarhente yeshishini emnxebeni ukuba kufuneka ayenze icace gca into yokuba kumele sebenza i-OT. Ngoko sasihleli kwiofisi yombutho wabasebenzi ene-air-conditioning ngoxa amadoda aloo mzi-mveliso ayesenza umsebenzi oshushu nonzima imini yonke. Kwaye ibikukuthanda kwabo ukuba bangenzi ixesha elingakumbi, kodwa bahambe emva kokuba begqibe iishifti zabo zeeyure ezisi-8. Kubonakala ngathi kudala esusiwe kwivenkile kunye neenyani zokwenza olo hlobo lomsebenzi onzima. Amalungu oManyano kunye namazwi awo kufuneka abe yinxalenye yale nkqubo.
I-Piascik: Uninzi lwabasebenzi bombutho basuka kwimvelaphi yobutshantliziyo kwaye abaninzi banokuzibiza ngokuba ngama-socialists, amakomanisi okanye ama-radicals, kodwa uninzi lwaba bantu ngabona bazinikele kakhulu kubasebenzi kunye nemibutho elawulwa ngamagosa. Ngaba unayo nayiphi na ingqiqo malunga nokuba kutheni oku kunjalo?
LaTour: Le mpendulo kufuneka ithathwe ngokujonga iinyani ezimbalwa. Ndinovelwano kubahlobo bam abaninzi kunye noogxa bam ababeka ukholo lwabo kuhlaziyo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, okanye kwiimanyano zabasebenzi njengoko zinjalo nanjengoko bezibandakanya kumadabi amaninzi okusinda. Eyam indlela inokwaziswa ngokukhuliswa kwam njengomKatolika, ngoko ke, ndifowunele ugqirha wengqondo okanye undinike ihempe yeenwele, kodwa oku kukuthathwa kwam, ngaphandle kokuphoswa koloyiko: Andikholelwa ukuba ubume bangoku kunye nenkcubeko yomanyano lwethu. iya kusifikisa apho kufuneka siye khona, ukuze sibe naloo mkhosi uchaseneyo wabantu abasebenzayo ulungelelaniswe ngokuchasene nemikhosi emininzi ekwimfazwe yabasebenzi. Imivuzo yamagosa nabasebenzi, isakhono sokuziphakamisa, loo mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwamalungu emibutho yabasebenzi kunye neenkokeli zeemanyano, kwanezinye iingxaki ezininzi ezifana norhwaphilizo olugqithisileyo kunye nezinye iindlela zorhwaphilizo olungephi kwiziko, njengoko ndibona, lukhoyo. mkhulu kakhulu umqobo wokusisa apho kufuneka siye khona. Inkcubeko yokuba nelungelo kunye nezinye iingxaki zidala imiqobo ekungenakusoyiswa kubasebenzi njengoko imiselwe ngoku.
UPiascik: Okunye ukungqubana phakathi kwezikhundla nabafaki-fayile kwelinye icala nabasebenzi namagosa kwelinye bekuboniswa kolunye logwayimbo lootitshala lwakutshanje. Zeziphi ezinye zezinto ootitshala abanokuzenza ukuze baqhubele phambili ngamaphulo abo azimeleyo?
LaTour: Qhubeka uvota ngeenyawo; gcina ukwakhiwa kwenkxaso phakathi koluntu; qhubeka usakha olo manyano lwendalo; qhubeka ubhenca iinkcaso ezibangqongileyo; kwaye baqhubeke benxibelelanisa imizabalazo yabo neyabanye; bafunde kwimbali kwaye baqhubeke nokusebenzisa ubuchule babo, intelekelelo, kunye nokomelela. Kukho umbindi omkhulu obandezelekileyo. Olu qhankqalazo โluzenzekelayoโ lunika ithemba kwaye lunika inkuthazo kwabanye. Ngoko qhubeka nje.
Eyona ncwadi yamva nje ka-Andy Piascik yinoveli Kwintshukumo. Unako ukufikelela kuwo [imeyile ikhuselwe].
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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