WIzigidi zemisebenzi ezilahlekileyo kwinxalenye yokuqala ka-2009, ngubani obiza iveki efutshane yomsebenzi ukusasaza umsebenzi? Hayi amaRiphabhlikhi. Hayi iiDemokhrasi. Kodwa kutheni kukho i-nary peep evela kwiimanyano?
E-US ishishini lezithuthi limisela isantya sabasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo. Ingxoxo kuphela kumanqanaba aphezulu e-UAW (Abasebenzi be-Auto abaManyeneyo) yindlela ngokukhawuleza okuzuziweyo okuphumeleleyo kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo kunokubuyiselwa ngayo. Ngaba i-UAW ayinayo inkumbulo yee-1930 kunye nee-1940 xa iveki yomsebenzi emfutshane yayiphakathi kweemfuno zokulungelelanisa?
Isambuku semveliso yasekhaya (GDP) siyehla kwangaxeshanye imisebenzi isithi shwaka. Kutheni le nto kufuneka kubekho unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi zimbini? Ukuba uluntu luvelisa ngaphantsi kwe-10 lepesenti, kutheni sonke singasebenzi nje nge-10 lepesenti ngaphantsi? Ngaba izinto azizange zisebenze ngolo hlobo kumakhulu amawaka eminyaka yobukho bomntu? Xa abantu befumanisa iindlela ezilula zokufumana oko bakufunayo, bachitha ixesha elincinane bekwenza. Kubizwa ngokuba โkukuzonwabisa.โ Ukuzonwabisa kubalulekile kuluntu lwedemokhrasi olubandakanyeka kulawulo lokuzimela. Kunokuba sizibhokoxe ukuze sivelise โizintoโ esingenaxesha lokuzinandipha, ngaba bekungayi kuba bhetele ukuba singabi โnezintoโ ezimbalwa kunye nexesha elingakumbi elilethu? Uphando lubonisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba, xa iimfuno ezibalulekileyo zihlangatyezwa, izinto ezongezelelweyo azizisi lonwabo olongezelelweyo, ngelixa umsebenzi unxulumene kakhulu noxinzelelo.
Kungaphezulu koxinzelelo kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo yomntu. Ukwenza izinto ezininzi kakhulu kugxininisa yonke inkalo yokusingqongileyo. Umnqweno ovuthayo wokukhula kweenkampani utshabalalisa indawo yokuhlala yengcuka kunye nebhere eMntla Melika; iindawo zokubalekela zokugqibela zeechimpanzi eAfrika kunye neeorangutan eBorneo naseSumatra ziphela ngokukhawuleza; amahlathi e<em>mangrove anika indlela kwiindawo zokuchithela iiholide njengoko ukuloba ngeentambo ezide kubulala izilwanyana zaselwandle ezili-100 ngentlanzi nganye etyiwa ngumntu.
Izidalwa ezininzi kakhulu ziba ngamaxhoba emichiza engama-80,000-100,000 ephalazwe emoyeni, emanzini nasemhlabeni. Iimolekyuli ezingenakubalwa zeklorine kunye ne-fluorine zingena kwizitshabalalisi kunye neeplastiki ezitshabalalisa iinkqubo zokuzivikela kunye nokuzala. Izinto ezisisiseko zelothe, imekyuri, kwaye, ewe, amasuntswana eradioactive kukufa kwiinkqubo eziphilayo.
Nangona kunjalo, amajelo eendaba asasaza ngokungayeki ukuba kufuneka sithandazele ukubuyela ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo lokutshatyalaliswa kweplanethi kulandela ukudodobala koqoqosho. Lixesha lokuba ubuze ukuba kutheni enye iseti yamazwi ingafuni iveki yomsebenzi emfutshane. Kutheni i-Nature Conservancy, i-World Wildlife Federation, kunye nenkitha yamanye amaqela e-lobby yaseWashington isilela ukubonisa ukuba ukudodobala koqoqosho kunye nokusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwemisebenzi kuya kuba lunyango olukhethwayo kwindawo egulayo?
Iinkulungwane zoMzabalazo woSuku lokuSebenza
SOwona mbhalo unengqiqo ngeeyure zomsebenzi ukwiKarl Marx's Capital. Ngelixa uninzi lwayo lubonisa isimbo socazululo lwenkulungwane ye-19 yokubhala kwezoqoqosho, iSahluko X "ngoMhla wokuSebenza" sidiza umsindo kaMarx kwinto eyenziwa ziiyure ezinde kwimpilo yabasebenzi. Ingxaki yaqala njengoko ubukhapitali beentsana bafumanisa iiyure zokusebenza phantsi kwe-feudalism zingonelanga ukwanelisa iminqweno yabo yokwandisa. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwabasebenzi ngenxa yesibetho, โuMthetho Wabasebenziโ waseNgilani wowe-1349 wazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba usuku lokusebenza lude ngokwaneleyo. Umthetho kaElizabethan wowe-1562 wolula usuku lokusebenza ngokunciphisa ixesha lokutya. Ebethelela ukuba kwathabatha iinkulungwane zobukhapitali ukwandisa usuku lokusebenza kwiiyure ezili-12, uMarx waphawula ukuba omnye weziganeko ezibalulekileyo yayikukubhangiswa kweeholide zecawa ngamaProtestanti.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, abanye abantu babesebenza iiveki zeeyure ezili-15 ngosuku kangangeentsuku ezi-6 ngeveki kunye neeyure ezisi-8-10 ngeCawa. Kwangaxeshanye abaninzi babelungiselela ukunciphisa iiyure zabo ukuya kwezili-12 ngosuku, intlangano yamaChartists yenza olu suku lweeyure ezilishumi โlukukhalaza lwalo lwezobupolitika nolonyulo.โ Eyona ndawo iphakamileyo yoququzelelo lwabasebenzi base-US ngenkulungwane ye-19 yayingoMeyi 1, 1886 xa abasebenzi abangama-300,000 bagwayimba kangangeeyure ezisi-8. Ingcinezelo ekhohlakeleyo eChicago kunye nokubanjwa nokubulawa kwabantu eHaymarket kwabangela ukubhiyozelwa kwe-May Day.
Kwinkcazo yakhe yakudala yenzondelelo yosuku oluziiyure ezisibhozo eyaqala ngo-1884 yaza yanda ngo-1886, Ukubetha!, uJeremy Brecher wenze imigqaliselo eseyibalulekile:
- Iinkokeli zombutho wabasebenzi owawukhonya ngelo xesha, iiKnights of Labor, zazama ukufaka iziqhoboshi kwintshukumo yeeyure ezisibhozo. Ngokufuthi yayiba ziingcango ezityhalela phambili, zirhuqa iinkokeli ngasemva kwizixeko ngezixeko.
- Ugwayimbo logwayimbo luka-1886, olungaphezulu lee kunezenzo zangaphambili zabasebenzi, โluye lwaba ngaphezu kwalo lonke ugwayimbo lokufumana igunya.โ Iimfuno zowe-1886 yayizezolawulo lweeyure zokusebenza, ukuqeshwa nokudubula, kunye nokulungelelaniswa komsebenzi.
- Umzabalazo weentsuku ezisibhozo awuzange ulinde de kube lusuku oluziyure ezilishumi luphumelele. Iiyure ezinde ngendlela engakholelekiyo zaziseyinto eqhelekileyo. Ugwayimbo oluyimpumelelo lwathetha ukuba, kwimizi-mveliso emininzi, abasebenzi โbazo zonke iintlobo baye banciphisa iiyure zabo zokusebenza ukusuka kwi-15 ukuya kwi-12 ne-10.โ Abasebenzi ababeneminyaka nje embalwa ngaphambili babeneeyure ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-15 zomsebenzi ngosuku ngoku babefuna iiyure ezisi-8 ngosuku. UMarx waphawula ukuba intshukumo yeChartist yosuku lweeyure ezili-10 yayithandwa phakathi kwabo baneveki yokusebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ze-100.
Ngaba umntu osebenza ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-40?
Wngoxa ndandidlanโ indlebe nabasebenzi baseSpeyin kunxweme olude ngowe-1989, ndathetha noJuan Madrid eBarcelona. "Ngaba abasebenzi baseMelika bayehla ngenene ngaphantsi kwenyanga?" wandibuza ethandabuza. โIiveki ezimbini zezona zixhaphakileyo; abanye bafumana iveki enye kuphela yaye abaninzi abayifumani kwaphela iholide ehlawulwayo,โ ndamazisa. Ukuthatha iiholide ezinde, wayenomsebenzi weveki oqhelekileyo omfutshane kakhulu kunomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wase-US. Lo ngumgaqo, kwaye akukho ngaphandle, eYurophu.
Ukunciphisa iveki yomsebenzi ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-40 kuye kwaxakekisa imibutho emininzi yabasebenzi. Ngeminyaka yee-1930, i-American Federation of Labor yaphembelela usuku lweeyure ezintandathu. Ngo-1990, umzi-mveliso wakwaBMW eRegensburg wamkela iiyure ezingama-36 ngeveki kwaye abasebenzi baseJamani bakwaVolkswagen bamkela ukucuthwa kwemivuzo nge-10 leepesenti ukuze bafumane iiyure ezingama-28.8 zeveki yokusebenza. Isebe laseFransi leDigital Corporation ngokufanayo lalinabasebenzi abangama-530 abakhethe ukuhlala iintsuku ezi-4 zeveki baza bacuthwa umvuzo ngesi-7 ekhulwini ukuze kugcinwe imisebenzi engama-90.
Olunye uloyiso kwiiveki ezimfutshane zomsebenzi lunokuba lolwexeshana. UTim Kaminski wandixelela ukuba wayelithanda ixesha elongezelelekileyo alifumana ngokuphumelela usuku oluziiyure ezisixhenxe (engakhange aphulukane nentlawulo) kumzi-mveliso omncinane weeveni iSt. Louis Chrysler ngowe-1992. yavulwa kwakhona, okwenzeka kwiminyaka emibini kamva.
Ngamathubโ athile, kwanabezobupolitika baye baziwa ngokukhokela unobangela weeyure ezimbalwa. Ngaphambi kokujoyina iNkundla ePhakamileyo, njengoSenator wase-US u-Hugo Black wazisa umthetho weeyure ze-30 ngeveki yomsebenzi ngo-1933. Kutshanje, i-Senate yaseFransi yajonga kwiveki ye-33 yeeyure.
Olunye lolona hlobo luncinci lwaziwayo ngeveki yokusebenza yeeyure ezingama-30 yayiyeyeNkampani ye-cereal iWK Kellogg. Ngomnyaka we-1930, inkampani yabhengeza ukuba uninzi lwabasebenzi bayo abayi-1,500 baya kuhamba ukusuka kwiiyure ezisi-8 ukuya kwi-6 yeeyure zomsebenzi, eziya kubonelela ngemisebenzi emitsha engama-300 e-Battle Creek. Nangona le veki imfutshane yomsebenzi ibibandakanya ukuthotywa kwemivuzo, uninzi lwabasebenzi lukhethe ukongezelelwa ixesha lokuphumla ukuze balichithe neentsapho zabo kunye noluntu. Abaphathi abatsha abaqale ukuqhuba uKellogg babengenamdla wosuku olufutshane lomsebenzi. Bavotela abasebenzi ngo-1946 kwaye bafumanisa ukuba i-77 ekhulwini yamadoda kunye nama-87 ekhulwini kwabasetyhini baya kukhetha iiyure ezingama-30 ngeveki nokuba oko kuthetha umvuzo ophantsi. Ukuphoxeka, abaphathi baqala ukuvavanya ukuba ngawaphi amaqela omsebenzi athanda imali ngaphezu kokuzonwabisa kwaye baqala ukubonelela ngeeyure ze-40 ngeveki kwisebe-ngesebe.
Kwabathatha ixesha elingakanani ukuphelisa le veki yeeyure ezingama-30? Phantse iminyaka engama-40. Umnqweno wokuba nexesha elingakumbi ngokwabo wawunamandla kangangokuba kwada kwada kwayi-1985 ukuba uKellogg wakwazi ukuphelisa iveki yeeyure ze-30 kwisebe lokugqibela.
Ngaphandle kwayo yonke le nto, kukho into eyingxaki ekukhuthazeni iveki yokusebenza yeeyure ezingama-30 ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21: iveki yeeyure ezingama-30 ayifutshane ngokwaneleyo. Kukho intswela-ngqesho ekhulayo phakathi kweentaba zeemveliso ezingenamsebenzi. Iyure yomsebenzi ngoku ivelisa iimpahla ezininzi kunokuba kwakunjalo kwimbali yoluntu. Konke oku kuthetha ukuba akukho sizathu sokuba nabani na asebenze ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-20 ngeveki.
Nyaka ngamnye, abantu abakrelekrele bafumana indlela yokukhupha izinto ezininzi ngeeyure ezimbalwa zokusebenza. UJeffrey Kaplan waphawula ukuba, โNgowe-1991, isixa sempahla neenkonzo eziveliswa ngeyure nganye yokusebenza sasiphindwe kabini kunoko kwakunjalo ngowe-1948.โ Oku kube kuphinda-phindeka kabini kwemveliso yabasebenzi kwiminyaka engama-43 kuphela. UJon Bekken ubala umlinganiselo okhawulezayo: โIzinto ezizenzekelayo nezinye izinto ezintsha zikhokelela kwimveliso yethu (imveliso ngeyure nganye yomsebenzi) iphindaphindeka kabini emva kweminyaka engama-25 okanye njalo.โ Ngamanye amazwi, isixa esiveliswa ngabantu ngeyure yokusebenza siphindaphindeka kabini emva kweminyaka engama-33 (nika okanye uthathe iminyaka eli-10). Sinamandla okuvelisa ngokuphindwe kabini ngexesha lomsebenzi okanye ukusika usuku lomsebenzi kwisiqingatha kwaye sivelise inani elifanayo.
U-Arthur Dahlberg, umcebisi kulawulo lweHoover noRoosevelt, wabhala ukuba ubukhapitali sele bukwazi ukwanelisa iimfuno ezisisiseko zoluntu ngosuku lomsebenzi oluziiyure ezine. Wathi ukucuthwa kwamaxesha okusebenza ngolo hlobo โkwakuyimfuneko ukuze kuthintelwe ibutho labantu ekuthandeni izinto eziphathekayo ngendlela eyingozi.โ
Lo mbandela waphinda wajongwa ngowe-1991 yingcali ngezoqoqosho yaseHarvard uJuliet Schor, owagqiba kwelokuba kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho usuku lomsebenzi oluziiyure ezi-4 ngaphandle kokuhla komgangatho wokuphila. Ngokufanayo, uJW Smith wathi "ngaphezu kwama-50 eepesenti amandla ethu emizi-mveliso ayinanto yakwenza nokuvelisa iimfuno zabathengi." Kwiminyaka ngaphambi kokuba abantu abaninzi bachaphazeleke ngemibandela yokutshintsha kwemozulu nencopho yeoli, uSmith waqikelela oku: โSijamelene nemeko embi yendalo njengoko sityhalela emngciphekweni amandla omhlaba okusixhasa. Sinokukuphelisa ukungcoliswa okukhulu kwemizi-mveliso size silondoloze ubuncwane bethu obuxabisekileyo, obunciphayo ngokuphelisa ama-50 ekhulwini emizi-mveliso angavelisi nto iluncedo eluntwini.โ
Ngokuquka ukwanda kwabemi kunye nabantu abafuna ukuphila ubomi babantu abazizityebi abathetha isiNgesi, uTed Trainer ucaphula athi, โNgowama-2070 xa kujongwe ukukhula koqoqosho ngesi-3 ekhulwini, isiphumo soqoqosho lwehlabathi sisonke nyaka ngamnye siya kuba sisikhulu ngokuphindwe kangangama-60 njengoko sinjalo ngoku. โ
Oku kuya kuba kukwanda kwezinto ezingama-6,000 ekhulwini kwiminyaka engama-63โengenampilo ncam kumahlathi, iilwandlekazi, izilwanyana zasendle nakubantu. Ukuba sifuna abantwana bethu bakwazi ukuphila kulo mhlaba, owona mthetho ubalulekileyo wokusingqongileyo unokuba uthintela abantu ekusebenzeni iiyure ezingaphezu kwama-20 ngeveki.
Yintoni Eyekisa IVeki Emfutshane Yomsebenzi?
OEnye into engahambi ngendlela yeeyure ezimbalwa zokusebenza โyindalo yomntu.โ UMarshall Sahlins uqikelele ukuba imibutho yabazingeli kunye nabaqokeleli mhlawumbi bachitha iiyure ezili-15-20 ngeveki befumana izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze baphile. Ngamnye wethu unokukhangela ngaphakathi kwethu ukuze abone imiqobo yokwenyani yokunciphisa iveki yomsebenzi phakathi: uloyiko lokuba siya kuphulukana nokhathalelo lwezonyango, imali yomhlalaphantsi, kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko zokuphila.
Phantse lonke usapho olusebenzayo eMelika yintlekele enye yezonyango kude ne-bankruptcy. Abantu abaninzi baseMelika bebeya kutshintshela kwiveki yokusebenza iiyure ezingama-20 ukuba ayizukubabangela ukuba baphulukane ne-inshurensi yezempilo. Imali yomhlalaphantsi yenza umqobo wendlela ofanayo. Njengoko besondela kumhlala-phantsi, izigidi zabantu baseMelika baye bazi ukuba imali yomhlalaphantsi isekelwe kwizinto ezifana nomndilili womvuzo weminyaka emithathu edlulileyo. Ukusebenza ixeshana kunganciphisa intlawulo yomhlalaphantsi ngexesha leminyaka engaqinisekanga.
Akuyomfihlo egcinwe kakuhle ukuba abaqeshi basoloko benika abasebenzi iiyure ezingaphantsi kwama-40 ukuze babathintele izibonelelo. Isiphumo esifanayo senzeka ngexesha elongezelelweyo elinyanzelweyo. Nangona kusenokubakho umlinganiselo ophakamileyo wokuhlawula ixesha elongezelelekileyo, inkampani isenokonga imali ukuba ayiluhlawuleli ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nomhlalaphantsi onokuthi ufune abantu abaninzi kuluhlu lwemivuzo.
Wonke umntu ojongene nokusingqongileyo ofuna ukunqanda iinkampani zamalahle ekuvutheleni phezulu kwiintaba ezingcwele kufuneka zibe kwezo ntaba zikhwaza ukuba i-inshurensi yezempilo yabucala kunye nezicwangciso zepenshini kufuneka zitshintshwe ngononophelo lwezempilo oluhlawulwayo omnye kunye nenkqubo yokhuseleko lwentlalo kunye nokwandiswa okuphindwe kane. yeentlawulo. Kwimeko apho ukubaluleka kokusingqongileyo akucacanga: ukumisa ukukhula komhlaza kwemveliso engenamsebenzi yokuwa kwenkunkuma kufuna ukucuthwa kakhulu kweveki yomsebenzi. Ukusika iveki yomsebenzi kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba abantu abankwantya ukuba iiyure ezimbalwa zithetha ukuba baya kulahlekelwa yi-inshurensi yezempilo kunye nezicwangciso zomhlalaphantsi.
Oku kubizwa ngokuba "yimivuzo yentlalontle." Imivuzo yentlalontle ikwaquka ukuthuthwa kwabantu abaninzi, amanzi acocekileyo, umoya ophefumlayo, umhlaba ongangcolisekanga, kunye nento eqatsela ngokunqaba: ilungelo lokufumana imfundo yasimahla esemgangathweni eququzelelwa ngabameli abanyulwe ngokuthe ngqo ngabemi. Le mivuzo yentlalo ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwendalo njengokhathalelo lwezonyango kunye nepenshini. Ilungelo lekhaya elinombane kunye nobushushu liyinxalenye yepateni efanayo. Abantu abangoyikiyo ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwamakhaya abo okanye baphulukane nezinto eziluncedo abanazo inkuthazo encinane yokusebenza iiyure ezinde.
Xa abasebenzi base-US babetha imini yeeyure ezisibhozo ngo-1886, babehamba ngaphaya kwemiba yemivuzo kwaye bafuna ukuba abasebenzi babe nendima ekulawuleni inkqubo yokuvelisa. Namhlanje, sifuna umanyano oluqhubekayo ukuze sicele umngeni kungekuphela nje ukuba zingaphi iiyure esizisebenzayo, kodwa umgangatho, ukuqina, kunye nemfuneko yempahla esiyivelisayo. Ukusika kakhulu iiyure esizisebenzayo kuya kunceda ukusindisa i-ecology yoMhlaba kuphela ukuba iyinxalenye yenjongo ephambili yokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bethu ngelixa sinciphisa ubunzima obukhulu bezinto ezenziweyo.