NjengamaDemokhrasi enkululeko ubukhulu becala, ababhali-mbali base-US ngokungathandabuzekiyo bebenosuku lwentsimi kunye neengxelo ezingezizo zikaTrump kwimbali yase-US ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Umbono kamongameli wexesha elidlulileyo kwimbali yesizwe yayiziindaba eziphambili kwiphephandaba elithandwayo lenkululeko kunye nezifundiswa., iNew York Times. Amaxesha Iintatheli uPeter Baker kunye noJona Engel Bromwich baxelele abafundi malunga nembali kaTrump, ebonwa kumongameli:
- Ingcebiso yokuba u-Andrew Jackson "wayenomsindo ngokwenene" malunga neMfazwe yombango, engazange iqhamuke kude kube yiminyaka eyi-16 emva kokufa kwakhe.
- Inkcazo yokuba iMfazwe yombango yayinokuthintelwa ngabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo abakrelekrele ababefanele ukuba bahlanganisane kwaye basike isivumelwano.
- Inkolelo ebonakalayo yokuba inkulungwane ye-19 enkulu yokubhangisa uMnyama uFrederick Douglass usaphila.
- Kubonakala kumangaliswa kukufunda ukuba uAbraham Lincoln wayengumRiphabhlikhi.
- Ukubeka i-plaque yekhosi yegalufa ephawula iMfazwe yoLuntu engazange yenzeke.
The Maxesha wacaphula uPrinceton โumbhali-mbali ongumongameliโ uJulian E. Zelizer, owayecinga ukuba โOongameli bafanele bayiqonde ngakumbi imbali yesizwe njengoko besiba yinxalenye yalo.โ
Umbhali-mbali uPaul Starobin uxelele Maxesha ukuba โuTrump ubonakala ephantse ukuba akakulungelanga ukujongana nembali, nokuba kungenxa yokungabi naluvelwano kwakhe, ukwalana kwakhe nobunzima, okanye utyekelo lwakhe lokuzigcina ekude kuyo nantoni na enokuthwala impepho yokoyiswaโฆ Imbali ayicocekanga. UTrump uthanda ukucoceka. Uthanda iziqubulo. Imbali ayiniki nto.โ
Ke, ewe, uTrump wayekho kwaye uyintsomi malunga nembali yaseMelika, nayo. Ndaphantse ndakuva izithuko kunye neentsini kumagumbi okufundela kumasebe embali yezemfundo ukusuka kunxweme ukuya kunxweme.
eUnited States of Amnesia
Bakuba begqibile ukuhleka, ababhali-mbali besizwe babenokufuna ukucinga malunga nokungazi okubanzi kwembali okugquba i-United States- kunye nendima yabo ekuyivumeleni.
UTrump ngokuqinisekileyo "ngomnye wabaninzi" xa kufikwa kwimbali ye-amnesia e-USUS-yabaseMelika bahlala kwaye bacinge ngokuzolileyo ngokuvumelana ne-anti-Semitic US capitalist yase-US u-Henry Ford edumileyo ethi "imbali iyibhangi." Baphila ubomi obungenalwazi malunga newaka leminyaka, amaxesha, iinkulungwane, izizukulwana, kunye namashumi eminyaka eyandulelayo. Bazi okuncinci malunga nokufaneleka kwexesha elidlulileyo kumava abo angoku kunye nekamva. Isizwe siphela sibonakala โphantse singakufanelanga ngokukhethekileyo ukusingatha imbali, enoba kungenxa [yalo] yokungabi naluvelwano, [alo] ukungavumelani nokuntsonkotha, okanye utyekelo [lwalo] lokuzikhwebula kuyo nantoni na enokusenza soyike.โ Yindlela eyingozi kakhulu ukuba ummi we-Superpower aqhubeke.
Imbali siSikhali
Ubugcisa bolu lahleko lwenkumbulo yesizwe lunento yokwenza nobume be-United States njengendawo yembali yezero yobugcisa kunye nesayensi yolawulo lweengcinga zenkampani kunye nobukhosi-into u-Alex Carey ayibhalayo ngobumnyama nangobukhazikhazi kwincwadi yakhe epapashwe emva kokufa. Ukuthatha uMngcipheko wokuPhuma kwiDemokhrasi: I-Propaganda yeNkampani ngokuchasene neNkululeko kunye neNkululeko (1997). (Jonga ngokukodwa isahluko sokuqala, esinesihloko esithi "Imvelaphi yePropaganda yaseMelika".) Njengoko uGeorge Orwell wayesazi, ukucinywa, ukugqwethwa, ukuchithwa, kunye nokunciphisa imbali yinkalo ebalulekileyo yokulawula ukucinga. "Ngubani olawula ixesha elidlulileyo," iqela elilawulayo elilawulayo eliboniswe kwinoveli ye-Orwell's dystopian 1984 (ibhabha ukusuka kwivenkile yeencwadi nakwithala leencwadi ukusukela kunyulo lukaTrump) yabhengeza, โilawula ikamva. Ngubani olawula ixesha langoku ulawula ixesha elidlulileyo. "
Asiyonto yokuba irekhodi kunye nentsingiselo yexesha elidlulileyo ihlanjululwe ngokulawula "abaphezulu"
Imbali ngokufanelekileyo nangokunzulu iyingozi kakhulu kwigunya. Ngokuvisisana namagqabaza kaSantayana adla ngokucatshulwa athi โabo bangazikhumbuliyo izinto ezidluleyo bagwetyelwe ukuphinda,โ isilumkisa ngeempazamo zexesha elidluleyo. Ukholo lweenkokeli zelizwe oluhlala luhleli ngokuphawulekayo kwiimfazwe ezincinane ezimangalisayo eziya kuqukunjelwa ngokukhawuleza ngeendleko ezincinci zoluntu ngomnye wemizekelo emininzi.
Iphakamisa ii-alam kwaye ifundise izifundo malunga nobudenge bobukhosi kunye nokugqithiswa kokusingqongileyo kunye neziphumo ezibi ezinxulumene nokuxinana okugqithisileyo kobutyebi namandla.
Iyasicebisa ukuba singaphindi ulwaphulo-mthetho oludlulileyo (kungekhona iimpazamo) ezifana nobukhoboka, ubukoloniyali, ukubulawa kwabantu, kunye nobuFasi.
Ibeka iikhathalogu, isakhelo, kwaye icacisa izothuso ekungamelanga ukuba zivunyelwe ukuba ziphinde zenzeke.
Ibalisa amabali amangalisayo nakhuthazayo okuxhathisa ipoplar, imvukelo, kunye nenguquko-yabantu abenza imbali ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, ngeenjongo ezibukhali nezilinganayo kunye neentshukumo ezilawulayo kunye โneendidi zamandlaโ nemfuno yendalo ethunyelwa โkwinkumbulo yomngxumaโ (ibinzana lika-Orwell). ).
Izele zizifundo malunga nendlela iiklasi ezilawulayo kunye nabaphathi abanamandla abalawulayo kunye nendlela abantu abaqhelekileyo kunye namatsha ntliziyo abaye babhidanisa ngayo iinkosi.
Isixelela ukuba uluntu lwasinda kwaye lwahlala luphumelela kuninzi lwamava alo ngaphandle kolwakhiwo lodidi oluphezulu lobukhapitali.
Isikhumbuza ukuba "indlela yangoku" (kwaye yangaphambi kwembali) yobudlelwane bobunxila bentlalo nezopolitiko icacile ngokwembali kwaye idlula, hayi "isiphelo sembali" okanye indawo engqiqweni okanye incopho "yendalo yomntu." (Oku kusinceda sibe nomfanekiso-ngqondweni kwaye sisebenzele uluntu olwahlukileyo nolungenazingxaki kangako nolutshabalalisayo ngoku nakwixesha elizayo).
Isalatha kwimeko enokwenzeka kunye nezinye iindlela, kusikhumbuza ukuba okubalulekileyo, kunye notshintsho lwembali oluguqukayo lunokwenzeka kwaye lunxulumene ne-arhente yabantu, bobabini kunye neqela.
Kusithatha kwiingcambu zophuhliso lweengxaki zangoku ezifana nocalucalulo ngokwesini, ucalucalulo, ubuhlanga, impiriyali, impiriyali, kunye ne-ecocide, ebonisa ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni zonke ezi zavela ngokuhamba kwexesha ngaphandle kwezigqibo kunye neendlela ezithathwe ngabantu, hayi ukusebenza okungaqondakaliyo kwabanye. ubumnyama, uthixo onamandla onke kunye/okanye โindalo yomntuโโokanye olunye uhlobo lwekamva elimiselweyo. (Sikuqonda njani ukungalingani kwangoku ngokobuhlanga kunye nengcinezelo e-US ngaphandle kokuqonda imvelaphi, indalo, kunye neziphumo zobukhoboka be-Black chattel kwi-British Colonial North America kunye ne-United States ngeMfazwe yamakhaya?)
Isinceda ukuba siqaphele size sichonge iziganeko ezibulalayo ezikhoyo ngoku. Kuluncedo ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi i-fascism yakudala e-Itali naseJamani njengomongameli we-neofascist ophethe amandla e-US kwaye njenge-neofascists efana noMarine Le Pen kunye noGeert Wilders abalwela amandla eNtshona Yurophu. Abo bangaziyo ukuba yayiyintoni na i-fascism kwaye yavela njani kwaye kwakutheni ukuze ivele kwinkulungwane yama-20 banokugwetywa ukuba baphile phantsi kwenguqulelo yenkulungwane yama-21 namhlanje.
Kanye nini kwaye njani โiMelika Enkuluโ?
Ulwazi lwembali lusinika imilinganiselo yokuvavanya amabango aphezulu "enkqubela phambili" kunye / okanye "ukwehla." Wazi njani ukuba izinto ziba ngcono okanye ziba mbi kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuba awuyazi into eyayikho ngaphambili?
Kuya kuba kuhle ukwazi into okanye ezimbini ngembali yaseMelika xa umongameli esiza emandleni ethembisa ukuba "Yenza iMelika ibe Makhulu kwakhona." Yeyiphi indawo โenkuluโ yaseMelika uTrump kunye nabaxhasi bakhe abafuna ukuyibuyisela:
- Xa abantwana bebesebenza nzima kwimigodi yamalahle nakwimizila yelaphu?
- Xa abantu abaNtsundu babengcungcuthekiswa kwaye bexhatshazwa phantsi korhulumente okhohlakeleyo wobukhoboka be-chattel?
- Iminyaka kaJim Crow, equka ukungavunyelwa kwabaMnyama, ucalucalulo olungqongqo lobuhlanga, kunye nobundlobongela obunoburhalarhume obuchasene nabaNtsundu eMzantsi ukuya ngeminyaka yoo-1960?
- Xa abafazi bengakwazi ukuvota kwaye bekulindeleke ukuba bahlale emakhayeni abo kwaye basweleke kwii-back-alley alley?
- Xa abafazi abadala abangatshatanga babesizelwa โnjengezicakakazi ezindalaโ?
- Xa abantu abathandana nabo babebethwa baze bathunyelwe kwigumbi lokuhlala?
- Xa abantu baseTshayina babethwe eNtshona United States ngenxa yohlanga lwabo?
- Xa amaJapan aseMelika agxothwa kwiinkampu zokuvalelwa?
- Xa abaququzeleli bemibutho eshiyekileyo kunye nabalweli bezopolitiko bakhutshelwa entlango kwaye bashiywa ukuba bafe?
- Xa iiPinkertons ezixhobileyo kunye namajoni karhulumente abetha kwaye adubula abaququzeleli bemanyano?
- Xa abaququzeleli bezabasebenzi kunye neengqondi bagxothwayo, bafakwa kuluhlu olumnyama, bavalelwa entolongweni, bavalelwa entolongweni, kwaye behlazekile ngokubamba (okanye kutyholwa ngokubamba) iimbono zashiya?
- Xa abemi abamhlophe baseMntla Merika baxhela abemi bomthonyama baseMerika baza babatyhalela kude kumhlaba wooyise ukuze benze amasimi amakhoboka kunye nokulima izinto ezithengiswayo?
- Xa iUnited States yadubula ngobugebenga nangokungeyomfuneko izixeko ezibini zelizwe laseJapan esele loyisiwe?
- Xa ukubethelwa emnqamlezweni kwe-US ye-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia kunyula abantu abaninzi njengezigidi ezi-5 eVietnam, eLaos naseCambodia?
Ukucacisa iPropaganda
Yenziwe kakuhle, imbali isinceda ukuba sichaze i-propaganda ngokusinika isiseko solwazi esinokuphendula ngendlela ephawulekayo apho abalawuli baseMerika baxhomekeke kwiingxelo zembali kunye namabango okuthengisa imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neemfundiso zabo kwisizwe esidumileyo ngokungazi okanye ukukhathalela imbali. . Kuyanceda ukwazi into okanye ezimbini malunga nokuba babeyintoni na abaSeki besizwe abachasene nedemokhrasi nabaphantsi kolawulo lwesininzi ngokwenene kwixesha elizayo xa usiva omnye wezopolitiko ebacela ukuba baqhubele phambili okanye bachase umgaqo-nkqubo othile okanye umgqatswa egameni ledemokhrasi.
Kuluncedo ukwazi into okanye ezimbini malunga nobuFasi baseJamani kunye nokunyuka nokuziphatha kukaHitler kunye neQela lamaNazi kwixesha elizayo xa omnye wezopolitiko wase-US okanye intloko ethethayo ichaza enye inkokeli yangaphandle kwimipu kaMalume Sam njengo "Hitler" olandelayo.
Kuluncedo ukwazi into malunga nembali ende kunye nembi yengcinezelo yongxowankulu karhulumente ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwe-United States kwixesha elizayo elinye lezopolitiko okanye intloko ethethayo izama ukukukholisa ukuba ukhulula "imarike yasimahla" kunye nokunciphisa ukulawulwa kweShishini elikhulu kwakhona. yindlela yokusebenzela okulungileyo.
Kuluncedo ukwazi into okanye ezimbini malunga nento eyenziwa ngumkhosi wase-US kunye nobukrelekrele kubantu bomthonyama baseMelika, amaPhilippines, amaHaiti, amaDominicans, amaMexico, ama-Vietnamese aseMelika, amaJapani, amaIraq kunye nabanye abantu abaninzi abaye babandezeleka kwisiphelo esingalunganga sikaMalume. Imigaqo-nkqubo yezangaphandle ekhohlakeleyo kaSam kwixesha elizayo usiva i-US, ipolitiki okanye intloko ethethayo ibango lokuba iWashington iqhubela phambili "uxolo," "idemokhrasi," kunye "namalungelo oluntu" phesheya.
Kungakuhle ukwazi into okanye ezimbini malunga nembali yase-United States kunye neyamanye amazwe xa abaphezulu bezopolitiko baseMelika kunye nabasemagunyeni kwezenkcubeko bahlala bethetha ngolwimi lwesizwe lwe-narcissistic "olukhethekileyo lwaseMelika." Phakathi kwezinto ubani anokufunda ngazo kukuba abalawuli bazo zonke iintlanga โzale mihlaโ baye basasaza iintsomi malunga nothumo lwamazwe abo ekucingelwa ukuba lunothumo olukhethekileyo โnomsebenzi okhethekileyoโ nokugqwesa kobubele njengento ekhohlisayo egubungela iinkqubo zokuzingca zobukhapitali nezobukhosi.
I-United States ayikho, ke, ngaphandle koko kunye nezinye iinkalo. Ibango lemfundiso yokuba kwaye ibisoloko iyisibane esikhethekileyo kunye nekomkhulu lenkululeko yoluntu, idemokhrasi, kunye nobulungisa kanye kanye loo ngubo.
Yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo, ngaphandle kokumfamekisa ngengcamango, imbali sisixhobo sedemokhrasi emandla kumzabalazo wobulungisa bentlalo, uzinzo lwendalo, kunye nolawulo oludumileyo. Abantu abasekhohlo badla ngokucaphula uKarl Marx oselula ngolu hlobo: โIzithandi zobulumko ziye zazama ukuqonda imbali; ingongoma kukutshintsha.โ Ingxaki yokuqala ngalo mfanekiso-ngqondweni yeyokuba amagqabaza okwenene kaMarx aye la: โIzithandi zobulumko ziye zalitolika kuphela ihlabathi, ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo; ingongoma kukutshintsha.โ Ingxaki yesibini kukuba i-axiom ibeka i-dichotomy yobuxoki. Abantu bakwimeko engcono yokubumba imbali ngendlela enqwenelekayo xa befundisisa baza bayiqonda imbali
Kwaye yiyo kanye loo nto isenziwa kakubi kwimfundo yaseMelika ye-K-12 iyonke-kakhulu kangangokuba abantu baseMelika bayixela ngokwesiqhelo ukuba sesinye sezona zihloko zesikolo abazithandayo.
Esona sikhalazo sihlala sikhona sesokuba iiklasi zembali beziziqhelanisa nokukruqula ngentloko izibakala, imihla namagama. Iinyani, amagama, kunye nemihla ibalulekile, kunjalo. Ukuba ucinga ukuba iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini yenzeka ngenkulungwane ye-19 okanye ukuba u-Abraham Lincoln wayengomnye wabaSeko abaSekiyo ngoko awuzukuba nethuba elininzi lokuqonda imbali yanamhlanje okanye yaseMelika.
Kodwa into eyenza izibakala zibe nomdla, zikhumbuleke lula libali elikhulu lendawo kunye nendlela ezingena ngayo kwingxelo eyinyaniso engenaloyiko yengxelo enika umdla yoloyiso nentlekele yabantu.
Eyona ngxaki inkulu ngembali ye-K-12 kukuba ingcamango emxinwa ivalela apho ivezwa khona ayibandakanyi unikezelo olunjalo. I-hegemony eyinyumba yengxelo yesizwe ye-narcissistic "i-American Exceptionalist" enyanzeliswa ziinkampani zeencwadi, amasebe emfundo yaseyunivesithi, abalindi be-right-wing ideological, kunye neebhodi zezikolo zasekhaya ziphinda zithembeke kunye nobuxoki obukhulu. Inceda ukutsala imbali yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ukuya ezantsi ekufundeni okudinayo, ukuphinda ubuyele, kwaye ulibale ngamagama โamakhuluโ kunye nemihla.
Omnye usenokuthi, โKe, kodwa sisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eso. Izinto ziba ngcono kwiikholeji nakwiiyunivesithi.โ Ukufundiswa kwezeMbali nekharityhulamu kuphucuka ngcono โkwimfundo ephakamileyo.โ Kodwa ungcono kangakanani umbuzo ovulekileyo. Uninzi lweenjingalwazi zembali yezemfundo, ngasekhohlo, ziiDemokhrasi zenkululeko kwaye ke bahlala bebambekile kakhulu kubungxowankulu, ama impiriyali, kunye neengxelo zobuzwe. Loo nto ibuthuntu kwaye iyadanisa. Ubuncinci yinxalenye enye yokuba kutheni izifundiswa zingenako ukwenza intshukumo enzulu nkqu ngokuchasene nento engokwembali kunye nokuziphatha kakubi njengobugebenga kunye nohlaselo lokubulala nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eIraq-kwaye kutheni izifundiswa ezininzi (kubandakanywa amakhulukhulu. yababhali-mbali) bachukunyiswa bubudenge kakhulu yi-corporatist, impiriyali, kunye "nomntu okhethekileyo waseMelika" kunye nomongameli kaBarack Obama.
Nokuba imbali yekholeji kunye neyunivesithi, efundiswa ikakhulu ngabakhululekileyo abasekhohlo, ingaphezulu lee kwimbali yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika alukhe luthathe iklasi yembali yekholeji.
Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi, ababhali-mbali bezemfundo benza okuncinane kakhulu ukuxelela abantu isizathu sokuba umbandela wabo ubalulekile. Ngexesha leminyaka yam emininzi kumasebe embali yezemfundo kunye najikelezileyo-njengomfundi ophumeleleyo, umncedisi wokufundisa, unjingalwazi (ubuncinci kwiikholeji ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo kunye neeyunivesithi ezijikeleze iChicago), unjingalwazi ondwendweleyo bendihlala ndibethwa licandelo elichasene nokudibanisa kwayo. umba wezopolitiko kunye nembali yangoku. Igama elibi lababhali-mbali ngokwenza oko โkukubonwaโโisono sokungayixabisi imbali ngokwendlela yayo nangenxa yesizathu sayo. Yayingeyiyo nje a ekhohlo vs. into yenkululeko. Yayiyinto yolwahlulo lodidi lwabasebenzi.
Ababhali bembali bezemfundo bathanda ukuncwina malunga nokungazi kwabantu baseMelika kunye nokungakhathali kwimbali kodwa abafane, ukuba bakhe babeke ityala lezopolitiko ukuba kutheni imbali ibalulekile ngoku nakwixesha elizayo. Abayenzi ngokwenene kwinkalo yoluntu. Abakwenzani omnye komnye. Abafane benze ityala kubafundi babo, bambalwa kakhulu abaya kubetha koovimba kwaye babe ngababhali-mbali. Olunye ukhubazeko olukhulu yincutshe. Uninzi lwababhali-mbali abachwepheshile baye bawa kude kakhulu โkwigrandโ kunye nokudibanisa amabali kwiincutshe ezikhuthaza uhlobo lokwahlula-kunye-koyisa ukungakwazi ukucinga okukhulu. Balima izitiya ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kangangokuba baphulukane nonxibelelwano olubanzi lwexesha elidlulileyo lomntu. Konke โkukudala kwangokuโโkwaye kububudenge kwaye kuyadika. Ezi yayizingxaki unjingalwazi wembali ye-libertarian-socialist kunye ne-activist uHoward Zinn wayengenazo, ukutsho kancinci. Ayimangalisi into yokuba wayesoloko enegama elithile elikrokrelwayo phakathi kwababhali-mbali bezemfundo nanjengoko uninzi lwabo luphantse lwabela ngokukrokrayo ukuqaqamba, ukuqina, kunye nesikhumbuzo. Imbali yabantu baseUnited States (incwadi engenaziphene ezibonisa amandla nezitoliko ezinokufunyanwa nguwuphi na umbhali-mbali oqeqeshwe kakuhle kwindawo yakhe ekhethekileyo yobuchule) kuba ifumene abafundi ukuba bayifunde baze baxoxeโkwaye bacinge nzulu malunga nokuba kutheni imbali ibalulekile noxanduva lwabo lokuzibandakanya. ekwenzeni, ngokunjalo nokuqonda imbali. Khawufan' ucinge. Akumangalisi kwakhona ukuba iZinn yayithandwa kakhulu ngabafundi, abafundi, abaphembeleli kunye nabanye.
Kukho, ewe, ezinye izinto ezincomekayo nezinomtsalane kwi-critique yam esasazeke kuwo onke amasebe embali nakwizikolo eziphakamileyo e-US Kodwa zimbalwa kakhulu kwaye ziphakathi.
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