W
inkukhu
umhleli wam eSt Martin’s Press wandicela ukuba ndenze i-anthology
yefiction yangaphambili ye-Stonewall gay, kwakubonakala ngathi yinto elula:
ingaba yimalini? Wonke umntu wayesazi—okanye ndandicinga njalo
Ndandisazi-ukuba kuphela uncwadi lwama-gay olwalukho ngaphambi kokuba
Ngo-1969 izidubedube zaseStonewall kunye nokufika kwenkululeko yamafanasini zazimbalwa
Iinoveli zokuzithiya ezifana nekaGore Vidal ka-1948
The
Isixeko kunye neNtsika
kunye noJames Baldwin ngo-1956
Giovanni's
igumbi
— ephela ngokubulala okanye ukuzibhubhisa. Okanye
bekukho iinoveli zejunky pulp ezinezihloko ezifana
Abangcungcuthekiswayo,
Indlela eyahlulwe
,
Ilahlekile kwi-Twilight Road
, yaye
ukugqiba
ebonisa eyona mifanekiso imbi kakhulu yobomi be-gay. Ndakhe ndaba
ukuqokelela ezi ncwadi—kunye namaqweqwe azo anqabileyo, asezintampini kunye namaqweqwe azo
ikopi yeqweqwe elibi ebhengeza imixholo efana no “A
INoveli eyongezelelekileyo yothando olwalelweyo” okanye “Inkangeleko yobufanasini
kuYe”—iminyaka emininzi, yaye ukuxolisa kubo kwakubonakala ngathi
kusenokuba mnandi.
I
ndawuqalisa lo msebenzi ndiziva ndidiniwe—ngapha koko, nam ndandinjalo
ukuhlawulwa ukufunda inkunkuma yenkampu. Kodwa akuzange kuthathe ixesha elide ngaphambili
uphando lwam lundithabathele kwicala ebendingalilindelanga kwaphela. Emva kwe-a
iiveki ezimbalwa zokufumana nokufunda iipulps ezininzi zesini gay ukusuka
Ngoo-1950 njengoko ndandinako, ndabona ukuba ukuqonda kwam okusisiseko kwe-gay
Imbali yoncwadi yamadoda yayingalunganga. Ndandisoloko ndiyikholelwa loo mifanekiso
yobomi bendoda yesini kunye nemixholo yayiphantse yangabikho ngokupheleleyo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo
upapasho phambi kweStonewall. Ndandikholelwa nokuba yintoni na
Uncwadi lwalukho lunokuchazwa njengokuzicekisa.
kodwa
okukhona ndifunda, kokukhona ndifumana iinoveli ezifana nezee-1959
Sam
,
nguLonnie Coleman, enabalinganiswa abazigayi ngokupheleleyo abanobunzima,
ubomi obunemveliso. Maxa wambi la mabali ayede aphele ngolonwabo. I
Amaxesha ambalwa ndafumana ezo ncwadi, ndiye ndazixelela ukuba ndiza kuzifumana
wakhubeka kwinto engaqhelekanga yenkcubeko—inoveli eyayikade ithandwa kakhulu
ingahoywayo ngexesha lokupapashwa kwayo. Kodwa njengoko ndandiqhubeka ndifunda,
izibakala aziyixhasi le ngcamango. Coleman, umzekelo,
wayengumbhali wenoveli ohlonitshwayo emva kwemfazwe owathi kamva wabhala incwadi
ethengisa ngokugqibelele
Umhlaba waseBeulah
itrilogy ngeminyaka yee-1970. Wayengakwazi
kuthathwa njengombhali ongaziwayo. (Ngelixa uninzi lwee-lesbian pulps zazinjalo
yapapashwa ngeminyaka yee-1950-iinoveli zika-Ann Bannon iyeyona ibalaseleyo
ezidumileyo-ezi ncwadi zonke yayiziincwadi zokuqala, ezibhalelwe
abaphulaphuli abangabalulekanga nabangaluncwadi.)
As
kuye kwacaca ngakumbi ukuba iprojekthi yam, ebizwa ngokuba yiPulp Friction
ngumhleli wam, ndibambe ithuba lokwenza indlela entsha yokujonga
kwi-pre-Stonewall uncwadi gay, Ndanyusa iinzame zam ukufumana
ezi ncwadi. Ukuziva kancinci njengoNancy Drew kwiMfihlo
yePloti yaseQueer, ndilandele yonke into enokuthi ibonwe. Umhlobo okhoyo
ukubhala ngembali yezabasebenzi eChicago ikhankanye ukuba ndingafuna
ukujonga iinoveli zikaWillard Motley. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, ndafumana i-a
ikopi yenoveli yakhe ka-1947
Nqonkqoza nakuwuphi na ucango
kwinqwelo yedola
eBoston's Brattle Book Shop. Incwadi ibalisa ibali lika
UNick Romano, umntwana waseChicago ozelwe ehlwempuzekile, uhamba kakubi, kwaye uphela
up a ipolisa umbulali. Eyona nto ithengiswa kakhulu xa yayipapashwa, yenziwa
kwimuvi edumileyo ka-1949 noJohn Derek kunye noHumphrey Bogart. Nini
Ndaqalisa ukufunda
Nqonkqoza nakuwuphi na ucango
, ndamangaliswa. Ihamba ne
ekubeni lisela, uJohnny ngumzingeli kwaye yenye yeencwadi eziphambili
abalinganiswa yindoda gay emhlawula ngesondo kwaye uyamkhathalela.
Inoveli ifakwe ngengqiqo ye-gay-awukwazi
ukubetha i-Motley's lush, iinkcazo ezivuselelayo zobuhle bendoda-kunye
UGrant Holloway, u-Nick's john, iziko lokuziphatha lomsebenzi.
Uphando oluncinci luye lwafumanisa ukuba uMotley wayeyi-gay, e-Afrika
UmMelika, kunye nomntu osekhohlo. Wabhala iinoveli ezine, ezimbini kuzo
ezithengiswa kakhulu. Wayethathwa njengombhali omkhulu waseMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1950;
namhlanje uphantse ukulityalwa.
ukusuka
Nqonkqoza nakuwuphi na ucango
, Ndaya ngokwendalo ukuya kwenye kaMotley
iincwadi. Isibhengezo sephetshana sivuliwe
Makungabikho Mntu Abhale I-Epitaph Yam
kuba "ezinye iincwadi oya kuzonwabela" zandikhokelela kuTheodora Keogh
1950
Ucango Olubini
, malunga nendoda etshatileyo ye-gay ekhokelayo
ubomi obumbaxa. Emva kokuzingela, ekugqibeleni ndafumana ikopi kwi-eBay.
Ndafunda inoveli yakhe ka-1952
Umculo wesitrato
, nayo ene-overt
imixholo yamadoda angamadoda, kunye naye ngo-1949
Meg
, ibali elithetha ngee-lesbian overtones,
malunga nentombazana etyebileyo yaseNew York ejoyina iqela lemigulukudu yasesitratweni. Ndandisazi kanye
kancinci malunga noKeogh kunokuba ndenze ngoMotley. Ndiye ndenza i-Intanethi ngokukhawuleza
Khangela kwaye wafunda ukuba uKeogh, umzukulwana kaTheodore Roosevelt,
wayengumbhali weencwadi ohlonitshwa kakhulu nowaduma ngokuba “nesibindi”
imixholo.
Emva
izibhengezo zephetshana ezincwadini zaba yindlela entle yokufumana
ezinye iipulps zamadoda angama-gay. Inoveli kaCharles Gorham ka-1961
McCaffrey
(malunga ne-gay hustler), umzekelo, wandikhokelela eStuart Engstrand
Isilingi kunye notolo
, inoveli ka-1947 ethetha ngento
ngoku singayibiza i-transgenderism. Inika iinkcukacha ngobomi bendoda
unxibisa umfazi wakhe njengenkwenkwe kwaye umcenga ukuba athandane ne
Ukapteni we-Coast Guard athandana naye. Iploti ivakala iyinkunkuma,
kodwa eneneni ibhalwe kakuhle, inovelwano, kwaye inokuqonda.
U-Engstrand, kwavela ukuba, wayekwangumbhali wenoveli owaziwayo emva kwemfazwe.
enye
eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufumana i-pulp ye-gay yayikukujonga iiblurbs kwiibhatyi zencwadi
ukusukela ngoo-1950. Ebudeni botyelelo kwivenkile yeencwadi ezisetyenzisiweyo eNew York
Isixeko, umzekelo, ndiye ndachola, ngakumbi ngenxa yokufuna ukwazi
kunethuku, ikopi yenoveli kaFrederick Buechner yowe-1949
A
Usuku Olude lokufa
. Ngaphandle kwenzwana (kwaye intle kakhulu)
ifoto yombhali, eyona nto imangalisayo malunga nencwadi yayingubani
ivume. Kwi-flap yebhatyi kwakukho indumiso ephezulu evela ku-Isabel Bolton,
UJohn Horne Burns, uLeonard Bernstein, uChristopher Isherwood, kunye
UCarl Van Vechten-ngubani owayeneminyaka yee-1950s queer Literati.
A
Usuku Olude lokufa
isebenza neqela labahlobo bohemian
kwiimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo zesini. Iyahamba kwaye iyothusa-qaphela
inkawu efuywayo enencakuba enqamlezileyo-mhlawumbi yonke into
ngakumbi kuba uBuechner ngoku ungumfundi wezakwalizwi owaziwayo we-Episcopalian.
My
uphendlo luvelise iipateni ezithile ngokukhawuleza: naliphi na iphepha elivela kwi
Iminyaka yee-1950 enenkungu emfusa kwisigqubuthelo yajika yaba mbi; ikhava
imigca yethegi ekhankanya "umtshato ongaqhelekanga" okanye "i
twilight world” yayingabantu abathandanayo nabo. UThomas Hal Phillips
Indlela yeBitterweed
akazange azame nokufihla umxholo wayo.
Ngelixa ikhava yayo yayinenzwana, eyakhiwe kakuhle, indoda engenahempe kunye
umfazi omhle ekuwolweni phantsi kweshedi, ngasemva
ikhava yachaza (ngokuchanekileyo) ukuba yayiyinoveli “engaqhelekanga
unxantathu” phakathi koyise, unyana wakhe, noyena nyana ubalaseleyo
umhlobo. (UTomas, osaphila, wabhala iinxalenye zikaRobert Altman
ifilimu
Nashville
.) Eneneni, uninzi lwezi ncwadi aluzange luzifihle
umxholo wabo queer. Iqweqwe lohlelo olunephepha likaCharles
UJackson ngo-1946
Ukuwa kweValor
features a close-up
yobuso bomfazi xa ejonga ngasemva ukuze abone umyeni wakhe elayita
icuba lenye indoda. Umgca wethegi ngaphezulu komfanekiso uyafundeka,
"Ibali elinamandla lothando oluphikisanayo lwendoda."
Ukuthembela
kwezi ndlela, kunye nethuku kunye ne-snooping endala, ndifumene,
ekugqibeleni, iinoveli ezingama-273 ezipapashwe ngoomatshini bokushicilela abaqhelekileyo phakathi kuka-1940
kunye no-1969 kunye nabalinganiswa abaziwayo be-gay, iiploti, okanye imixholo.
Abanye baba ngababhali abadumileyo. A.J. KwiCronin
eyothusayo ngo-1950 inoveli
Umgadi wegadi waseSpain
, umzekelo, iinkcukacha
uthando, ubudlelwane obuvuselela inkanuko phakathi kwenkwenkwe eneminyaka eli-12 ubudala kunye neyakhe
umgcini wegadi katata. Inoveli kaGrace Zaring Stone ka-1951
The
IGrotto
uphonononga ingqondo yowesifazane osebenza nonyana wakhe
ubufanasini. Ezinye zezi ncwadi zabhalwa ngababhali abangazange bapapashe
kwakhona. Incwadi kaRalph Leveridge ka-1951
Hamba phezu kwamanzi
libali elihle lamajoni awayevaleleke emiseleni eMzantsi
Isiqithi saseLwandle ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kunye nendlela abadibana ngayo nendoda ye-gay
oliziko leqela labo. Inoveli kaGerald Tesch ka-1956
Ayisoze yafana Kwakhona
uphonononga ngovelwano olukhulu
Ubudlelwane benkwenkwe eneminyaka eli-13 ubudala kunye nendoda endala kwiMidwestern encinci
idolophu.
Richard
Brooks's 1945 inoveli
Isitena Foxhole
yayisisiseko
kwifilimu ka-1951
Crossfire
, uphawu lwaseHollywood
ifilimu ebhenca inkcaso yobuYuda. Kodwa xa ndifunda le noveli, yajika
ngaphandle kokungabi malunga nokuchaswa kwamaYuda, kodwa malunga ne-homophobia. Abenzi befilimu
yayitshintshe isiqendu esibalulekileyo sebali sokubulawa kuka-
ubufanasini ekubulaweni kwendoda engumYuda.
It
kwakusemva kokuba ndifundile
Isitena Foxhole
endiyifumeneyo
ukuba, ngelixa zonke ezi noveli zithetha, ukuya kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ukuzonda abantu abathandana ngamafanasini
kunye nobomi bamadoda angama-gay, ezininzi zezi noveli zikwathetha nezinye
imiba yezopolitiko esekwe kwizazisi.
Isitena Foxhole
yayi ngeyo
ngokulula malunga nokuchaswa kwamaYuda, kodwa kubhekiselwe kubuhlanga, ukucaphukela,
nokuthiya abafazi ngokunjalo. Enyanisweni, luhlalutyo olusondeleyo
ukuba ubudoda obuzinzile emva kwemfazwe babungunobangela wokuba “yintoni
yayingalunganga ngeMelika. ” Yinoveli eqatha kakhulu ekufuneka
ukuba—ukuba bekungalibaleki—kusembindini wecanon yeradical
U.S. ukubhala. Incwadi efana neWard Thomas's 1949
Ngomnye
Ezweni
-echaza ubomi bomfundisi-ntsapho othandana nomntu othandana naye
kwidolophu encinci yaseNew England iphathwa kakubi yindoda ehamba nayo
ulele-yakha ingxoxo yayo yokuziphatha ngokuchasene nengcinezelo yamafanasini
ngokwenza uthelekiso olude kunye nemeko yamaYuda kwimihla kaHitler
Jemani. Yiyo, ngokutsho kwam, enye yeenoveli zokuqala zase-US
ukukhankanya ngokukodwa iDachau neAuschwitz njengeenkampu zokufa. Oku
ukuhambelana okuthe ngqo phakathi kwengxaki yentlalo yamafanasini kunye nokuchaswa kwamaYuda
ikwabasa uJohn Rae's 1961
Amakhwenkwe eCustard
, waseBritani
inoveli engelali encinci yaseNgilani ethetha ngeembacu zamaJuda
kunye nokukhula, kunye nokusebenza kakhulu, i-homoeroticism phakathi kolutsha
abafana besikolo. Emva kokuba omnye wamakhwenkwe eswelekile ngenxa yedolophu
I-homophobia enzulu, umyalezo weenoveli awunakubaleka. UJohn Horne
Burns ngowe-1949
Lucifer NgeNcwadi
-kubekwe ngasese,
Isikolo samakhwenkwe esifana ne-Andover-like eNew England-sikwasiphathela
Umyalezo ocacileyo wendlela i-homophobia eyinxalenye kunye nenxalenye yokuchasa ubuJuda
kunye nobuhlanga.
Nobuhlanga
ucalucalulo, kunjalo, lukhona kuJames Baldwin's 1961
enye
ilizwe
, kodwa ikho nakwezinye iinoveli ezininzi.
ULonnie Coleman ngo-1958
Inenekazi laseMzantsi
uqaqambileyo
inoveli emalunga nokuvalwa kobugxwayiba-kubizwa ngokuba "kudlula"
apha—kunye nohlanga, njengoko iyelenqe lalo lijikela “imfihlelo”
ixesha elidlulileyo lombalisi kunye nomlinganiswa wesihloko. UCharles Wright
1963
Umthunywa
imalunga nomthunywa webhayisekile wase-Afrika-waseMelika
naye uyaphoxa. Itsala kwilifa lomsebenzi kaBaldwin,
kodwa inelizwi elibalisayo elicacileyo nelezopolitiko. Loren
Wahl's
Iglasi engabonakaliyo
-isihloko sayo sivela
isicatshulwa nguW.E.B. I-Du Bois-yinoveli emangalisayo ebekwe kuyo
I-Italiya ekupheleni kwemfazwe, malunga ne-gay lieutenant emhlophe ewayo
ethandana nomqhubi wejeep wase-Afrika-waseMelika. I
Incwadi ijongana nokucalulana ngokobuhlanga kunye nokungavisisani kwabantu abathandanayo eMkhosini—i
Abalimi baseTaliyane abadibana nabo bakhululekile kuzo zombini-kwaye
unamandla kwaye uyakhanyisa. Amadoda aphela esabelana ngesondo (luthando
enye, ubuhlobo kwenye) kwaye ngelixa iincwadi ziphela kabuhlungu,
sisityholo esixhokonxayo sokunganyamezeli.
So
ludibanise ntoni lonke olu phando? Ewe, kucacile ukuba ezi
iinoveli—kwaye ndiqhubeka ndifumana ezingakumbi—yayiyinxalenye eyamkelekileyo
emva kwemfazwe inkcubeko yoncwadi yaseU.S. Xa ucinga ngako, oku kwenza
ingqiqo epheleleyo. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yatshintsha kakhulu ubomi babantu baseMelika,
ngakumbi malunga nemiba yesini kunye nesini. Ngokwemveli
iingcamango zajikwa entloko. Ngexesha lemfazwe, abafazi benza
kwaye wagqwesa kwimisebenzi emininzi “yamadoda”; amadoda okulwa anobukroti
emingxunyeni nasezinqanaweni zakuqonda ukuba kuthetha ukuthini na
ukuba sesichengeni kwaye uvulekele ngokwasemphefumlweni (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngokwasemzimbeni
ngokuthandana) namanye amadoda. Ingcamango yokuba kwakuthetha ukuthini “ukuba
indoda” yacelwa umngeni ngokuqatha ekupheleni kwemfazwe njengabantu
wasuka edabini wasiwa eofisini.
Ngexesha
ngeli xesha, i-U.S. yazifumana phakathi koluntu olukhulu
ingxoxo yokuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba yindoda okanye ibhinqa. Le ngxoxo
kwenzeka kwiscreen semovie, apho uJames Dean noMarlon Brando
yabonisa iU.S. ukuba “amadoda okwenene” anokuba neemvakalelo kunye
khala. Kwimigangatho nakumabonwakude, u-Elvis wabonisa ilizwe ukuba
“indoda yokwenyani” yayikwazi ukushukuma isinqe ize ishukumise isinqe
ngeendlela zokwabelana ngesondo njengoko kungekho ndoda (emhlophe) eyakha yanesibindi sokuyenza
uluntu. Kuncwadi, iinoveli zaqala ukubonisa ihlabathi apho
ukhetho olwalunikelwa “kumadoda okwenene” lwaluntsonkothile ngakumbi
kunanini na ngaphambili. Nditsho neenoveli zemfazwe ezinconywa kakhulu ezinjengoNorman
EkaMailer
Abahamba Ze nabafileyo
kunye noJames Jones
Ukusuka Apha ukuya kuNaphakade
zizaliswe ziingxoxo neziqendu
malunga nobufanasini. Ubufanasini bamadoda, ndafumanisa ukuba
ayingomxholo ofihlakeleyo ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Yayisoloko ingumxholo kawonke-wonke
oko kwakushukuxwa shushu, kokubini ngokuphandle nangokuzolileyo, ngeendlela ezininzi.
kodwa
singenza ntoni ngezinye iindlela zezopolitiko ezihamba ngazo
le misebenzi? Kanye njengokuba imixholo yobufanasini ezininzi zezi ncwadi
zalahleka (mhlawumbi ngenjongo, ngenxa yokuba zazisongela kakhulu),
ngokunjalo neminye imixholo yabo ebukhali ngokunjalo. Siye sacinga
ukuba i-anti-Semitism yaphendulwa kuphela kwiinoveli zeengxaki zentlalo ezifana
Laura Z. Hobson's
Umnumzana
Melwano
(apho "umYuda" ngokwenene i-Episcopalian ukuzenza
ukuba ngumYuda) okanye kwiinoveli zikaSaul Bellow okanye uBernard Malamud. Ngaphandle
kuRichard Wright, bambalwa abafundi abaziyo nayiphi na imfazwe yasemva kwemfazwe yase-Afrika-yaseMelika
ababhali. Okubangela umdla kukuba, uWillard Motley, owayengum-Afrika-waseMelika
umbhali othengisa kakhulu, ubukhulu becala wabhala malunga nabamhlophe, amaTaliyane asebenzayo
kunye nePoles eChicago, into ebangele ukuba anyamalale
izifundo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo "ababhali abamnyama American" kwi
1950 kunye 1960s. Njengoko "kukubhala kwe-gay" emva ko-1969-
xa intshukumo ye-gay yenza ngokwaneleyo impembelelo yenkcubeko ukuyila
uhlobo-ezi ncwadi azingeni lula kulo naluphi na udidi.
I
n
Ngo-1969, ngokuqala kwentshukumo yanamhlanje yama-gay, kunye nabaninzi
ezinye izinto, i-liberationists gay ibango ilungelo lokudala entsha
uncwadi. Bayibiza ngokuba luncwadi "lwe-gay", ngaloo ndlela behlula
kuyo yonke into ebingaphambi kwayo. Nokuba unovelwano kangakanani na,
zahlukeneyo, zinengqiqo, zihlakaniphile, okanye zinyanisekile ezi noveli zangaphambi kweStonewall
kusenokwenzeka ukuba, babonwa, yile ntshukumo yanamhlanje, njengeyakudala,
ephelelwe lixesha, nokuzithiya. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, kwafika iincwadi ezintsha
ngaphandle, uninzi lwezi zihloko zangaphambili zathunyelwa kumgqomo wothuli
yembali.
I
cinga ukuba oku kukwakho—ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo—kwenzeka ntoni
eminye imixholo kwezi noveli.
Amakhwenkwe eCustard
or
Ngomnye
Ezweni
ngewayenokukhunjulwa ngokulula “njengamaYuda
iinoveli” okanye iincwadi ezithetha ngokuchaswa kwamaYuda, kodwa akunjalo. Nge
ngaphandle kokumbalwa, uncwadi lwase-U.S olunomyalezo wezopolitiko alukho
inikwe imbeko kakhulu. Ifundiswa ikakhulu kwiikhosi zasekholejini
enezihloko ezinjengethi “U.S. Uncwadi loKhuselo” okanye uthotyiwe
kwimibhalo esemazantsi kwii-anthologies.
In
ukutyhila le zihloko—kunye nokufumana uvuyo olukhulu ekufundeni
kunye nokubhala ngabo-inxalenye enomdla yezopolitiko kunye
imbali enenkqubela phambili iye yafunyanwa kwakhona. Kodwa ikwakhokelwa
kum kwiindlela ezintsha zokucinga malunga nexesha langoku. Intshukumo ye-gay-ngaphandle
kunyaka wayo wokuqala xa ngokwenene “yayingumbutho wenkululeko”
ngeyona ngqiqo ibanzi-ayizange ifune ukuphangalala
umbono wayo wokunxibelelana namanye amaqela ezopolitiko. Oko ndakufundayo
apha yayikukuba ezi zidibaniso zenziwa kwi-1940s kwaye
Ngama-1950s.
Isitena Foxhole
libonisa ihlabathi apho intiyo yobufanasini
kwaye inkcaso yobuYuda inxibelelene nobuhlanga nentiyo yobuhlanga
abafazi. Ngumbono okhule uphuma kwezona politiki zinenkqubela phambili
Yexesha lasemva kwemfazwe, kwaye enye, kwabaninzi, ilahlekile kakhulu
Ngoku.
UMichael Bronski
Incwadi yamva nje nguP
ulp Friction: Ukutyhila iXesha Eliqhelekileyo
yeGay Male Pulps.