I
n
IFlorida, apho malunga nama-600,000 abo babefudula bengamaxhoba abahluthwayo (isinye kwisithathu
kubo bonke abo babesakuba ngabaphuli-mthetho abahluthwayo kweli lizwe), amaphephandaba abahleli
ikhwelo lohlaziyo belivela rhoqo kulo nyaka uphelileyo
kwiindawo zokuthengisa eziqhelekileyo njenge
Orlando
Sentinel
kwaye i
Miami Herald
. Kuye kwakho okuninzi
uxinzelelo loluntu eFlorida ukuba nkqu abawisi-mthetho Republican
icela irhuluneli ukuba ibuyisele amalungelo okuvota kwabo babesakuba ngabaphuli mthetho.
ukuvota
amalungelo aphumelele kwiminyaka yakutshanje Connecticut, Delaware, yaye
Maryland ngokusebenzisa umthetho, umthetho, kunye namanyathelo oluntu.
E-Connecticut, imbumba ebanzi yamaqela yadibana ukuze ixhase
umthetho oyilwayo obuyisela amalungelo okuvota kwizaphuli-mthetho ekulingweni, okwakunjalo
ekugqibeleni waphumelela emva kwemizamo yokufundisa uluntu ngokubanzi. I
iinkcukacha zobuchule bokuququzelela amatsha ntliziyo kula mazwe
zikwiwebhusayithi yeProjekthi yesigwebo.
The
I-American Correctional Association nayo yongeze ilizwi labo le
inkxaso, ihlaba ikhwelo lokuba amazwe aphelise uqheliselo lwawo lokugxothwa
abakhululwa ngengqawule kunye nabantu abathe bagqibezela izigwebo zabo zentolongo.
Ngokutsho
kwiziphumo zokhetho luka-2002, uluntu lubonakala luvumelana
ngale migudu, njengoko ama-80 ekhulwini abaphendulileyo baxhasa ukubuyiselwa
amalungelo okuvota kwabo babesakuba ngabaphuli-mthetho abagqibe izigwebo zabo.
Inani lehlile, nangona kunjalo, xa abaphenduli babuzwa malunga
iindidi ezithile zabo babesakuba ngabaphuli-mthetho (njengabo babanjelwe ukubulala
okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesondo). Amashumi amathandathu anesine ekhulwini kunye neepesenti ezingama-62 ngokulandelelanayo
ukuxhasa ilungelo labavavanyi kunye nabakhululwe ngengqawule lokuvota. Okwangoku
abaphuli-mthetho abavalelweyo, nangona kunjalo, inkxaso yehla yaya kutsho kuma-33 ekhulwini.
Nakuba
onke amazwe ngaphandle kweMaine kunye neVermont disfranchise zivalelwe ngoku
abaphuli-mthetho, imithetho yokungavunyelwa korhulumente iyahluka ngokubanzi kwabo bangaphambili
kunye nabo baselingweni okanye kwingqawule. IFlorida lelinye lamazwe amathandathu ane
olona tshintsho luqatha, oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba “kukungavunyelwa okusisigxina.”
Oku kuthetha ukuba bonke abagwetywe benetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho baye bagqiba
izigwebo zabo bavinjwa ilungelo lokuvotela intsalela yabo
ubomi, ngaphandle kokuba benza isicelo ngempumelelo sokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo.
Le yinkqubo ende kwaye inzima, abaninzi aboni
andazi nokuba (njengoko bahlala bengaziqondi).
balahlekelwe lilungelo lokuvota kwasekuqaleni).
enye
amazwe asibhozo ahlutha inxenye yabemi bawo bangaphambili
kwiindidi ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye okwexeshana. Nangona kunjalo,
abo babesakuba ngabaphuli-mthetho kusafuneka benze isicelo sokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo abo. I
Iprojekthi yokuwisa isigwebo isanda kuphuma nengxelo (“Ithintelwe
Life”) uphononongo iinkqubo zokubuyiselwa kwazo zonke ezi 14
ithi.
The
lonke ilizwe mhlawumbi liwabuyisela ngokuzenzekelayo amalungelo okuvota
ekukhululweni entolongweni, emva kokugqitywa kwengqawule, okanye emva kokukhululwa
ukugqitywa kwazo zombini ingqawule kunye nokulingwa. Kuphela kwikota enye
abahluthiweyo bavalelwe ngoku. Zonke ezinye zikhona
phantsi kohlobo oluthile lolawulo loluntu (ingqawule okanye ukulingwa) okanye
bangabaphuli-mthetho.
It
inika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa abenzi bobubi abangavalelwanga
ukufumana umva ilungelo lokuvota kumazwe amaninzi ukususela ngoo-1960, i
ipesenti yabaphuli-mthetho abahluthwayo abasentolongweni ngoku
iye yanda ngokuqhubekayo ukuya phantse kwi-100 ekhulwini. Ngoxa kukho
inkxaso encinci yoluntu ekwandiseni ilungelo lokuthengisa kweli candelo
Kwabaphuli-mthetho eUnited States, amazwe ali-18 aseYurophu aye enze njalo
ke.
Kuzwelonke
malunga ne-4.7 yezigidi zabantu abagwetyelwe ukugwetywa,
okanye isi-2.3 ekhulwini sabantu abakubudala bokuvota. EFlorida, ipesenti
inyukela kwipesenti ezisi-7 (eyona pesenti iphezulu kulo naliphi na ilizwe). Oko kunjalo
amanani amakhulu achaphazelekayo ikakhulu ngenxa yokunyuka kwelizwe
izinga lokuvalelwa, elona liphezulu elaziwayo ehlabathini.
The
Izinga eliphezulu lokuvalelwa eU.S. ikakhulu libe sisiphumo soku
indlela “imfazwe yeziyobisi” eyaqhutywa ngayo ngeminyaka yoo-1980 noo-1990.
Ingqiqo yenkundla yacuthwa ngeendlela ezifana ne-federal kunye
Isigwebo sikarhulumente "izikhokelo" (iijaji zemithetho ngokwenene
kufuneka alandele), ukusetyenziswa kancinci kwengqawule, kunye nobuncinci bezona zivakalisi zinyanzelekileyo.
Abantu abaninzi abaya entolongweni ixesha elide yaba ngumphumo.
It
“yayiyimfazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho” eyabeka isiseko soku
utshintsho lwamva nje "lwemfazwe yeziyobisi," leyo, ngokutsho
kuKatherine Beckett kwincwadi yakhe
Ukuhlawula uLwaphulo-mthetho
, Ekuqaleni
yafika kwinqanaba lesizwe ngeminyaka yee-1920 xa lalisetyenziswa njengohlaselo
ngokuchasene nabaphambukeli kunye nokungavisisani kwezopolitiko. Ulwaphulo-mthetho luphinde lwavela njenge
umba ophambili kwipolitiki yelizwe kwiphulo likamongameli lowe-1964.
Umgqatswa waseRiphabhlikhi uBarry Goldwater usebenzise "umthetho nocwangco"
iirhuluneli zasemazantsi kunye namagosa aqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa komthetho
bebezama ukunyelisa umbutho wamalungelo oluntu (ukubiza
abaqhankqalazi bamalungelo oluntu “izihange” kunye “nabaphuli-mthetho”),
ukuze uhlasele iinkqubo zikaJohnson zoMbutho Omkhulu kunye ne
ingcamango yokubuyisela kwisimo solwaphulo-mthetho.
The
Uluntu lwaphenjelelwa luhlaselo olukhulu lweendaba olungapheliyo
ukuphindaphinda amabango abezopolitiko, kwaye ngenxa yoko ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho
Inkcitho inyuswe ukusuka kwi-4.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngowe-1965 ukuya kutsho kwiibhiliyoni zeerandi ezili-100
ngo-1993. Ngelixa amazinga olwaphulo-mthetho ayehla enyuka phakathi ko-1972 no-1996,
izinga lokuvalelwa liphindeke kane. Abambalwa baye baba mbalwa
abachaphazelekayo. Abantsundu ngoku bangaphezu kwesiqingatha sawo onke amabanjwa asentolongweni, phezulu
ukusuka kwisinye kwisithathu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo.
UFelony
imithetho yokuhluthwa yayisetyenziswa ngamaphondo asemazantsi njengendlela
yokugxotha abantu abamnyama emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya. UMississippi akazange
nokuba baquke abo babanjelwa ukubulala okanye ukudlwengula kuluhlu lwabo
ulwaphulo-mthetho olubangela ukuhluthwa, ngenxa yokuba babengakholelwa
ukuba "bamnyama" ulwaphulo-mthetho, ngelixa i-Alabama iquka izinto ezingezizo
njengokubhadula (ulwaphulo-mthetho olwachazwa ngurhulumente lubandakanya “ukungafezeki kokuziphatha,”
ezazikholelwa ukuba "zimnyama" zolwaphulo-mthetho) kude kube ngoPhakamileyo
Inkundla yatshitshisa izibonelelo zabo zokungavunyelwa kulwaphulo-mthetho
1985.
okwangoku,
malunga nendoda enye kwasixhenxe abamnyama abahluthwayo kweli lizwe.
EFlorida, lo mlinganiselo uphantse ube mnye kwabathathu.
In
inqaku eliphonononga ifuthe lokungavunyelwa kwetyala kwabantsundu,
abaphandi u-Uggen, uManza, kunye noBehrens bathi, “Indima yobuhlanga
ekuqhubeni ukwamkelwa okanye ukwandiswa kwamanyathelo okukhutshwa kwefranchising
ejoliswe kubaphuli-mthetho okanye abo babefudula bengabaphuli-mthetho ingena, ke ngoko, ibenkulu kakhulu
ipateni yezembali: abamhlophe kwezopolitiko abasebenzisa iimbono zobuhlanga
kunye noloyiko lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuphelisa amalungelo angundoqo okuba ngabemi abakhulu
inani labantu base-Afrika baseMelika. "
Abalandeli
yokungavunyelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngokufuthi kuye kwavelisa ingcamango “yo
ubumsulwa bebhokisi yokuvota” ukuze kukhuselwe abophuli-mthetho ngaphandle
ngayo (hayi impikiswano engaqhelekanga kwimbali yethu yamalungelo okuvota
ubunzima). Abanye, kuquka iinkundla, baye bathi ukugxothwa kwetyala
ayisosohlwayo kodwa sisiqinisekiso sokuvota esisemthethweni, njengobudala
okanye ukuhlala.
abo
aboyikayo ukungcoliswa lunyulo bachaza “ukuvota kolwaphulo-mthetho
block” enokuthi ivote ngokuchasene nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho
inkqubo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olongezelelweyo njengoko izaphuli-mthetho ezidlulileyo zinokwenzeka
ukuzibophelela. Kodwa, njengoko inqaku lophononongo lomthetho liphawulile, ezi zimbini
iingxoxo zichasene “nokuzinikela kwethu ngokwedemokhrasi kwisininzi
umthetho” kunye nokuzibophelela kwethu “kokuba msulwa de sifunyanwe sinetyala.”
In
ingxelo yabo, "Ukuphulukana neVoti," iProjekthi yesigwebo
ikhumbuza abafundi ngobunzima besohlwayo sokuqala samabanjwa,
ukuphulukana nenkululeko. Naziphi na ezinye izithintelo kumabanjwa '
amalungelo anokuthetheleleka kuphela njengento eyimfuneko kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kunye
ukusebenza ngocwangco kwentolongo, kodwa ukuqiqa okunjalo akubambeli
ngokuthintela ilungelo lokuvota.
Kubukwa
njengesohlwayo esongezelelweyo, iseyingxaki xa kujongwa “ukunqongophala
ulungelelwaniso nokungabikho kokuthatha inxaxheba kwejaji.”
Ingxelo ihlabela mgama isithi: “Ngenxa yokuba abaphuli-mthetho abavalelweyo
babandezeleka kuyo yonke ilahleko kunye nobunzima obuyimfuneko
ubomi emva kwezitshixo, umdla wombuso ekufakeni ngakumbi
Isohlwayo asinakuba nzima ngokwaneleyo ukuthethelela ukuvinjwa
lelinye ilungelo elisisiseko.”
Ngaphandle
impembelelo kumntu ngamnye ogwetywe enetyala, ulwaphulo-mthetho
imithetho yokuhluthwa inokuba nefuthe kunyulo. Uphononongo olusuka ku-2002
papashwa kwi
Review American Sociological Review
fu manisa
ukubuyisela kwakhona i-Florida ex-felons ngexesha lonyulo lwe-2000
ngebeyijike ilizwe (kwaye ke ilizwe)
uvotele Gore.
The
ababhali baye bafumanisa ukuba unyulo lwe-senatorial lwe-7 luya kuchithwa
ngokuthanda iidemokhrasi ukuba izigebenga kunye nabebefudula benalo ilungelo lokuthengisa,
kwezinye ii-400 zonyulo lweSenatori ukusuka kwi-1978 ukuya kwi-2000. Oku kunokuba
zibe nefuthe kwibhalansi yecala kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu ngokuba
kwi-advanteji yokunyanzeliswa, ezinokuthi ezi Democrats zisixhenxe
unayo wayenayo. Kwinqanaba lendawo, ezi ntlobo zeziphumo zinokubakho
okumangalisayo ngakumbi, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinogxininiso oluphezulu
yezaphuli-mthetho ezingavunyelwanga.
The
ubunzima ekufumaneni isizathu sokungavunyelwa kwetyala
imithetho yakhokelela uAlexander Keyssar ukuba agqibe kwincwadi yakhe
Ekunene
ukuVota
ukuba bekukho inkolelo eqhelekileyo, nangona kunjalo
ngokuqhelekileyo akuchazwanga, ukuba abavoti bafanele babe ngabantu abaziphethe kakuhle. Wongeza:
“Ukuhlalisana ngokungakhululekanga nebango elibanzi lokuba i-franchise
yayililungelo ingcamango evukayo yokuba urhulumente angatsala a
Umgca phakathi kwabafanelekileyo nabangafanelekanga, owawunokumisela
owayekufanelekela ukuba nelungelo lobumi.”
kuba
abo basebenzela inkqubo yokubuyisela kwisimo sobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho,
enceda abo bakhululwe entolongweni ukuba baphinde bajoyine uluntu,
kwaye abo basesentolongweni balungiselele ukwenza njalo, okwangoku ukuhluthwa
imithetho ihlala ingumqobo. Kodwa amatshantliziyo alwa ngendlela encomekayo
kwaye siya kukhuthaza abanye ukuba bandise kwaye bawenze nzulu umzabalazo
kwidemokhrasi kwilizwe lethu.
UEva Kuras nguye
umbhali kunye nelungu le-Orlando Greens.