T
he
indawo yokwakhiwa kweDama lemiwonyo emithathu eTshayina
Umlambo waseYangtze wawunendlela eyoyikisayo yokungaphelelwa lixesha. Iintaba zekhonkrithi
kunye nezinye iicranes zehlabathi zaphakama phezu kwabasebenzi abathwele amanzi
iinkonkxa ezijinga kwizibonda ezinqamlezileyo emagxeni abo. NgoJuni
1, 2003, esi sigaba sokwakha sagqitywa; unqakrazo lwe
imawusi yekhompyutha yavala amasango kwiminyaka engama-4,000 XNUMX yembali yamaTshayina
kunye nezigidi ezi-2 zokuhlala kwangaphambili. Umbhiyozo osemthethweni
yayigutyungelwe kumabonwakude, njengoko amanzi amhlophe alwayo aphulukana nedabi lawo
ngamasango e-sluice avaliweyo. Inqanaba lamanzi kwinto eza kuba yi-365-mile
Ugcino lwamanzi bekulindeleke ukuba lunyuke luye kwi-135 yeemitha kwiiveki ezi-2 kwaye
ukuya kwi-175 yeemitha ngexesha lonke iprojekthi igqitywe ngo-2009.
phantsi
ukwakhiwa ukususela ngo-1994, iprojekthi ye-Three Gorges iza kuba yeyehlabathi
elona dama likhulu kwaye mhlawumbi neyona projekthi inobunkunkqele yemisebenzi yoluntu
ukususela ngoDonga Olukhulu. Kodwa asingawo onke amaTshayina abhiyozelayo.
Idama kunye nabaDamiweyo
A
lindela
iinzuzo ezithenjiswa ngurhulumente njengembuyekezo ye-50 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi
utyalo-mali kwidama elikhulu zezi: amandla ombane ophehlwa ngamanzi, anele uku
ukwanelisa i-10 lepesenti yemfuno yangaphakathi; ulawulo lwezandyondyo; ukunkcenkceshela okuphuculweyo
kunye nokuhamba; kunye nokukhuthazwa kokhenketho. Kubakhenkethi ababepakishile
Izikhephe zomlambo zaseYangtze ukusukela ngo-2000, umtsalane wawungeyiyo le nto
yayiza kuzuzwa ngedama, kodwa into eyayiza kulahleka kungekudalaโukunyuka
iincopho ezigutyungelwe yinkungu, ezidityaniswe ngamathambeka aqengqelekayo
amasimi erayisi; amawa ajingayo, athweswe ngezithsaba zeepagoda, adityaniswe ngobuhle
iibhulorho zokuguqa; kwaye kude lee ngezantsi kweenduli ezipholileyo, indlela ecanda phakathi
ngokungxamisekileyo kwamanzi aqhuba ishishini lokuhambisa
izikhephe ukuya kwiindawo abakhonza kuzo elunxwemeni.
umfula
eChongqing, esele isesinye sezixeko ezikhulu zaseTshayina kwaye kulindeleke
ukufunxa amakhulu amawaka abantu abaza kugxothwa kungekudala,
omnye ufumana i-panorama yabagwetyiweyo bebambe iindonga zabaThathu
Gorges Museum. Umzobo oseludongeni, ngumzobi wasekhaya uLiu Zuo-zong, uyahamba
kwiimitha ezili-100 umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-600 weYangtze phezu kwayo
amanzi aya kuxhaswa ngedama, iincopho zeemephu kunye neentlambo, iziqithi
kunye neentlupheko, izixeko needolophu, iibhulorho neetempile, ikomkhulu
iiholo kunye neepaviliyoni, kunye neendawo zakudala. Umgca onamachaphaza obalekayo
ngomzobo oseludongeni uhambelana namanqaku okwenene ecaleni konxweme,
ebonisa ukuba ungakanani lo mthi wempucuko wendele nzulu
ukuntywiliselwa.
Atlantis yaseYangtze
T
Apha
ibizizicwangciso zokufudusa ezimbalwa kwezona zibalulekileyo ngokwembali
iitempile kunye neepagodas; eyesi-2
kwinkulungwane
Itempile yaseZhang Fei yaseYunyang, umzekelo, yayiza kuphinda yakhiwe phezulu
umhlaba xa umbindi-dolophu onabantu abaninzi wase Yunyang, umasipala
abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi, bantywiliselwe emanzini. Kodwa i-prehistory yenye
umcimbi; abembi bezinto zakudala bebesebenza ngobushushu ukuze babhale into
zinokusuka kwiindawo ezaziwayo ezimalunga ne-1,300 ngaphambi kokuba zikhukuliswe.
Eminye imikhondo yabantu bakaBa bamandulo iya kuhlala ihleli, โnjengexhomaโ labo
iibhokisiโ zazimi phezulu emaweni, kodwa uluntu
imelwe ngumhlathi oneminyaka ezigidi ezibini ubudala ofunyenwe kutshanje
kwi-Dragon Bone Cave iya kulahleka ngonaphakade.
kuba
Ubomi bezityalo nezilwanyana obusengozini, bungasayi kubakho bukaNowa
Iprojekthi yedama izakwenza umonakalo omkhulu kumanani eentlanzi; iza ku
tshabalalisa indawo enkulu yokuhlala ye-panda enkulu kunye ne-Siberian
i-crane emhlophe, zombini zizilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela; kwaye kulindeleke
ukubangela ukuphela kwengwenya yaseTshayina kunye nebaiji,
ihlengesi elimhlophe lifumaneka kuphela eYangtze. Bambalwa kune
I-100 ye-baiji eseleyo kunye neenzame zokukhuthaza ukuzala ngaphandle
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, indawo abahlala kuyo emilanjeni ayiphumelelanga.
ngelo xesha
kukho abantu. Ngaphezu kwama-700,000 sele encothulwe,
uninzi lwayo kunyaka ophelileyo. Uqikelelo lwenani lilonke
ukufuduswa ukusuka kwi-1.1 ukuya kwi-1.9 yezigidi, uninzi lwazo luwa
kuluhlu oluphakathi lwe-1.4 ukuya ku-1.6. Nakweyiphi na inqanaba, iya kuba yimali
kokona kufuduswa kwabantu ngexesha loxolo kwimbali. Idama liya kuba njalo
zigubungela ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-630, zikhukulise izixeko ezikhulu ezili-13,
Iidolophu ezili-140, neelali ezingaphezu kwe-1,300, kunye nemizi-mveliso eli-1,600 XNUMX
imigodi kunye nenani elingaziwayo leefama kunye namasimi.
phakathi
izixeko zokuqala ukuya ngaphantsi ziya kuba Zigui kunye Badong. Nje phezulu
kwidama, kwiXiling Gorge, iZigui ibamba itempile yaseQu Yuan,
imbongi enkulu yeXesha lokulwa kaRhulumente (475-221 BC). Badong, kunye
isiqingatha sesigidi abantu esixekweni kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezingaphandle ukuba
zibandakanya umasipala, lisango eliya kwiShennongxi edumileyo
Canyon kunye Gezihe Stone Forest. Ukuqhubela phambili umlambo, isixeko saseWushan, ihabhu
womnye umasipala wesiqingatha sesigidi, naye kufuneka abe ngokupheleleyo
ikhukuliswe ngamanzi. Amabhodlo ayo eDamiao Longgu yindawo yenye ye
amathambo okuqala e-humanoid awakhe afunyanwa. Fengjie, ngaphezulu nje komtsalane
IQutang Gorge, umasipala ophantse ube sisigidi, usukela kwiNew
I-Stone Age kwaye inembali ye-4,000 yeminyaka yokuhlala ngokuqhubekayo.
Umbindi wayo wesixeko uza kuntywila ngokupheleleyo, kunye namaziko
koomasipala ababini abangaphezulu kwesigidi nje phezulu: iYunyang,
ikhaya letempile edumileyo yeZhang Fei, kunye neWanxian, eyaziwa ngokuba nguMlawuli
IsiXeko oko sasingatha imikhosi yoMlawuli uHanzhao.
Ukuqhubeka
unyuka usiya ngaseChongqing, abanye oomasipala ababini abamalunga nesigidi,
UZhongxian kunye noFuling, baya kuphulukana nesiqingatha ukuya kwisibini kwisithathu sabo
amaziko anabemi abaninzi; kodwa umasipala waseZhongxian uya kulahlekelwa
inxalenye yeShibaoZhai, i-13-story, i-56 yeemitha ze-Ming pavilion
kunye nedolophu ehlala kwaye iphumelela kwiindwendwe zayo. Ime
phakathi kwezo zixeko zibini, kodwa kumhlaba osezantsi, iFengdu, enabemi
ye-740,000, kufuneka intywiliselwe kakhulu. Ezinye zeetempile zayo ezingama-70, i
endala ukuthandana ukuya Tang ubukhosi, uya kusinda, kunjalo, njengoko bona
khwela iNduli yeMingshan ngaphezulu kwesixeko.
The
urhulumente unezicwangciso ezifikelela kude zokuhlaliswa kwabantu, kunjalo. Kunye
iYangtze ukusuka eChongqing ukuya eYichang, apho izixeko ziza kuntywiliselwa khona,
ulwakhiwo olutsha lunokubonakala luqhuba kwiintaba ezingentla
umgca wamanzi olindelweyo. Abantu abaza kugxothwa baye
wathembisa ngeendawo ezintsha zokuhlalaโnangona amaxesha amaninzi kwiindawo ezikude nezingafaniyo ngokobuhlanga
iindawoโokanye imbuyekezo yamakhaya namasimi abo; kodwa, kwi
iimeko ezininzi kakhulu, imisebenzi emitsha yayingafumaneki, izindlu ezintsha zazingekho
efikelelekayo, kwaye umhlaba omtsha wokufama wawungenakulinywa. Amanye amagosa abandakanyekayo
kulawulo lofuduso sele begwetywe ngokurhwaphiliza
mali.
The
IKomishini yeHlabathi yamaDama, igqiza leengcaphephe zamazwe ngamazwe, liyaqikelela
ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80 yezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke baye bafuduswa
okanye bavinjwe amathuba ngokuthe ngqo ngamadama. Ngolu zibalo, iimbacu zamadama
inani leembacu zemfazwe ezine ukuya kwenye. E-China njengakwezinye iindawo, iimbacu
yezikim zokufudusa azinabhongo kangako kuneprojekthi ye-Three Gorges
baye bafumanisa ukuba imali nezibonelelo ezithenjisiweyo bezingekafiki
okanye ukuba imali yakhawuleza yaphela, yabashiya kwinceba yokungakhuselekanga
iimarike zemisebenzi kwizixeko ezingathandekiyo. Ngokutsho kwamaGqwetha'
IKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu, ubuncinane i-46 ekhulwini kwi-10 yezigidi
AmaTshayina afuduswa ngamadama kwaye ahlaliswa ngokutsha ngoku ahlala phantsi kweemeko
ubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo.
The
umgcini kwiMyuziyam yeThathu Gorges wandlala okuhle kunye nokubi
iprojekthi eyenziwe ngokucokisekileyo. Nkqu nangasese,
wala ukunika uluvo olulolwakhe. Wabuza ukuba njani abantu basekuhlaleni
evakalelwa ngayo, waphendula wathi, โAndazi ngokuqinisekileyo; kodwa
endikwaziyo ngokuqinisekileyo kukuba indlela abavakalelwa ngayo ayinamsebenzi.โ
amakhulu
yabachasi bokwakhiwa kwedama babanjiwe okanye
โwanyamalala,โ ebeka ubushushu bokugxeka ngokuphandle. Kodwa
Ukuchasana nokwenziwa kuthiwa yindlela yamaTshayina kwaye ezinye zilula
bengavumi ukuyishiya imizi yabo. Kulindeleke ukuxhathisa okukhulu
ukusuka kubemi basemaphandleni, abaliqondayo ixabiso elingenakuthathelwa indawo
yomhlaba nakubantu abadala, emaphandleni nasezidolophini. Ngaphandle kwabo
uninzi oluchaphazeleka ngoko nangoko, isigidi esinye ukuya kwesibini esinokulindela
ukuncothulwaโukuphulukana namakhaya, uluntu, iindlela zokuphila, kunye
ezentlalo, ezembali, ezendalo, kunye nesiseko sobuhle-kunye
izigidi ezimbalwa ngaphezulu kwiperimeter abaya kuva uxinzelelo lwe
ukuthontelana okutsha okukhulu kwabantu emanzini nakwezinye izinto eziluncedo,
kumhlaba kunye nezindlu kunye nesidingo semisebenzi kunye neenkonzo, inkxalabo
eyona nto ichazwa ngokulula yile yokhuseleko.
Ku
ezinye, iinkxalabo zokhuseleko zigxile ekusebenzeni kwedama, kunikwe
amathuba okungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi kakuhle, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, okanye iimpazamo nje ezicacileyo
kwicala labaphathi, iinjineli, okanye iikontraka. Enye ye
Amadama elizwe ekucingelwa ukuba akanakophuka ngawo adilika ngo-1975, emka
Kwafa abangama-200,000. Ngaphambi kokuba isango lokugqibela le-sluice livalwe, iiGorges eziThathu
Idama lalisele liphuhlile amakhulu eentanda, amashumi eemitha
ixesha elide. Ngaphezu koko, isiza seDama lemiwonyo emithathu sikwindawo ethandwa yinyikima
ummandla. Iinjineli zeprojekthi zithi idama linokumelana neenyikima
kubukhulu be-7 kwisikali se-Richter kwaye akukho nyikima inamandla
yayihlasele lo mmandla kwisithuba esingaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ukanti, kwimbali
yaseYangtze, inkulungwane ayiloxesha lide kakhulu; kunye nokubala kakubi
ibeka esichengeni abemi bamathafa amalunga nama-300 ukusa kuma-400 ezigidi.
Ku
Noko ke, inkoliso eyavakalisa ukuxhalaba kwangaphambi kohlaselo lwabanqolobi
kwiPentagon yaseMelika kunye neWorld Trade Towers, ukhuseleko lube nomkhosi
iintsingiselo. Udonga oluzizigidigidi zeetoni zamanzi ubude beekhilomitha ubude kwaye
ihambisa amabali angama-40 phezulu ngaphezu kwamakhulu ezigidi zabantu
Owona mhlaba wefama utyebileyo waseTshayina unokuba yinto ekujoliswe kuyo enomtsalane
abanqolobi okanye iintlanga eziziintshaba. Oko akukho mntu ubonakala ethetha
kukuba eso sisongelo sokhuseleko sinokuba sisoyikiso sokwenene
kwinkululeko yoluntu nakumalungelo oluntu, njengako nakuphi na ukugxekwa kwedama
iprojekthi okanye ukuqaqambisa ubuthathaka bayo kunokuchaphazela umntu
izityholo zokungcatsha.
Ukuthenga Amandla kunye nokungafi
T
Apha
ayikhanyeli ukuba "ubusoshiyali obuneempawu zamaTshayina"
(ngokuchaneka ngakumbi, ubungxowankulu obuneempawu zamanani) buvelise
uqoqosho olomeleleyo olufuna amandla amaninzi ngakumbi nakwimithombo engaphantsi
Ungcoliseko lwendalo luqhelekile kunamalahle axhaphakileyo ngoku. Ikwafuna
iindlela ezisebenzayo zolawulo lwezandyondyo. Kule nkulungwane idluleyo kuphela, amanzi esikhukula
ziye zasuba ubomi babantu abangama-300,000 XNUMX. Kodwa iimfuno ezikumgangatho ophezulu we-reservoir
ukuveliswa kombane kunye neemfuno ezikwinqanaba elisezantsi lokugcinwa kwamanzi ezikhukula
ulawulo rhoxisa omnye komnye ngaphandle. Amava acebisa ukuba apho iinjongo
ziphikisana, injongo eyenza imali iphumelele. Ekugqibeleni,
ukuqokelela intlenge kuya kuphazamisana neenjongo zombini. Ngentlonipho
kwezolimo, kunzima ukucinga ukuba uphuculo olulindelekileyo
ekunkcenkcesheleni kuya kuhlawulela iihektare ezininzi ezisele zinemveliso
umhlaba weefama oza kuntywiliselwa.
As
ekuphuculeni iimeko zokuhamba, ukukhukulisa imiwonyo kufuneka
ngokuqinisekileyo yenza oko ngokubanzi, kodwa iifektri ezintywilayo kunye nezipheleleyo
izixeko zibopheleleke ukuba zidale iingozi ezintsha zokuthumela ngenqanawa nokuba, njengoko kucwangcisiwe,
izixeko kuqala zidiliziwe. Kunye nenkunkuma kunye nogutyulo
uvaleleke kwidama kunokuba uqukuqelele ezantsi, inkunkuma
yezixeko ezintywiliselwe emanzini zinokuzisa iingozi zongcoliseko ezingazange zicingelwe ngaphambili.
Ingaba
kukho ezinye iindlela zokuvelisa amandla kunye nokukhuthaza izandyondyo
ulawulo? Ngezithintelo ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kodwa iindlela ezikhawulezayo nezingabizi kakhulu
oko kuya kunqanda ezona zoyikiso zimangalisayo kunye nokuzincama kwaye ube
inzuzo eyongezelelweyo yolawulo lokunabisa amagunya iya kuba kukumiswa
yeqela lamadama amancinane kumaqunube atya kumandla
Yangtze. Amadama amancinci asasazekileyo akanakusebenza ngokufanelekileyo,
kunjalo, njengomqondiso superstardom zobuchwepheshe, isikhumbuzo ukuba
ubunkokeli obukhoyo-i-mausoleum okanye inqwelo yokulwa yokuqinisekisa ukudlula
kukungafi.
Jan
U-Knippers Black ungunjingalwazi kwiSikolo seSidanga saMazwe ngaMazwe
IziFundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo weMonterey Institute of International Studies.
Upapashe iincwadi ezili-11 ngezopolitiko zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nophuhliso,
eyona yamva nje
Ukungalingani kwilali yehlabathi
kwaye
Uphuhliso kwiThiyori kunye
Zenza
,
2nd
ed., zombini 1999.