Ngo-1996 e-Cojimar, ngaphandle nje kwe-Havana, ndadibana nenkwenkwe endala - uManolin! Ewe, ebomini bokwenyani igama lakhe lalingenguye uManolin kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo ndilibele igama lakhe lokwenyani, kodwa yayiyinkwenkwe eyayihamba nexhego likaSantiago kwidabi elidumileyo elichasene ne-marlin enkulu kwenye yeencwadi ezinkulu ezibhalwe ngu-Ernest. Hemingway - "Indoda endala kunye noLwandle."
Ngexesha esasidibana ngalo, โinkwenkweโ uManolin imele ukuba yayisele ikwiminyaka yayo yama-70 okanye yama-80 ubudala yaye inxilile ngokulinganiselweyo. Ndifike ethekwini ndihamba noogxa bam Asiahi Shimbun โ elinye lawona maphephandaba makhulu eJapan nakwihlabathi. Nathi sasikwi-epic mission yethu. I-Peruvian Marxist guerilla movement - MRTA - yathatha abaphangi kwindawo yokuhlala kanozakuzaku waseJapan eLima, ePeru, kwaye sasizama ukulibeka ngendlela elijonga ngayo ibali, sidlan' indlebe nezalamane zikaChe Guevara eBuenos Aires, abagwebi eMontevideo, oosomashishini ababekhe baxhwilwa. iMRTA eBolivia.
Yintoni eyasizisa eCuba yayingamahemuhemu okuba uzwilakhe wasePeru u-Alberto Fujimori wayezama ukukholisa urhulumente waseCuba ukuba abeke uxinzelelo kwi-MRTA ukuba akhulule abathunjwa abafuna indawo yokukhosela kwisiqithi. Ukuba bekukho naziphi na iingxoxo, azizange zifezekise nantoni na kwaye nge-22 ka-Epreli 2007, imikhosi yezokhuseleko yasePeruvia exhaswa yi-United States ekugqibeleni yababulala bonke amajoni, kubandakanywa nentombazana enye ekhulelwe.
Kodwa oko kwenzeka kamva, kwiiveki emva kokuba singene kwi-pub kufuphi ne-marina kwaye safumanisa ukuba indoda eyedwa ehleli etafileni yeplanga ngasefestileni yayinguManolin owaphefumlela, kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambili, u-Ernest Hemingway kunye neveli yakhe engalibalekiyo.
Iqela lam laseJapan laliquka iinkcuba-buchopho, kuquka nowayesakuba ngumdlali wevayolini kwikonsathi. Kwakungekho mathandabuzo ukuba ibali 'lenkwenkwe' kaHemingway kwakufuneka lixelwe. Kodwa ngaphambi koko, okanye ngokuchanekileyo - ngexesha lenkqubo yokubumba ibali - salandela ekhondweni lenkosi enkulu yeprozi kwaye sanxila sinxila.
Kuthe ezinzulwini zobusuku, enye yeentatheli zaseJapan yabuza umbuzo obalulekileyo: โManolin-san, ngoyena mntu wasemzini uthandwayo eCuba: uChe Guevara okanye uHemingway?โ
UManolin wosula ugwebu lwebhiya emilebeni yakhe waza wacinga ixesha elide: "Hemingway!" Uthe.
โHemingway? Abantu baseCuba bathanda iHemingway ngaphezu 'Che'? "
"Oyena mntu wasemzini uthandwa kakhulu ngabaseCuba nguHemingway", wanyanzelisa, ebetha iglasi yakhe etafileni. โNgenxa yethu, Che bekunjalo ICuba! "
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Uthando lukaHemingway ngeCuba lubhalwe kakuhle kwaye kukwanjalo nokuthanda kakhulu kweCuba ngeHemingway. Into eyaziwayo kukuba wanikela ngeemali zakhe ezininzi kwiNobel Price awawongwa ngo-1954 kubantu baseCuba kwaye wayexhasa umzabalazo wobulungisa bentlalontle kwaye kamva nenguquko yaseCuba ngokwayo.
Erhangqwe ngamajelo eendaba ngowe-1960, waphulaphula okwethutyana ukunyeliswa kweCuba, emva koko waphendula wathi: โNigqibile, manene? Ndiyakholwa ukuba yonke into izolile kanye phaya. Abantu abahloniphekileyo bakholelwa kwiNguquko yaseCuba!โ Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wanikela ngendlu yakhe, ithala leencwadi lakhe, kunye nezinto awayezigcine apho kwinguqu yaseCuba.
Ngokwemvelo eUnited States ezo zenzo zibalaseleyo azizange zehle kakuhle. Kwaye iingxelo zakhe ezinje: "Akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngoSenator uJoseph McCarthy waseWisconsin ukuba i-.577 eqinile ayiyi kunyanga" ayizange incede ukuthandwa kwakhe kwizangqa zokusekwa.
I-FBI yamlalisa uHemingway, waxhatshazwa kwaye kude kube ngoku kukho imibuzo emininzi engaphendulwanga malunga nokufa kwakhe. Abanye bathi unyango lwakhe lowe-1960 lwalujongiwe ngabasemagunyeni kwaye wabethwa ngamandla ombane nto leyo eyamenza walibala waza wazibulala.
UAE Hotchner, umhlobo kaHemingway wabhala: โKumashumi eminyaka kamva, iphendula isicelo seNkululeko yoLwazi, iFBI yakhupha ifayile yayo yaseHemingway. Yatyhila ukuba ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1940 u-J. Edgar Hoover wabeka u-Ernest phantsi kweliso ngenxa yokuba wayerhanela imisebenzi ka-Ernest eCuba. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, iiarhente zafaka iingxelo kuye kwaye zacofa iifowuni zakhe. Ubekw' esweni ngalo lonke ixesha evalelwe kwisibhedlele iSt.
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Ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kunye noo-1960, iimbono zaseNtshona ezixhaswa ngumatshini wobuxoki zazixakekile ziphembelela ubugcisa kunye nendawo yoncwadi kuMntla Merika naseYurophu - zizama ngamandla ukuba 'ziyidepoliticize', ziyijikisele kulonwabo oluveliswe ngobuninzi (Ubungqina buyi-27 kaMeyi ka-2008 emangalisayo. uvumo lukaMnu Matthiessen ukuba "wayila Uphengululo lweParis Njengesigqubuthelo" kwimisebenzi yakhe yeCIA. Indlela efanayo inokubonwa kwimisebenzi ekhoyo ngoku yamaziko amaninzi enkcubeko aseYurophu asebenza kwihlabathi liphela: 'axhasa ngemali' amagcisa aselula anetalente nababhali abavela kumazwe asakhasayo ukuze bawathulise kwezopolitiko).
UHemingway - umbhali wezonoveli wezopolitiko othembekileyo - wayengomnye wababhali abambalwa ababalaseleyo baseMntla Melika ababewuchasa lo mkhwa, waba lihlazo ekusekweni njengoko umsebenzi wakhe kunye nokuma kwakhe kwakusiya kusiba ngokwezopolitiko, ukuthandwa nokwaziwa kwihlabathi liphela. Usenokuba wayengengomntu wokwenene wobusoshiyali, kodwa wayeyi 'socialist' kunye 'nomntu wokwenene' kwimisebenzi yakhe emininzi.
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Emva kokufa kukaHemingway, iphulo elikhulu laqala: iphulo lokumnciphisa ekubeni 'linxila le-macho', i-globetrotter ebhibhileyo nekhubekisayo eyayidinga umfazi omtsha ubuncinane kwinoveli nganye enkulu.
Kwiinzame zokunciphisa impembelelo yakhe, iincwadi kunye namanqaku aveliswa ngokobuninzi bemizi-mveliso, njengaleyo ibhalwe ngumbhali wemihlathi we-Op-Ed uMaureen Dowd epapashwe yiNew York Times ngo-Okthobha 15, 2011 phantsi komxholo othi โFarewell to Machoโ:
"Akukho mfazi ufuna ukuba ligorhakazi laseHemingway elintywilisela ngokupheleleyo isithandwa sakhe. Njengoko uCatherine Barkley wathi 'I-Farewell To Arms,' 'Ndikufuna kakhulu ndifuna ukuba nawe.' Kungcono sinxibe isilika edadayo, siphunga iChampagne kwindawo kaJay Gatsby. "
Kodwa uDiliberto uthi abafazi bayaphazama ukucinga ukuba uHemingway akananto anokubanika yona. Ingakumbi ngoku njengoko amabhinqa esihla yaye amadoda esihla, njengoko iThe Atlantic iye yaphawula kumabali amabini angaphandle, amabhinqa anokuziva enqabisekile ngokwaneleyo ukuba โaphumle aze onwabele,โ njengoko uDiliberto esitsho.
UNksz Maureen Dowd wayenokukhetha ukunxityiswa isilika edadayo, kodwa uninzi lwabafazi uHemingway ebebhala ngabo bebengxamiseke kakhulu, umntu unokuthi imiba ekhoyo ekufuneka ijongwe. Kwi "Ukuba Naye kwaye Ungabi Nakhoโ, kwaye ngakumbi kumsebenzi omkhulu wentsomi kunye nobuntu obunzulu "Ngubani oBhatalwa yintsimbi".
Kungenzeka ukuba kwihlabathi likaNksz Dowd, amadoda ahlamba izitya kwaye akhanyise amakhandlela phambi kwesidlo ngasinye kwaye abafazi baphathwa njengamakhosazana. Kodwa emhlabeni Ngubani oBhatalwa yintsimbi, intloko ye-protagonist - uMaria - wayechetyiwe; wakhuliswa wahamba ze emva koko wadlwengulwa liqela leenkokeli zaseSpeyin. Kwaye isithandwa sakhe-uthando lwakhe-uRobert Jordan, utitshala omncinci waseMelika wayekwinqanaba leqela lamazwe ngamazwe, esilwa nobufasi, esifa ekugqibeleni. Kwaye wayekulungele ukufa kungekhona ngenxa yokuba wayenjalo amehlo kodwa ngenxa yokuba yiloo nto amanye amadoda kunye nabasetyhini abathile baziva benyanzelekile ukuba bayenze, okanye bebeqhele ukuziva benyanzelekile ukuba bayenze: ukulwa kude kube sekupheleni imikhosi yoburhamncwa nengenalusini yobukoloniyalizim, iniyo-koloniyalizim, ubufasi okanye zonke zidityanisiwe.
Ndikwacinga ukuba mangaphi na kula madoda achanekileyo kwezopolitiko anamhlanje anokuba nobuganga bokuthandana nowasetyhini osandul' ukudlwengulwa, otshatyalalisiwe, okubi kunokubulawa! Kuninzi lwabo wayeya kuba 'ntsonkothile kakhulu', engafaneleki kwinto ebonwa njengenomtsalane, angade oyike.
Ukhetho lukaRobert Jordan luchasene ngokupheleleyo nolo luya kuqhutywa ngu ngesini -Ngokungathandabuzekiyo bayazithoba, bashukumise ngokunzulu kwaye banesibindi sokhetho: ukhetho lokumthanda uMaria kunye nokukhetha ukulwa kunye nokufela iRiphabhlikhi yaseSpain. Kwaye uRobert Jordan yindoda eyintloko yenoveli enkulu uErnest Hemingway awakhe wayibhala.
Enyanisweni iHemingway - enye yeenkosi zefomu yebali elifutshane - ukuba ngokuhambelana no-Anton Chekhov kunye noGuy de Maupassant (nangona kunqabile kule mihla ukufunda inkcazelo enjalo) - yayiyiminyele kude ne-machismo emsebenzini wakhe, ebonisa intlonipho enzulu uvelwano nabalinganiswa bakhe ababhinqileyo. Umntu kufuneka afunde kuphela Iinduli Like Iindlovu Ezimhlophe okanye amanye amabali akhe amafutshane asentsomini.
Umntu kufuneka aqaphele into enye enomdla: kuyo yonke loo nto i-anti-Hemingway barrage akukho nto ikhankanya imisebenzi yakhe emikhulu! Ezo wazibhala waza wavuma. Into exutyushwayo zizinto zakhe zamva nje, iincwadi ezaphinda zakhiwa ngokutsha kumanqaku akhe yintsapho yakhe nangababhali abathile abakudidi lwesibini: iincwadi angenakuze azigqale zifanelekile ukuba zipapashwe; Umyezo wase-Eden (wahlelwa waze wapapashwa ngowe-1986) or Inyaniso Ekukhanyeni Kuqala (eyakhiwe ngo-1999 ngokusuka kumanqaku akhe ohambo lwaseAfrika, ibuthathaka ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuneencwadi zakhe eziphambili zaseAfrika ezifana The Iikhephu zaseKilimanjaro nezingeyonyani Iinduli eziluhlaza zaseAfrika).
Uninzi lweebhayografi ziyapapashwa, uninzi lwabo luzama ukonyusa i-egos yababhali bebhayografi: ukubonisa umzekelo indlela ababesondele ngayo kwiHemingway kunye nokuba zingaphi izinto malunga naye ababezazi ekungekho mntu wumbi wazenzayo. Uninzi lwayo luxabiso eliphantsi 'me-me-me' blabbing of mediocrities ebesabelana kanye ngexesha elithile kumagumbi okuhlala 'Papa', iibhari kunye nedekhi yeenqanawa. Phantse akukho nanye kwezi bhayografi ethetha ngobunzulu bobuntu bukaHemingway, i-anti-fascism ezimiseleyo kunye novelwano ngeMarxism. Umzekelo wale ncwadi yamva nje: โIsikhephe sikaHemingway: Yonke into awayeyithanda ebomini, kwaye yalahleka, ngo-1934-1961..
Emva koko amanqaku amaninzi kwimithombo yeendaba, njengaleyo ipapashwe kutshanje Economist, nikela uphononongo kwii-biographies ezinjalo, ukondla isangqa esibi.
Ekugqibeleni, umsebenzi omkhulu uyalityalwa okanye uthotywe. Kwaye amadoda alwa amaNazi ngokusukela subs zabo, egubungela Spanish Civil Way, ukuxhasa revolution Cuban kwaye wonzakele kakhulu WWI isaphulelo njengoko abanye playboy esebeza kwaye ewe, embodiment of. amehlo!
Abachasi bakhe bathatha rhoqo izihloko ezifanayo: ubulili, ngesini, ukuzingela, neenkunzi zenkomo, azinanto yakwenza nondoqo womsebenzi wakhe.
Economist ukususela ngo-Oktobha 15, 2011, uphonononga incwadi kaHendrickson: โIbali elingeyonyani likaHemingway ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa livakalisa ixhala lamadoda aseMelika ngobudoda bawoโฆ Ingcamango yokuba indoda isenokuba yayiligayโฆ ukuba nokwenzeka komlinganiselo othile wokudlala indima yesondo phakathi kukaHemingway nabafazi bakheโฆโ
Kodwa ke i-Economist iyavuma: โโฆUqikelelo olubambekayo lwebhayografi lukwazile ukufihla impumelelo enkulu yoncwadi lukaHemingwayโฆโ
Okumangalisayo kukuba, ububhanxa obufanayo obuhlawulwe ngubani owaziyo-ngubani owasasaza amashumi eminyaka malunga noFidel Castro kunye nezinye iinkokeli ezithiywe yiNew World Order. Ukunxiba iminqamlezo ngowona mxholo uthandwayo. Ndazi ngokobuqu umbhali waseCuba owayethinjiwe ehlala eNew York owayila ibali elipheleleyo malunga nehenyukazi yaseHavana egxile ekunxibeleni. Wenza ibango lokuba uFidel wayehlala rhoqo ngaphambi kohlaziyo. Le noveli yayixhaswa ngemali kakuhle, inenkqubela phambili enkulu, kodwa yayiyi-farce kwaye ayizange ikhuthaze abagxeki okanye uluntu ngokubanzi.
U-Ernest Hemingway, kunye nabanye ababhali abakhulu baseMelika abanjengoRichard Wright (Unyana woMdabukunye noBaldwin (Ilizwe langaphandle), yayingoyena nobangela uphambili owabangela ukuba, emva kwexesha elide ndizigocagocile ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, ndagqiba kwelokuba ndifake isicelo sokuba ngummi waseUnited States. Kwakukho inkalipho eninzi, amandla amaninzi kunye nokuthanda amazwe ngamazwe kwi-prose yaseMelika, xa kuthelekiswa nokuzenza amalungisa okugxekayo kunye nobukrelekrele bephondo bababhali baseYurophu.
Ipropaganda ye-neo-con yagqibelela; ibikhupha ukuqukuqela kwayo ngamandla kobuxoki obuyityhefu kunye neenyaniso ezingaqinanga ngokuchasene nayo nantoni na nabani na oye wabuganga ukuma endleleni yayo: ukusuka eAsia naseLatin America ezizezinye iinkqubo zopolitiko nezentlalo noqoqosho ukuya kwezo ngcinga zimbalwa zinobuganga bokuma. kwaye ubeka inyaniso ngaphezu kwenzuzo yobuqu kunye nomsebenzi; abo banamhlanje kunye nabo bathetha nathi ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo. IHemingway, ihamba ngaphandle kokutsho, yenye yazo.
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NgoJulayi ka-2011 ndaqalisa ukuhlela kunye neqela lam kunye nomvelisi - uScott Erlinder - ifilim enkulu engolawulo lwaseRwanda kunye nokuphangwa kobutyebi bendalo eCongo/DRC. Uhambo lwam oluya eChicago lwaluquka, ngokwemvelo, ukutyelela iiklabhu ze-jazz ezimbalwa, ukuya kwizitudiyo zokuqala apho uCharlie Chaplin wayesenza khona iifilimu zakhe, kunye nase-Oak Park - ihlomela-dolophu apho uHemingway wazalelwa khona.
KwiMyuziyam, ndabethwa yinto ecacileyo: ngelixa ukuloba kwe-Hemingway, ukubandakanyeka ekulweni iinkunzi zenkomo kunye nezinye 'izenzo ezimbi' zibhalwe kakuhle, ngelixa kwakukho iifoto ezininzi 'zabafazi bakhe', andizange ndifumane nto malunga neCuba. Ndaya kwinenekazi elalibonakala liphethe la ndawo:
"Uyazi ukuba wayeyithanda iCuba?"
Wenza isandi esingenacala.
"Kwaye uyazi ukuba unikezele ngemali yeNobel Price kwilizwe loguquko lwaseCuba?"
Wayeka ukwenza ingxolo waza waqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo. Uye wandinika laa mbonakalo yokuba 'utshaba alulali' okanye 'uya kundinika amanye amaqhinga akho amdaka e-commie?'
"Ke kutheni kungekho nto inxulumene neCuba kule myuziyam?" Ndibuzile.
Ngokucothayo waphendula wathi: โMhlawumbi ungahamba uye kubuza urhulumente waseCuba ukuba kutheni engasithumeleli nje umnikelo?โ
Ndamxelela ukuba ndiza kwenza njalo kwaye ndathenga iiposikhadi ezimbalwa zeHemmingway ngekati yakhe.
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Andiqinisekanga ukuba yenza inkwenkwe endala uManolin ngokwenene amehlo, kodwa xa sohlukana wayenxilile. Ngaphambi kokuba ndingene emnyango, wavuma esithi: โUkuba umntu uthuka uHemingway, ndiza kumtyumza ukakayi ngale bhotile yebhiya.โ Ngokwenene bendicinga ukuba licebo elihle elo. Sahlukana ngoxolo, siwangawangisa iibhotile ezingenanto sijonge ebumnyameni baseCojimar, soyikisa abo babeza kuba ziintshaba zikaHemingway.
Kwandifumana ngobo busuku, ukuba uManolin kufuneka avunyelwe ukuba athathe ukuphumla kwakhe okumfaneleyo kwaye oko kwakuxhomekeke kuthi - ababhali - hayi kwindoda endala yaseCajimar eCuba ukukhusela ilifa lelinye lawona makhulu aseMelika. amadoda anoncwadi. Ulawulo kunye nepropaganda yakhe yakwazi ukuyigqwetha indlela esilibona ngayo ihlabathi, ngoku ibisebenza ngokungayekeleliyo ekubumbeni indlela esibona ngayo inkcubeko yethu.
Endaweni ye-Hemingway ingcaphephe - umbhali wenoveli omkhulu, indoda enemigaqo kunye nomlwi ochasene nobufascism - sinikwa iicaricatures zesondo ezingapheliyo ezilandelwa zisicatshulwa esinyelisayo kwiincwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku.
Lixesha lokulahla yonke loo nkunkuma yobukrelekrele ekumgangatho ophantsi apho iyeyeyo โ kumgqomo wenkunkuma โ kwaye sibuyele kweyona nto ibalulekileyo: kwiinoveli ezinkulu zikaHemingway kunye namabali amafutshane.
Ndithumela ke ngoko ukuba ndlela-ntle ku-Maureen Dowd, kwisilika yakhe yentelekelelo kunye ne-Great Gatsby endihlala ndihlala, mhlawumbi ngokungalunganga, ndiyibona njengekratshi lokuzingca. Salani kakuhle kubo bonke abo bakhuthaza ukungabi nzulu njengokulunga, bezama ukunyelisa yonke into engaqhelekanga ngokwenene. UHemingway wayesazi kwaye wabhala amaxesha amaninzi malunga nokuba kuye umsebenzi wawuyinto yonke ebalulekileyo; okushiyekileyo yayibubomi bakhe damn awayezobuphila nangona kunjalo naphi na apho afuna khona. Yaye umsebenzi awushiya ngasemva uyamangalisa!
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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