Umbhali-mbali owaziwayo uNelson Lichtenstein uthi: “Ugwayimbo olude ludla ngokuba lugwayimbo olungaphumeleliyo. Ukanti olona gwayimbo lude kwimbali yase-US-idabi leminyaka esixhenxe labasebenzi be-United Auto neKohler Corporation ukusuka ngo-1954 ukuya kowe-1961-yajika yaba luloyiso olumangalisayo kumanyano. Uqhankqalazo lwaluzinze e-Sheboygan, eWisconsin, idolophu emalunga nama-50,000 ekunxweme lweLake Michigan. I-Kohler, eyasekwa ngo-1873 ukuvelisa igumbi lokuhlambela kunye nekhitshi, yaqala njengedolophu yenkampani, inikezela ngezindlu kunye nezinto eziluncedo kubasebenzi. Kodwa kwangethuba, xa uKohler eqalisa ukuphungula imivuzo, ugwayimbo olungaphumelelanga lwaqhambuka ngo-1897 kodwa lwasilela nangona ethathe inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkokeli zobusoshiyali u-Eugene Debs kunye nengqungquthela yexesha elizayo uVictor Berger.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo iKohlers yayilolona sapho lunamandla kurhulumente, luvelise iirhuluneli ezimbini: uWalter Kohler Sr. ukusuka ngo-1929-31, kwaye kamva uWalter Omnci., kwiminyaka emithathu yokuqala yogwayimbo, kunye namaxesha akhe amabini aqala ngo-1951 kwaye aphela. ngo-1957. AbakwaKohler baphinde bavelisa elinye ilungu losapho, uTerry, owabalekela irhuluneli ngo-1982 nowathi waxakwa njengoko wayeshumayela “imisebenzi, imisebenzi, imisebenzi, imisebenzi” ngelixa iVollrath Corporation awayeyikhokela yayifudusa imisebenzi kwi-anti-union. Emazantsi naseMexico. I-Kohlers nayo yayinothungelwano lwesizwe lwabalondolozi abanempembelelo efana noSenator uBarry Goldwater kunye neenkokheli ze-right-wing corporate ezathi kamva zabaxhasa ngokuchasene ne-United Auto Workers ekubuyiseleni iinzuzo ezenziwe ngabantu abasebenzayo.
IKohler Corporation yabonisa ukukulungela kwayo ukutyumza amalungelo abasebenzi ngayo nayiphi na indlela eyimfuneko, ngokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngowe-1934 kwabagwali nabaxhasi xa abagwali ababini ababengaxhobanga badutyulwa baza babulawa “ngamasekela akhethekileyo” awayegaywe nguKohler, nabanye abangama-47 benzakele—bonke badutyulwa ngasemva. .
Ngexesha loqhankqalazo luka-1934, bobabini uWalter Kohler, Sr. kunye negqwetha lenkampani uLyman Conger-naye esembindini wogwayimbo luka-1954-babonakala ngathi yinkulungwane ye-19 kaCharles Dickens iicaricatures zokungabi nanceba okungapheliyo kunye nokudelela isidima kunye nobomi babasebenzi. Kodwa babenobuqili ngokwaneleyo ukuba benze uhlengahlengiso olungephi xa benyanzelwa ziimeko. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, banyamezele ukubunjwa komanyano lwendawo olungenamazinyo, oludityaniswe ne-AFL-CIO, ukuze bafumane izivumelwano zikarhulumente ngexesha leWWII. Kwaye ukuphendula kubasebenzi ababekhalazela imanyano emva kwemfazwe, baseka imanyano elawulwa yinkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiKohler Workers Association. Kodwa i-Kohler "imanyano" yakhawuleza yalahlekelwa ukuba semthethweni kwaye, ngo-1952, abasebenzi bavotela ukudibanisa ne-United Auto Workers. I-UAW Local 833 yayizimisele ukuququzelela abasebenzi baseKohler kwaye yakwazi ukuphumelela unyulo oluqinisekisiweyo ngo-1952.
Ngo-1953, umanyano olwalusakhulayo lwanyanzela uKohler ukuba asayine isivumelwano sonyaka omnye, kodwa ngowe-1954, uKohler waqinisa ukuma kwawo, wagatya amabango emanyano yonyuso kancinane, nangona imanyano yawuqhawula phakathi, yaye wayigatya. Ukuzingisa kwe-UAW ekugcineni inkqubo yolamlo eyayiza kunika imanyano umlinganiselo othile wamandla ekukhuseleni nasekuqhubeleni phambili iimfuno zamalungu ayo.
Olu qhankqalazo luqale ngeendibano zoqhankqalazo ezingama-4,000 ezithe zanika amandla amalungu e-UAW kunye neentsapho zawo. Elinye igqala kolu qhankqalazo likhumbule umbutho oxhasa “iintsuku zabafazi” kwimijelo yoqhankqalazo kwaye amabhinqa asabela ngenzondelelo eyothusa abaninzi.
Undoqo kwiqhinga le-UAW yaba kukusetyenziswa kobunzima “belly-to-back” ukuchola okuthe kwadala udonga olungangeni moya lwabahlaseli abajikeleze umzi-mveliso we-Kohler, luthintela ngokufanelekileyo izicwangciso zika-Kohler zokuzisa “ukhwekhwe” abasebenzi abangena endaweni. Malunga nabasebenzi abangama-2,800 kwabangama-3,300 benkampani bazibandakanya neepikethi. Esi sityalo siye sayeka ukusebenza kangangeenyanga ezimbini. U-Herbert Kohler emva koko waphinda waqala ukuvelisa kunye nomsebenzi ongeyomanyano. Iminyaka emithandathu yobundlobongela obungaqhelekanga buqhubekile phakathi kwabaqhankqalazi kunye nabaqhekezi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkampani yayiza kuhlawulisa abachasi ngezenzo ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 300 zokonakalisa izinto. Ngesinye isihlandlo, kwabanjwa abantu abangaphezu kwama-12. Iifowuni zokwaywa kweemveliso ze-Kohler zazivakala kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zisebenza. Abahlaseli baye bakwazi ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo ngenxa ye-XNUMX yezigidi zeedola ezibonelelwe yi-UAW. UHerbert Kohler wayixhathisa yonke imigudu yokulalanisa, de wasikhaba isibheno sikawonke-wonke somtshana wakhe, iRhuluneli uWalter J. Kohler, Omnci.
Inkampani ikwazile ukuphumelela isigunyaziso esisekwe kwingcaciso yenkundla ephikisa ukuba ezo ndlela zokuchola bezizinyanzelo. Kakade ke, olu hlobo lwesigwebo alunakucingelwa phantse kuyo yonke idemokhrasi esele ihambele phambili apho ukuqeshwa kwabasebenzi ababambeleyo kuthintelwe ngokuthe ngqo kuba oko kulichasa ngokuthe ngqo ilungelo lokugwayimba. "Uqhankqalazo lwe-Kohler lutyhila ukuba ungakanani na umkhosi wepicket wehlile kumashumi amabini eminyaka," utshilo uJoe Burns kwincwadi yakhe. Ukuvuselela Uqhankqalazo Ngasemva. UBurns uthi eli yayiliqhinga elingalunganga. “Nangona kunjalo, emva kweenyanga ezimbini kuphela ithobela isithintelo senkundla, umanyano lwayeka ukucholwa ngabantu abaninzi, nto leyo eyavumela ukuba imveliso iqhubeke. Ngokuzisa ugwayimbo ezinkundleni, u-Kohler ubenako ukuwisa ityala kwindawo evumayo, njengoko, phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1950, inkqubo yezomthetho yayithintele…imisebenzi yokukhetha, eyavumela u-Kohler ukuba agxothe abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo. isityalo siyavaleka. Okubaluleke kakhulu, uKohler wakwazi ukutshintsha ibali. Nangona ngeminyaka yee-1930, amalungu emanyano yabasebenzi ayebambelele kwilungelo lokuchola kwaye egculela abo babezama ukuwuchitha, ngeminyaka yoo-1950, abagwayimbo basebenzisa kwaamaqhinga afanayo babephathwa njengabaphuli-mthetho. Ngaloo ndlela, u-Kohler wakwazi ukuwenza ngokutsha lo mba njengomnye wobundlobongela bomanyano, ngokuchaseneyo noo-1930, xa imibutho yabasebenzi yayiboniswa ngokubanzi njengamaxhoba ohlaselo lwabaqeshi kwimigca yokuchola enoxolo. ”
Ukuvalwa kokuchongwa kwabantu abaninzi kunyanzelise utshintsho olusisiseko kwiqhinga lomanyano. Ngelixa igcina ubukho bomgca wepicket olomeleleyo, i-UAW yabeka phambili iphulo elikhulu lesizwe ngokuchasene nemveliso ye-Kohler. Ngelixa u-Kohler ekwazile ukutsala inani elikhulu labasebenzi ababambeleyo “ukhwekhwe” abasuka ngaphandle kwe-Sheboy-gan, isakhono senkampani sokuvelisa izixhobo zokuhlambela zachaswa yindibaniselwano yeenzame zokufikelela eluntwini ze-UAW kwezinye iimanyano kunye nezenzo zabatywini kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi bokwakha. amalungu adimaze ngokungacwangciswanga ukufakwa kweemveliso zeKohler. Izenzo zasemva kwee-plumbers, ngokukodwa, zikwazi ukukholisa ngokufanelekileyo abakhi ekusebenziseni iimpahla zikaKohler. Ngelixa ezo zenzo zomanyano ngokuchasene “nomthwalo oshushu” zaye zavalwa phantsi koMthetho we-Taft-Hartley ukuba zenziwe ngokusesikweni nangokubonakalayo, izenzo zabatywini zazizolile, kodwa zisebenza ngokugqithisileyo, kwaye zaphumelela ekuphepheni izohlwayo ezisemthethweni.
I-UAW ikhuthaze ezi nzame ngokulandela iilori zaseKohler kwiindawo apho inkampani iceba ukufakwa iimveliso zayo. Lo mbutho uphinde wafikelela kwisizwe siphela ukukhuthaza izenzo ezixhasa uqhankqalazo phakathi kweemanyano zabasebenzi. Ngeli xesha, abaqhankqalazi be-UAW bakwazile ukuzixhasa bona kunye neentsapho zabo ngendibaniselwano yenkxaso yogwayimbo lwe-UAW kunye nobonelelo oluninzi lwemisebenzi ekhoyo kumgama olula wokuhamba. Sekunjalo, iintsapho zazijongene nobunzima obunzulu: “Zazininzi, iintsuku ezininzi apho sasingenayo i-nickel endlini,” inkosikazi yomhlaseli yaxelela uWalter Uphoff, umbhali wembali eqinisekileyo yongquzulwano, uKohler on Strike: iminyaka engama-30 Ungquzulwano. Olu qhankqalazo lwahlukanisa uluntu: nangona malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zabantu kulo mmandla babebaxhasa abagwayimbo, ngokutsho kowayesakuba nguSenator weSizwe uCal Potter noyise wayesaquqa kuqhankqalazo, ungquzulwano lwalusaxabanisa umntakwabo nomzalwana. Ezinye iicawe ziye zayeka ukwenza amatheko ehlotyeni ngenxa yongquzulwano olwaqhambuka phakathi kwabagwayimbi kunye nokhwekhwe oluye lwalushiya olo qhankqalazo.
EKUKHUSELENI
Ngombutho wabasebenzi kwincopho yawo yobulungu (njengepesenti yabasebenzi) kunye nefuthe elikhulu lezopolitiko, umbutho womanyano ubangele uhlehla olukhulu oluvela kumaqumrhu kunye neLungelo elabeka intshukumo ekuzikhuseleni kwaye yakhokelela ekuhlanjululweni okuchasene nobukomanisi. yahlulahlula kakhulu kwaye yayenza buthathaka. Abasebenzi bajongene nezithintelo ezitsha zomthetho kuMthetho we-Taft-Hartley owaphunyezwa ngo-1947 owawukhuthaza imithetho echasene nomanyano "yelungelo lokusebenza" evimbela imibutho ukuba iqokelele iintlawulo kubo bonke abasebenzi abaxhamle kwiinzame zombutho ukubamela kunye nokulwela iimfuno zabo. Isiphumo yaba kukudityaniswa kwamazwe awayesakuba ngamakhoboka asemaZantsi njengendawo echasene nomanyano, isiseko semivuzo ephantsi esanceda ukudiliza imivuzo, ubulungu bomanyano, kunye namandla ezopolitiko kwisizwe sonke. U-Taft-Hartley ukwahluthe abasebenzi ilungelo labo lokusebenza ngokubambisana nezinye iimanyano, ekhupha ngokusemthethweni "ukwayikwa okwesibini" okujoliswe kwiinkampani ezichasene nomanyano.
I-UAW yaphendula ngokunika uNobhala-Nondyebo onamava onamava u-Emil Mazey Janesville ukuba ancedise ekukhokeleni ugwayimbo. UMongameli we-UAW uWalter Reuther ubonakalise ukuba ngumchasi owoyikekayo kwi-Goldwater xa u-Reuther wangqina kwiKomiti ye-McClellan echasene nomanyano, ekhusela ngokungqongqo imizabalazo yomanyano yamalungelo asisiseko omanyano e-Kohler.
Imanyano iphinde yamkela isicwangciso sonxibelelwano apho iinkokheli ze-UAW Local 833 zithetha rhoqo kumaphephandaba kwaye zakhupha ibhulethini yemihla ngemihla ukugcina amalungu enolwazi olupheleleyo kwaye akwazi ukugcina imvakalelo yabo yokubandakanyeka. Imanyano iphinde yadlala imisitho eqiqiweyo, enolwazi kumajelo eendaba apho uninzi lwamalungu lwalunxibe iimpahla zika-Abraham Lincoln ukubonisa ukuba imanyano yayimelene nolawulo lobukhoboka olwalubekwe nguKohler.
Ngo-1960, iBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi yathatha isigqibo ngokuchasene neNkampani yeKohler, yagweba ukuba yalile ukuxoxisana ngentembeko entle emva koqhankqalazo. UHerbert Kohler wayalelwa ukuba abuyisele abasebenzi abali-1,700 emsebenzini. Kuthathe amatyala omabini kunye neminyaka emibini ngaphezulu ukuba abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi benze isivumelwano, kodwa umba okrakra wembuyekezo kubagwayi awukasonjululwa. NgoDisemba 1965, iKohler Company yavuma ukuhlawula i-3 yezigidi zeerandi kumvuzo ongemva kubasebenzi abali-1,400 ababefudula bengabaqeshwa yaza yanikezela nge-1.5 yezigidi zeerandi kwingxowa-mali yomhlalaphantsi. Imanyano yabasebenzi ivumile ukuba kungabikho zityholo zimbi ezisukela kuqhankqalazo. Olona qhankqalazo lukhulu kwimbali yaseMelika luphele ngoloyiso olukhulu lomanyano. Nangona kunjalo, okoko uloyiso lwaseKohler, isikhundla sabasebenzi siye sawohloka kwiinkalo ezininzi eziphambili:
- Aye acutheka amandla omsebenzi, ukuze umbutho womanyano wamele ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sesihlanu sama-35 epesenti yesabelo sabasebenzi becandelo labucala kunokuba lenza phakathi koo-1950 xa ugwayimbo lwaseKohler lwalugquba.
- Ukonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yabasebenzi esekelwe kumanyano kunye noluntu. Izithethe esele ziphuhlisiwe zokuzabalaza kunye ukuze balwele ulawulo oluthe kratya kubomi babo bezidilika phantsi kweziphumo zeendlela zokuhlala ezihlala ezidolophini kunye nentshabalalo ebangelwe kukuchithwa kwemizi-mveliso.
- Ukuchaswa kwelungelo lokugwayimba njengemithetho yezabasebenzi yase-US, ixesha elide elona lungelo lincinci likhusela abasebenzi kulo naliphi na ilizwe elihambele phambili, liye laxhatshazwa ngokungenalusini ngamaqumrhu amakhulu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuphulukaneni nelungelo lokugwayimba ngaphandle koloyiko lweziphumo ezibi.
Ukukwazi kwabasebenzi ukunyusa imivuzo kunye nokuphucula iimeko, kungekhona kumalungu abo kuphela, kodwa kubasebenzi bonke kunye noninzi lwabantu abaphakathi, kwacaca ngexesha loqhankqalazo lwe-Kohler kwaye womelezwa luloyiso lwe-UAW kunye namanye amanyathelo phambili ngabasebenzi. . Kodwa i-capital iphinde yawufumana umhlaba wezoqoqosho nezopolitiko ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yalahleka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 kunye noo-1970 xa ubungxowankulu babucelwa umngeni kwinqanaba leengcamango nangeentshukumo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, kubandakanywa uqhankqalazo lwezikhundla kunye nefayile, ugwayimbo olubalulekileyo, imisebenzi yasefektri, kunye neenzame ezininzi zombono zokucela umngeni kulawulo lolawulo njengephulo labasebenzi lokuthenga ilitye lokusila intsimbi ekucimeni kokuvalwa eYoungstown, eOhio.
Xa kuthelekiswa kakhulu, eli xesha langoku liphawulwa kukubhubha kwabantu abaninzi abasebenzayo njengoko imivuzo isihla-nangona irekhodi lengeniso yeCorporate America-kunye neefemu ezinengeniso ephezulu njengeGeneral Electric, iBoeing, kunye neCaterpillar zinciphisa imivuzo kwaye zithumele imisebenzi phesheya kolwandle. Isoyikiso sokufuduswa kwemveliso ukuze kuhluthwe iminyinyiva kubasebenzi-nangona ingekho semthethweni, kodwa phantse ingazange ifumane isohlwayo yaba yinxalenye yesiqhelo yengxoxo edibeneyo. Abasebenzi kunye neenkokheli zemanyano yabo babone izigidi zemisebenzi isiya elunxwemeni, ngelixa olu hlobo lwesicwangciso solawulo lwalungazange lusetyenziswe kugwayimbo luka-1954 lwaseKohler.
UDIDI IMFAZWE IYAQHUBEKA
Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo amacandelo awongamileyo e-Corporate America aye anciphisa amandla abasebenzi ukusuka kwindawo ephezulu yokumela ama-35 epesenti yabasebenzi phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kutsho ngoku kwi-6.6 yeepesenti yabasebenzi becandelo labucala. Inkcubeko yabasebenzi kunye nenkxaso ebanzi apho abasebenzi baseKohler babexhomekeke kuyo ayisekho isiseko esibanzi nesinamandla seziko.
Mhlawumbi omnye weyona mithombo ingaxatyiswanga kangako yokomelela kwentshukumo yabasebenzi ibikukuqiniswa kobudlelwane phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala zabasebenzi apho behlala khona kwaye benxibelelana ngokwasentlalweni kunye neefektri ezibadibanise phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zoxhatshazo. Umanyano olomeleleyo logwayimbo luka-1954 lwanika iintsapho ukuzimisela ukunyamezela intswelo enkulu.
Ubuninzi bolu manyano lunokubalelwa kubudlelwane phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kunye noluntu. Ngezitrato ezininzi ezinabemi abaninzi ngabahlaseli baseKohler, abo bakhetha ukuzifunela inzuzo yabo ngeendleko zabaninzi baye bangathandwa ngoko nangoko nangenkumbulo. Kodwa e-Sheboygan, ukususela kuqhankqalazo, abasebenzi baqala ukusasazeka kwindawo yonke, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni babe nemvakalelo ephantsi kakhulu yokubandakanyeka kwinkcubeko efanayo yabasebenzi kunye nomanyano lwemibutho. Kwiindawo ezininzi, inkcubeko yomanyano iye yaqhawuka ngenxa yokususwa kwemizi-mveliso. Njengoko kubonwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke waseHarvard uNjingalwazi uKathryn Eden, owahlola iindawo ezihlala kuMzantsi Philadelphia, “Olu luntu lusebenza ngabantu abamhlophe—ebesakuba luqilima, ludlamkile, luzidla, luhlala lulungelelaniswa kumashishini amakhulu—lukwimeko embi kakhulu. Ilaphu lentlalontle kwezi ndawo liyaqhekeka. Kukho ukuzibandakanya okuncinci kubomi bonqulo kwaye imibutho yakudala yoluntu abantu ababefudula behamba kuyo iyaphela. Iziyobisi ziye zalonakalisa le mimandla, kunye noqhawulo-mtshato, ukukhotyokiswa butywala nogonyamelo.”
Oku kubhangiswa koluntu lwabasebenzi lwenzeka naphi na apho kuchithwa khona ushishino. “Kwinkqubo yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, inkcubeko eyathatha iminyaka engama-200 ukwakhiwa yaqhekeka kwiminyaka engama-20,” utshilo umcholacholi weendaba waseBritani uPaul Mason. Phila ngokusebenza okanye uFa usilwa. “Akukho sizathu sokuyikhalela, kodwa yinto engavunywayo neyenzeka kwihlabathi liphela kuyo yonke indawo umsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo kunye nomanyano lwentlalo lwalukhe lwaqina. Kufana nokuba kukho uhlobo oluthile lwentlungu yehlabathi lonke, olungenakuchazwa phantsi konyango, ngenxa yokufa kwabantu abamanyeneyo, abanesidima esiphakamileyo nabanolangazelelo lobomi obuyibheji yokuba ngabasebenzi ngexesha lokukhula koqoqosho lwasemva kwemfazwe.”
Enkosi kwimithetho yezabasebenzi yase-US ekhethekileyo phakathi kwedemokhrasi esele ihambele phambili, iinkampani zase-US zibonakalise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuzimisela kwazo ukulahla abasebenzi abangamagqala abanobuganga bokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokugwayimba kwaye, ngoncedo lwabacebisi ababiza imali eninzi kunye namalungiselelo anexabiso elikhulu, ukubabuyisela ngokusisigxina abasebenzi. ethathwe kumkhosi omkhulu wogcino lwabangasebenziyo. Amalungu eManyano abone oku ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiifemu ezifana nePhelps-Dodge, Greyhound, Hormel, International Paper, Eastern Airlines, Continental Airlines, International Paper, kunye neCaterpillar. Ngenxa yoko, inani loqhankqalazo lwasemva kwemfazwe olubandakanya abasebenzi abayi-1,000 okanye ngaphezulu, liye lehla ukusuka kwi-470 ngo-1952 ukuya kutsho kwi-5 ngo-2009 kunye ne-15 ngo-2013.
Kwizikhuselo zamandla omanyano kuMbindi-ntshona, eMpuma, nakuNxweme lwePasifiki, uninzi lwemizabalazo yabasebenzi de kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 (ngaphandle kwemida) yenzeke phakathi kweendawo ezivalelweyo apho iimanyano zabasebenzi zazifuna iikhontrakthi kumaqumrhu abonakala ngathi amiliselwe kwiindawo ebezisebenza kuzo.
U-Kohler uzame umzamo omnye wokuhlola ukujongela phantsi ugwayimbo luka-1954 ngokufudusa imveliso kwisityalo sakhe esitsha kumvuzo ophantsi waseSpartanburg, eMzantsi Carolina. Kodwa umthamo wesityalo wawumncinci kakhulu ukuvelisa imveliso eyaneleyo ukuba nefuthe kwisiphumo somzabalazo phezu komanyano eSheboygan. Nangona kunjalo, uKohler ekugqibeleni wasifudusela isabelo esikhulu semveliso yase-US ngaphandle kwe-US “Malunga nama-50 epesenti yayo yonke imveliso yemveliso yaseMelika ngoku ifumaneka kumazwe angaphandle kwaye eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yokulahleka kwemisebenzi yethu ibe sisiphumo seefemu zase-US ezithumela kumazwe angaphandle. e-US okanye ukuvelisa kumazwe aphesheya oko bebekhe bakuvelisa apha,” ngokutsho kwengcali yezoqoqosho uJeff Faux, umbhali we Imfazwe yeKlasi yehlabathi kwaye Uqoqosho loMkhonzi. Iziphumo zolu fuduko luninzi lwemizi-mveliso lubonakala kabuhlungu kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlala eziphawulwe ziifektri zemimoya okanye amaqashiso angenamntu, njengoko ilizwe libone ukuvalwa kweefektri ezingama-56,190 ukusukela ngo-2002, ngokutsho kukaDonald L. Bartlett noJames B. Steele Ukungcatshwa kwephupha laseMelika.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, iKohler Corporation ilandele isicwangciso sokunciphisa imisebenzi e-Sheboygan ukusuka malunga ne-3,000 ukuya kwi-1,800. “Ngeminyaka yee-1990, uKohler wayenothotho lwemibhobho yamanzi, ifenitshala, nemizi-mveliso yeenjini kuwo wonke uMzantsi Merika apho imithetho ephathelele ilungelo lokuya emsebenzini ikhuthaza abaphathi ukuba bacinezele okanye benze izithembiso kubasebenzi ngabanye, ngaloo ndlela benciphisa ngokuphawulekayo amalungu ombutho anokubakho yaye behlisa imivuzo. ” Umbhali-mbali uKathryn Oberdick uthi, “iKohler ukususela ngoko iye yavula umzi-mveliso wesibini eReynosa, eMexico, imizi-mveliso emihlanu eTshayina, yaye kutshanje, umzi-mveliso wemibhobho yamanzi eGujarat, eIndiya.”
Le pateni yokufunwa kwehlabathi yanika iqumrhu amandla amakhulu ngo-2010 xa lalifuna ukuba amalungu e-UAW e-Sheboygan amkele inkqubo yemivuzo enemigangatho emibini. I-UAW Local 833, ngokuhambelana nezithethe zayo zokulwa, yasabela kuqala nge-rally yamalungu angama-3,000, abadla umhlala-phantsi, kunye noluntu kunye nabaxhasi babasebenzi.
Kodwa ekuphenduleni ukuchasa kwe-UAW, umnini-ntsapho oyintloko wenkampani, u-Herbert V. Kohler, wabhengeza kwileta eya kubasebenzi ukuba imisebenzi ye-Sheboygan ayizinzeki kumanqanaba akhoyo entlawulo kunye nenzuzo. "Le ndawo iza kuqhubeka nokucutheka" ngaphandle kwemvume efunwa nguKohler. Ngoko ke iKohler Corp. yanyanzelisa inkqubo yemivuzo entlantlu-ntathu, enabasebenzi abakhoyo, abafumana i-avareji yeedola ezingama-22.54 ngeyure, besamkela ukumiswa komvuzo weminyaka emihlanu kunye nokwandisa iminikelo yokhathalelo lwempilo.
Ikomiti yothethathethwano yasekuhlaleni yacebisa ukuba kuvotelwe “hayi” kwisindululo senkampani, kodwa uninzi lwamalungu—luziva lunexhala malunga nokufuduswa kwemisebenzi lwaza lwamkela iimfuno zenkampani.
Abasebenzi abatsha kwi-"Tier B" baya kufumana kuphela i-65 yepesenti yomvuzo okhoyo-okanye malunga ne-14.70 yeedola ngeyure, isixa esixhomekeke kumyinge wokwenziwa kwemveliso yasekhaya, nangona i-Kohler inkulu kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na indawo ene-4.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwintengiso yonyaka. Ngokucacileyo, iKohler Corp. yayijolise ekuthatheni indawo yabasebenzi abakwinqanaba eliphezulu njengoko bethatha umhlala-phantsi, kunye nabasebenzi benza i-35 yepesenti ibe ngaphantsi kunye neenzuzo ezimbalwa. Inqanaba lesithathu "labaqeshwa abaqhelekileyo," abaza kubandakanya ama-25 epesenti yabasebenzi, baya kuhlawulwa ngeepesenti ezingama-65, kunye nezibonelelo ezincitshisiweyo.
Olona didi luphantsi “lwabantu abaqhelekileyo” banokusebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25 pesenti yeeyure zizonke kumzi-mveliso phantsi kweemfuno zenkampani. Baza kufumana i-14.70 yeedola, kodwa akukho ncedo lwezempilo, nangona babeza kufaneleka kubulungu bomanyano.
Ngelixa imeko yabasebenzi e-Kohler yayijonge ezantsi ngokucacileyo, umnini ka-Kohler u-Herbert Kohler Omnci. wayesonwabele ukwanda kobutyebi bakhe. Kuba inkampani yabucala ayifunwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba ikhuphe amanani engeniso kuba kungekho banikazi bamasheya, ixabiso lobuqu lika-Kohler lolona linganiso lubalaseleyo lwemeko yeKohler Corporation. U-Kohler wabandezeleka kubutyebi bakhe bobuqu ukusuka kwi-3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-2009 ukuya kwi-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2010 kunye nokudilika kwezindlu-kunye neemveliso zemibhobho ehambelana nayo-okubangelwa yi-Wall Street meltdown. Ngo-2012, uKohler kunye nobutyebi bentsapho yakhe ekugqibeleni bafikelela kwi-6.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ngokutsho Forbes uluhlu lwamaphephancwadi abona baseMerika abazizityebi.
Kwi-2006, i Wall Street Journal wachaza utyalo-mali lukaKohler—njengokuthengwa kwendawo yokuzalwa yegalufa edumileyo ehlabathini eSt. Andrews Scotland—“njengeeprojekthi zamampunge” ezijoliswe “koosozigidi bezigidi zegalufa abathakathiweyo.”
UKUTSHATYISWA KWEZISHISHINO
Ngenxa yemigudu yabasebenzi-eyakhula ukusuka ekuphelisweni kweminyaka yee-1920 ukuya kwintshukumo enkulu emele ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu sabasebenzi baseMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1950s-imigangatho yokuphila yabasebenzi base-US yenyuka kabukhali, ngaxeshanye yonyusa umvuzo kunye neenzuzo zokukhula. abakumgangatho ophakathi ngeminyaka yoo-1930, kwaye basebenzisa amandla ogwayimbo lokuhlala phantsi oluphazamisayo ukuhlanganisa indima yemibutho njengelizwi labasebenzi. Ugwayimbo lokuhlala phantsi luphinde lwabeka indima eyoyikeka ngokukodwa, lubeka amathandabuzo ngokungafihlisiyo imfuneko yolwalathiso lwabalawuli abangenalusini, abangoozwilakhe. Ukuba abasebenzi bebenako ukuthatha umzi-mveliso, ibiya kuba linyathelo elifutshane ukuwuqhuba ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yongxowankulu.
Ukuphendula, iCorporate America yasungula ubudlelwane obuzinzileyo boluntu kunye nepropaganda ehlasela imibutho yabasebenzi kunye neNdlela eNtsha kunye nenkqubo yeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi eye yandisa ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho lwabasebenzi kwaye yabamba isithembiso sokuyisongela ngocwangciso loqoqosho oluthe kratya lwaba phantsi kohlaselo oluzinzileyo kulo lonke. eli xesha, njengoko u-Elizabeth Fines-Wolf echaza kwi Ukuthengiswa koShishino lwasimahla.
Ngokwahlukileyo kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe yokwandisa ukulingana kwezoqoqosho kunye namandla ezopolitiko akhulayo abasebenzi, imfazwe eqhubekayo eqhutywa yinkampani isishiyile ingeniso yexesha langoku kunye nobutyebi ngoku bebulawulwa yeyona pesenti ye-1 ecebileyo ukuba i-US ibuyele kuyo. inqanaba lokungalingani okwaphawulwa buBudala obungenamkhethe kwiminyaka engama-90 eyadlulayo, kude kudlule ukungalingani okufumaneka kumazwe amaninzi eHlabathi Lesithathu, ngokutsho kweCIA Annual Yearbook. Phakathi kuka-2009 no-2012, i-95 yepesenti yeenzuzo zengeniso ziye zatshitshiswa ngepesenti enye ephezulu.
UKWAKHA KWAKHONA
Ngokusekelwe kule mikhwa kunye nokungaboni ntshukumo yabasebenzi ivuselelwe ngokungummangaliso igxalathelana ukuya kuhlangula, kusenokwenzeka ukuba siya kuqhubeka nokubona amanqanaba amatsha onxunguphalo kwisizwe sonke. Ulumkisa ngelithi: “Zonke izinto ezijongwayo, iintlungu zoqoqosho nezentlalo zinokukhula zize ziqhubeke. Kodwa njengoko iimeko zoqoqosho nezopolitiko ziqhubeka ziba mandundu, ingcali yezoqoqosho uGar Alperovitz uthi Masenze Ntoni Ngoko?. Kodwa lo mbono uqinisa ubomi babasebenzi, uthi, "banokuthi " bavelise ngokuchanekileyo iintlobo zeemeko ezithe, njengoko sibonile, ziye zaba ngumqhubi obalulekileyo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zedemokhrasi - ubunini, ubutyebi kunye namaziko. . Umceli mngeni kukuphuhlisa isicwangciso-qhinga sokutshintsha inkqubo esingapheleli nje ekupheliseni ukuhla, kodwa sakhele phambili kumathuba anjalo kwaye sivelise into eyahlukileyo, into yaseMelika ngokupheleleyo.
Ukwakha phezu kwentaba-mlilo yomsindo woluntu enokuthi iqhambuke kungekudala, abasebenzi kufuneka benze utshintsho olusisiseko ukunceda ekwalathiseni ukuphalazwa okukhulu kokunganeliseki koluntu namandla. Ukwenza oko, kufuneka sishukumise ukuyekelela kweenkokeli ezininzi zemanyano ezitshatele kubuchule obunobulumko kunye nesiqhelo.
Ukwakha kwakhona iMelika ngokulingana ngakumbi kwimigangatho yokuphila kunye nedemokhrasi yezoqoqosho ethatha inxaxheba, utshintsho olusisiseko luyimfuneko kwintshukumo yabasebenzi ethe ixesha elide yaphumla kumathemba angacacanga okhuseleko lowiso-mthetho oluveliswe kukuthembela okukodwa kwiDemocratic Party.
Umbutho womanyano kufuneka ulahle inkolelo yenkokheli yabasebenzi uSamuel Gompers engakhuthaziyo, emxinwa yokufuna nje “okungaphezulu” kwaye, endaweni yoko, imisele abasebenzi njengamandla anombono wokuziphatha weMelika, elinye lamalungelo ezoqoqosho anika isidima somntu kubo bonke ubomi obunesidima budityaniswe noluntu. ilizwi kwidemokhrasi yokwenyani yezopolitiko. Yaba kukuziphatha okuhle kwe-UAW Local 833 ngokuchasene ne-feudalism yemizi-mveliso eyakhuthaza amalungu emanyano yaza yavuselela inkxaso kwisizwe sonke yaze yaphumelela umzabalazo owawuthabatha ixesha elide.
Ukuqhubela phambili kuya kufuna kwakhona ugxininiso olutsha kwi-activism yendawo ebonisa umoya wokulwa wabasebenzi-njengakwi-Wisconsin yemvukelo yabasebenzi ka-2011. Oku kuya kuthetha ukuhambisa ingqumbo engacacanga malunga nemivuzo ehlayo, kunye nokungalingani, kunye nokungakhuselekanga-ngoko kubonakala ngokubanzi kunye ne-Occupy. intshukumo-ukuya kuqhanqalazo oluthile lwasekhaya olucela umngeni ekufudusweni kwezityalo, ukucuthwa kwemivuzo, ukuthinjwa kwezindlu, kunye nolunye uhlaselo yiCorporate America kunye nohlobo olufanayo lwezicwangciso eziphazamisayo ezisetyenziswe ngabahlaseli abahlala phantsi ngeminyaka yoo-1930s, i-UAW Local 833 e-Kohler, kunye nentshukumo ye-Occupy. .
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URoger Bybee ngumbhali ozimeleyo oseMilwaukee. Eli nqaku, ngokuyinxenye, luguqulelo olwandisiweyo lwentetho ephambili kaBybee kuMbutho weMbali yeMisebenzi yaseWisconsin, ngoMeyi ka-2014.