Nakukukhanya kwe-conservatism yayo, iMelika-eyayilwa nge
I-revolution, emva kwayo yonke into-ihlala ithatha ibhongo elithile ngayo
radicals. Nangona kunjalo, iMelika ikhetha ukukhumbula abenzi bembali bayo
kwiinguqulelo ezihlanjululweyo ezingenazo ezo zimdaka, zihlala zineentloni
iziphene ezidla ngokubhalwa kwimiphefumlo ezithabathele yona
ukutshintsha ihlabathi. Ke, sikhetha ukucinga ngoThomas Jefferson
njengengqondi yotshintsho olululo, kunokuba njengomnini wamakhoboka ongekho
kuphela waba neentlobano zesini namakhobokazana akhe kodwa wawakhulula
abantwana abangababo ebukhobokeni.
The
Izimo ezivuthayo ezithathwe yi-anarchist kunye ne-feminist Emma Goldman kwi
Inxalenye yokuqala yale nkulungwane iyathambaโokanye ilityalweโngaphakathi
incarnations yakhe njengomfanekiso makhulu kwifilimu Reds
kunye nomhlalutyi okrelekrele ongenabungozi kumculo Ixesha lexesha.
The
umfanekiso odumileyo weRosa Parks njengomthungi odiniweyo owayefuna nje
isihlalo ebhasini sithuthuzela kakhulu kunenyani: wayenjalo
ingcaphephe yezopolitiko onobuchule kunye nonobhala wesahluko NAACP ukuba
waceba ukwala ibhasi kwakude kudala ngaphambi kokuba ale ukuhlala phantsi.
nokuba
abona babhali bebhayoloji bakaMartin Luther King Omnci. bayambonisa
ngemibala eqaqambileyo, njengengcwele yaseMelika, ingeyiyo indoda enzulu elunqulweni
owakha waqwengwa bubuhenyu nokukrexeza kwakhe.
So
kukunye noHarry Hay-umseki wentshukumo yama-gay eMelika-ngubani
wafa eneminyaka engama-90 ngo-Oktobha 24. Obits kwi New
York Times, i Los Angeles Times, kunye neNxulumaniso
Cinezela ushiye umbono wokuba uHay wayengumntu onomdla kwaye
into yothando. I ENew York Times wabhekisa kuye
"njengomKomanisi onenzondelelo waseMelika, ifanasini elithandanayo,"
โowayeyindoda eneminyaka ephakathi engaphumliโ ngexesha lokuyila kwakhe
iMattachine Society, iqela lokuqala lamalungelo amafanasini eUnited
States. I Los Angeles Times yachaza into kaHay
ngokunxiba โikepusi enithiweyo yendoda emide yaselunxwemeni, i-pigtail,
nomtya weeperileโ kananjalo waphawula ukuba yena noJohn Burnside,
isithandwa sakhe 40 iminyaka, wahlala kutshanje San Francisco e
indlu epinki yeVictorian.
The
inyaniso kukuba ngoxa Hay inokuba wayethandana, naye
edume ngokurheletya, kwaye ubukomanisi bakhe baburhabaxa kakhulu kunoko
โubukhali.โ Ngelixa wayenxibe iiperile kunye ne-longshoreman yakhe
ikepusi, yayingeyondlela enomtsalane โisini-benderโ
chic, njengoko Los Angeles Times uyibeke, kodwa ingxelo yezopolitiko
UHay waqala wancama xa kwakuseyingozi ukwenza njalo.
Hay nyani ke wayeme ngempambano kumfanekiso ka tamkhulu
intshukumo yanamhlanje yama-gay ayizamanga nje ukuxela kuye kodwa kulindeleke
ukuba adlale.
The
obungamaxwebhu Ilizwi Liphumile, ngokomzekelo, eyathatyathwa ngowe-1976, yaboniswa
IHay kunye neBurnside njengeeparagon zobungqingili basekhaya. Kutsha nje,
wamenywa ukuba athethe neNational Gay and Lesbian Task Force's
Ukudala iNkomfa yoTshintsho, kwi-1998, kwaye yahlawuliswa njengesithethi esikhulu.
Kodwa akazange anikwe umongo wokuthetha ngezopolitiko zakhe
kwaye wazifumana ephathwa kakhulu njenge-artifact yembali ye-gay kunokuba
njengetshantliziyo elinemibono.
Kukho
wayeneembono eziqinileyo kwaye akazange athande uluvo lwabantu abaninzi xa yena
wawavakalisaโenoba wayehlasela imibutho yesizwe yamafanasini
ngenxa yoko wakubona njengezikhundla zabo zezopolitiko ezikhulayo
("Intshukumo ye-assimilationist isiqhubela emhlabeni,"
uxelele i ISan Francisco Chronicle ngoJulayi 2000) okanye nini
wagxeka iphephandaba lesizwe lama-gay-ingakumbi, i Advocate- ngenxa
ugxininiso lwayo kubathengi. Maxa wambi wayengumntu ozimiseleyo kwezopolitiko
iintloni, njengaxa wayesoloko ekhuthaza ukubandakanywa kwe
iNorth American Man / Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) kwi-gay-pride
imingcelele. Hay ukungakhululeki ubudlelwane kunye nentshukumo ye-gay-he
wathuka into awayeyibona njengokuthanda ukuthengisa
ngaphandle kwamalungu ayo ukuze kube lula, yaye ngokufuthi kubuqhetseba, ukuhlonelwaโakunjalo
ukuphuhlisa kamva ebomini. Yayikhona kwasekuqaleni.
In
Ngowe-1950, xa uHay wayila iMattachine Societyโngobuchule a
"iqela labantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo," ukusukela imbono endlongondlongo ye-gay
amalungelo ayengekaphunyezwaโumbono wakhe obalaseleyo wabanjwa
kwi-manifesto wabhala echaza ngesibindi ukuba abantu abathandana nabo abanjalo
njengabantu abathandana besini esahlukileyo. Ngokwenene, uHay wagxininisa ukuba, amafanasini abumba into ekhethekileyo
inkcubeko apho abathandana besini esahlukileyo banokufunda lukhulu kuyo. Oku
Ingcinga yayingavisisaniyo nembono eyavezwa ngamanye amaninzi
Amalungu eMattachine: ukuba amafanasini akufuneki acalulwe
ngokuchaseneyo ngenxa yokuba abantu abathandana nabo babefana nabantu abathe ngqo. Ngo-1954,
elo qela lamgxotha uHay.
It
Ebengaqali uHay ekhutshiwe kwiqela yena
yanceda ukudala. Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1930 ukuya kutsho ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1950, uHay wayenjalo
ilungu elisebenzayo leQela lamaKomanisi laseMelika. Ngowe-1934, uHay no
isithandwa sakhe Will Geer, owathi kamva wadlala uTatomkhulu kwixesha elide
uthotho lukamabonwakude oluthi โThe Waltons,โ lwancedisa ekuqaliseni inkqubo eyathabatha iintsuku ezingama-83
ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi kwizibuko laseSan Francisco. Nangona yonakele
ngogonyamelo, yayiluloyiso olulungelelanisiweyo, olwaba ngumzekelo
kuqhankqalazo lomanyano lwexesha elizayoโnjengolo luqhubekayo ngoku
(kodwa iculwe lulawulo lukaBush) kumazibuko aseWest Coast.
Ngexesha
ngeminyaka yee-1940, uHay watsala nzima akazange aphumelele ukunyaniseka ngobufanasini bakheโ
ebeqinisekile ukusukela ebutsheni-ngelixa eyigcinayo
isikhundla sakhe njengelungu loMbutho wamaKomanisi, owavala amafanasini
ukusuka ekujoyineni. Watshata nelungu elilandela iQela lamaKomanisi waza wamkela
iintombi ezimbiniโkwanaxa wayesebenza ukuseka uMbutho weMattachine.
Kodwa i-homophobia ekugqibeleni yaphumelela. Emva kweMattane Society
yafumana ukuduma ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, uHay wakhatywa ngokungekho sikweni
ngaphandle kweQela lamaKomanisi.
The
ibali lobomi Harry Hay yayikukuba wayesoloko nje encinane
kakhulu kakhulu-kwaye ekubeni naye wayengumntu ozingcayo, naye
akatyekela ekuyekeleniโngenxa yamaqela awayebandakanyeke kuwo.
Kwakhona wayenembono enqwenelekayo. Hay walithatha igama elithi Mattachine ku a
imfihlo Medieval French uluntu lwamadoda angatshatanga ababenxiba imaski ngexesha
amasiko abo njengeendlela zokuqhankqalaza kwezentlalo. Nabo ke bazithatha zabo
amagama avela kwi-mattaccino yase-Italian, i-jester yenkundla eyayikwazi
thetha inyani enkosini ngelixa unxibe imaski.
As
i-socialist yakudala, watsaleleka kubukomanisi ngenxa yabo
umbono wokulingana kwaye, ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1930 kunye nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1940, ukuma kwayo
ngokuchasene ne-fascism. Kodwa wayekwangumdlali weqonga kunye nemvumi etsalelwayo
uphawu lwezifundo eziye zathanda inkcubeko edumileyo njengengaphakathi
onenkqubela kunye notshintsho. Nangona, okanye mhlawumbi ngenxa ye, Hay's
ubunzima bokuhlalisana nabanye, umbono wakhe wenkululeko yama-gay
yayiphambi kwamashumi eminyaka ngaphambili.
yakhe
igalelo elibaluleke kakhulu kwintshukumo yamafanasini yayiyeyakhe
ukukwazi ukunxibelelana ngengcamango yokuba amafanasini abumba inkcubeko
iqaqobana elinembali yalo, iinkxalabo zezopolitiko, kunye nombutho
amandla. Ibali elisoloko libaliswa malunga noHay (libaliswa kwakhona kwi Inew york
Maxesha i-obituary) ubalisa indlela athe walifumana ngayo iqhinga lezopolitiko
ngo-1948 ukuba akukho mntu wakha wavakalisa ngaphambili: ukunika iivoti ngokutshintshiselana
ngenkxaso yeengcamango. Ukutsho: ipolitiki yesazisi kumafanasini-kwi
imodeli efanayo Afrika-Amerika wayeqalise ukusebenzisa kwimibutho
njenge-NAACP. UHay wazibuza-ngokuvakalayo, eyona ndlela isisiseko
yombutho wezopolitiko-ukuba uSekela-Mongameli uHenry Wallace, ngubani
wayengumgqatswa weProgressive Party kumongameli, yayiza
ukuxhasa umthetho wemfihlo ngokwesondo ukuba unokuqinisekiswa ukuba uninzi
wamafanasini angamvotela.
The
Ipolitiki ye-quid pro quo yayiyinguqu enkulu ngexesha layo. Khumbula,
ngelo xesha kwakuyingozi ukuchaza esidlangalaleni โnjengefanasiniโโwena
ungabanjwa nje ngokuba urhanelwa ukuba ujongile
ngesondo; amazwe amaninzi akwalela ngokusemthethweni ukunika iziselo kubantu abathandana besini esinye,
singasathethi ke ngokuvumela amafanasini ukuba ahlanganisane esidlangalaleni. Kanjalo,
iAmerican Psychological Association iphakamisa inkcazo
lobufanasini njengesifo sengqondo wayelungile 20 iminyaka kude.
Kwezopolitiko
genius ebeyiyo, Hay ngekhe ayifezekise lento ebeyenza ngaphandle kwayo
uqeqesho lwakhe njengomququzeleli weQela lamaKomanisi laseMelika. Yena
wasebenzisa umbutho โweseliโ weqela ukwakha
kwaye usasaze iMattachine ehlala ikhula. Nditsho neqela
iqhinga lokugayaโkwakuyingozi ukuya emntwini
kwaye uthi, โHee, ulifanasini? Ngaba uyafuna ukujoyina iklabhu yethu?"
njengokuba kwakunjalo ngomntu ofunela amalungu ezopolitiko ezivukelayo
iqelaโlamiselwa kwisicwangciso seQela lamaKomanisi
ukufumana amagama abanokuba ngamalungu kumalungu akhoyo.
The
Intshukumo ye-homophile ye-1950s kunye ne-1960s yanikezela emva kwe-1969
Izidubedube zeStonewall kumbutho wenkululeko yamaGay. Ngeengcambu zayo
ubufazi, intshukumo yaMandla aMnyama, inkcubeko yesitalato, kunye nemfazwe
intshukumo, umbutho wenkululeko yamaGay ekuqaleni wabhenela uHay.
Yayiyintshukumo awayeyibone ngo-1950 kodwa
oko akuzange kwenzeke. Noko ke, kungekudala, uHay wacaphuka
njengoko umbutho wenkululeko yamaGay wadityaniswa
amaqela afana ne-Gay Activist Alliance kunye ne-National Gay kunye neLesbian
Iqela eliSebenzayo, elinjongo yalo ibikukuzihlanganisa kwindawo eqhelekileyo
kunokutshintsha iziseko zoluntu ezisisiseko. Hay, kwakhona, kwaba njalo
ukumkanikazi ngaphandle kwentshukumo.
Ngexesha
kule minyaka, uHay wathetha ngokuchasene noko wayekubona njengokwanda
i-conservatism yentshukumo ye-gay-and-lesbian. Njengoko yabonayo, i
i-gay-kwaye ngoku, i-lesbian-intshukumo yayinomdla kakhulu
ekunyuleni amafanasini kwizikhundla zikarhulumente kunokuba enze
urhulumente onoxanduva kwiimfuno zabantu bakhe. Yayinomdla ngakumbi
ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abantu abathandanayo bayamelwa kumabonakude worhwebo
kunye neefilimu kunokugxeka iindlela inkcubeko yobuninzi eyonakalisa ngayo
umoya womntu. Yayinomdla kakhulu ekwenzeni izivumelwano zobuchule
kunye noosopolitiki abalondolozayo, kunokuba baveze indlela uninzi lwezopolitiko
babesebenzisana negloves kunye nemibutho engenagazi neyonakalisayo.
Hay's
impendulo yaba kukubuyisela ipolitiki ye-gay kwakhona: ngo-1979, yena
waseka iRadical Faeries. Undoqo womoya weRadical Faeries
yayifana naleyo uHay wayeyicingela iMattachine yakhe yokuqala
Uluntu: ukukholelwa ukuba amadoda angama-gay ahlukile ngokomoya
kwabanye abantu. Babenxibelelana ngakumbi nendalo, ulonwabo lomzimba,
kunye nondoqo wokwenyani wendalo yomntu, owamkela zombini indoda kunye
umntu obhinqileyo.
Hay's
I-radicalism yokomoya yaqala kwinkulungwane ye-17 yokuchasa eBritani
amaqela eenkolo, anjengamaDiggers, amaRanters, amaQuaker, namaLevelers,
ababefuna ukulilungisa ihlabathi emva kokulingana kwabo, isoshiyali,
non-hierarchical, iimbono ze-utopian. Ngokungafaniyo nabangaphambili bakhe ababengavumelani,
nangona kunjalo, yayingengobuKristu benkulungwane yeminyaka obaqhuba uHay,
kodwa inkolelo yokuba zonke iintlobano zesini zazingcwele. Inkolelo ukuba queer
ubulili babe nomgangatho oyimfuneko wangaphandle owenze ukuba ugxothwe
ubufanasini umprofeti ogqibeleleyo kwilizwe labantu abathandana besini esahlukileyo abalahlekileyo
iindima zesini ezingqongqo, ukunyanzeliswa kokwabelana ngesondo kwenzala, kunye nokubanda
straitjacketed social personae. IRadical Faeries yayiyinto
Umnqamlezo phakathi kwabazelwe ngokutsha kunye nomgca ongaphambili wobuso bakho
imikhosi yokothuka iqhuba ukutsalwa ngokwesini.
By
ngeli xesha, intshukumo ye-gay-eyasuka "kwinkululeko"
Iphulo lokufuna โamalungelo amafanasiniโโwaphathwa uHay
njengeqhekeza elimnandi. Wayesoloko enconywa njengomntu obalulekileyo
umntu wasembalini, kodwa akukho mntu wayenomdla wokwenene koko wayenako
ukutsho, ngakumbi ekubeni ilungelo lobuKristu lalisele liqalisile
uqalise uhlaselo olukhohlakeleyo oluchasene ne-gay kunye no-Anita Bryant "Gcina
Abantwana Bethuโ iphulo lika-1979 kunye neBriggs yaseCalifornia
Inyathelo lokuqala (ebeliza kubavala ngokuphandle abafundisi-ntsapho abangamafanasini) a
emva konyaka. Ngokufuthi ukungaphatheki kakuhle kukaHay kwakudityaniswa nokongamela
ukungonwabi ngembali yakhe ende yokubandakanyeka neMelika
Iqela lamaKomanisi.
Nangona kunjalo
Ubudlelwane bakhe beminyaka engama-40 kunye noJohn Burnside, umntu osele ekhulile
yavakalisa uvuyo lokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini yaza yalugxeka olwandayo
isigunyaziso esithandwayo sokuba ukuba nomfazi omnye ibe yindlela yokuphila ekhethwayo. Kweyakhe
ezimiseleyo, ehlala ecaphukisa, uHarry Hay waxhathisa ukuba
iqhawe lobufanasini obungumzekelo. Akho apho yayibonakala khona lento ngaphandle kwase Hay
Inkxaso eqhubekayo yelungelo le-NAMBLA lokumatsha ngokuzingca ngobufanasini
imingcelele. Ngo-1994, wala ukuqhankqalaza nomngcelele osemthethweni wesikhumbuzo
Izidubedube zeStonewall eNew York ngenxa yokuba yala i-NAMBLA indawo
kumcimbi. Kunoko, wazibandakanya kumngcelele wokhuphiswano, owawubizwa ngokuba nguMoya
ye-Stonewall, equka i-NAMBLA kunye noninzi lweyokuqala
Amalungu eGay Liberation Front.
nokuba
uninzi lwabaxhasi bakaHay abazinikele ngakumbi abakwazanga kumelana nayo
kuye kule. Ukusuka kwimbono kaHay, ukuthulisa nayiphi na indawo
intshukumo kuba ibingathandwa okanye ithiywa yinkcubeko eqhelekileyo
yayikukusilela kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye neqhinga lezobupolitika eliphosakeleyo kakhulu.
Emehlweni kaHarry, eso sigqibo asizange siphumelele
kunye nenyaniso yokuba kuya kuhlala kukho inkalo ethile ye-gay
intshukumo apho inkcubeko eqhelekileyo ingachasa.
By
ukwenza ngathi intshukumo inokwenziwa ibonakale ngokususa
iqela elithile "elichasayo"-i-drag queens kunye
abantu besikhumba babe zizinto zokuhlanjululwa okufanayo kwi-1970 kunye
Ngoo-1980-iinkokeli zama-gay azizange ziphelele nje kwingcamango yokuhlonipha
kodwa wangcatsha uluntu lwakowabo.
ngoku
Abagxeki bakaHarry Hay bayakwazi ukwenza oko babengenakukwazi
yenzani oko ebedla ubomi; I-Gay yeSizwe kunye
Iqela leeLesbian Task Force kunye nePhulo lamaLungelo oLuntu likhuphe imbeko
upapasho lweendaba. (U-Davis Smith we-HRC uthi, umzekelo, โXa
ubusegumbini naye, ubunoluvo lokuba ukwinkampani
umntu osembalini.โ Ingqondo endingazange ndiyifumane
kwitheko le-cocktail kwiminyaka eyi-12 eyadlulayo, xa wafika njengento engento
kodwa ukumkanikazi cantankerous endala owayenomdla ngakumbi ukuqikelela
malunga nokuba ezinye iindwendwe zepati ezincinci ziya kuba njani ebhedini
kunokuxoxa ngonxibelelwano phakathi koo-1950 nobukomanisi kunye noluntu lwama-gay
iyaququzelela.)
nokuba
I-Metropolitan Community Church ikhuphe ingxelo encoma uHarry
Inkxaso kaHay ngomsebenzi wayo (umbono othandabuzekayo ngeyona ndlela). Nakanye
yee-obits ezinde nezincomekayo kwi ENew York Times kwaye
le Los Angeles Times wakhankanya inkxaso yakhe engayekeleliyo
I-NAMBLA okanye iziqinisekiso zakhe ezinzulu kunye nombono.
Harry,
kwavela ukuba, yayingumntu ongutatomkhulu owayethandana naye
Utat'omkhulu uWalton. Kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula uHayโkunye
konke ukuphikisana kwakhe, ngamanye amaxesha iingcamango zakhe ze-crackpot, kunye neyakhe
ukhazimla, uchwayitile, umbono wobungcwele bobugxwayibaโnjengoko
wahlala. Kuba ekufeni kwakhe, uHarry Hay uba yinto yonke
ngebenomsindo ngokuchasene.
Michael
UBronski yintatheli, umgxeki wenkcubeko, kunye nomhlalutyi wezopolitiko.
Imibhalo yakhe iye yavela kwi IBoston Globe, iUtne Reader,
le Los Angeles Times, kwaye i Advocate.
Ungumbhali kunye nomhleli weencwadi ezininzi kunye neengqokelela, kubandakanya:
Umgaqo Wolonwabo (eSt. Martin's)
kwaye Ukuthatha inkululeko: Izincoko zaMadoda aMadoda kwiiPolitiki,
Inkcubeko kunye neSex.