Incwadi entsha kaSteven Pinker, Iingelosi ezingcono zeNdalo yethu: Kutheni ubundlobongela buyehlisiwe, ngumoya wepropaganda kwiinkokeli kunye nabaxhasi belizwe lase-US, ngoku libandakanyeka kwiimfazwe ezininzi, kunye neziseko zomkhosi ezingaphezu kwe-800 kwihlabathi jikelele, ziqinisekisa kwaye zisebenzisa ilungelo lokubulala "abanqolobi" abangazanywanga nakweyiphi na indawo emhlabeni kwaye basasebenza. uthuthumbisa gulag phesheya kunye nerekhodi-yokwaphula kunye nenkqubo yentolongo exhaphazayo ekhaya. Ayimangalisi into yokuba Ixesha leNew YorkUyibulise ngokufudumeleyo le ncwadi, ngophononongo olucekethekileyo lwephepha elingaphambili lencwadi yangeCawe eyenziwe sisithandi sobulumko uPeter Singer, owabiza intetho kaPinker โibaluleke kakhuluโ kunye โnempumelelo yobuchuleโ (nge-9 ka-Okthobha 2011), kunye nezinye iimpendulo ezilungileyo. Indikhumbuza ngokwamkelwa kwam uClaire Sterling's Umnatha Wobugrogrisi ngomnyaka ka 1981, incwadi eyayidibana kakuhle nenzame zolawulo luka Reagan lokudemonisa iSoviet Union, kunye neSoviet Union kutyholwa ukuba ingasemva kwabanqolobi behlabathi (abaquka uNelson Mandela kunye neANC yakhe, kunye nayo nayiphi na eminye imibutho yokuchasa kwihlabathi lesithathu). Incwadi ka-Sterling yayiyintlekele yobukrelekrele kunye nobuqhetseba (jonga i-critique kweyam Uthungelwano loBugrogrisi bokwenyani), kodwa yanconywa ngamagosa exesha leReagan kwaye iphathwa ngentlonelo kakhulu kumajelo aqhelekileyo.
I-Pinker isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-Sterling. Uginya yonke imodeli yakudala "yokuqulatha" apho umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US osuka kwi-1945 wawuyilelwe ukunciphisa ukwanda kweSoviets kunye neTshayina ("Imfazwe yoMlomo yayiyimveliso yokuzimisela kwe-United States ukuba iqulathe le ntshukumo [yezo zimbini zinkulu. Amagunya obuKomanisi] kwindawo ekufutshane nemida yawo ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi IIโ). Nkqu nenani elikhulu lokufa kwemfazwe yaseVietnam yayi, ngenxa kaPinker, sisiphumo sokungafuni "kwenzondelelo" kweVietnamese ukunikezela kumandla aphezulu. (โOwona ngquzulwano zintathu zibulalayo zasemva kwemfazwe zaphenjelelwa ngamaKomanisi amaTshayina, amaKorea, kunye noorhulumente baseVietnam ababezinikele ngenzondelelo ukoyisa iintshaba zabo.โ) Oku kukuxolisa okukrwada ngogonyamelo nokubulala abantu abaninzi.
Kukho ingxaki enkulu ye-Pinker kwiinyani ezibuhlungu zokwanda okukhulu kwehlabathi emva kwemfazwe yase-United States, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olukhulu lomkhosi, zonke ezo ziseko, ulwandiso oluqhubekayo lwe-NATO, kunye nokuthatha uxanduva "ngaphandle kwendawo", konke ngaphandle Ukunyamalala kwamandla aphambili ekutyholwa ukuba afuna isiqulatho (iSoviet Union).
Kwiincwadi ezintathu eziphambili kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo (Blowback, Iintlungu zoBukhosi, yaye Nemesis) umhlalutyi uChalmers Johnson uye wabonisa, ngobude, โulwakhiwo lwethu oluqhubekayo lomkhosi ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye neziseko zomkhosi ezingama-737 esizigcinayo kwamanye amazwe abantuโ; Inyaniso yokuba "i-blowback," kuquka iziganeko ezifana ne-9 / 11, yimpendulo yokwandiswa kobukhosi kunye nobundlobongela, kwaye "ngaphezu kobukhosi obuninzi obudlulileyo, umkhosi owenziwe kakuhle ulele entliziyweni ye-adventures yethu yobukhosi."
I-Pinker isebenzisana no-Chalmers Johnson kunye ne-ilk yakhe ngokusetyenziswa kwe "indlela yokukhetha" yophando, eyona modus operandi yakhe kwibhodi. Oko kukuthi, akaze akhankanye uJohnson kwaye akaze ajongane neenyani kunye neengxoxo. Akazange aphinde acaphule u-Andrew Bacevich, omnye umhlalutyi obalaseleyo nonamava onika ubunzima obuninzi kumandla e-complex ye-industrial complex (MIC), ixabiso layo, imiphumo ye-blowback, kunye nesongelo kumyalelo wentando yesininzi.
Kukho uluhlu lwabanye abahlalutyi bekhwalithi kwi-militarism, endala kunye nentsha, ngubani uPinker aphephe, kuquka uGordon Adams, uRichard Kaufman, uNick Turse, uThomas Carroll, uWilliam Blum, uRobert Higgs, u-Ivan Eland, uWinslow Wheeler, uMiriam Pemberton, uFrida Berrigan, UWilliam Hartung, kunye noCatherine Lutz. Akukho nanye kwezi evelayo kwisalathiso sePinker esineenkcukacha.
UPinker ukhetha uJames Sheehan, onomxholo wakhe Ayephi Onke Amajoni: Utshintsho lweYurophu yanamhlanje kukuba abantu baseYurophu baye batshintsha indlela ababecinga ngayo urhulumente kwaye benza ukuba urhulumente โakasenguye umnini womkhosi wamajoni,โ kodwa โabengumnikezeli wokhuseleko loluntu kunye nokuba sempilweniโ (isishwankathelo sikaPinker). Kodwa amajoni asekhona, i-NATO isakhula, kwaye yona kunye neYurophu yanamhlanje inegalelo lamajoni kwimfazwe yase-Afghan kwaye yayibandakanyeka kakhulu kumlo eLibya nakwezinye iindawo. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu zaseYurophu bezisoloko zihlaselwa kangangeminyaka yaye impilo-ntle yabemi abaqhelekileyo ibonakala iyinjongo ehlayo yeenkokeli zaseYurophu, kwanabo baseUnited States.
Kodwa kwi-Pinker, umxholo we-Sheehan, nokuba uyalahlekisa, ufanelekile ukugxininisa, njengoko iyindawo ebalaseleyo yokuxoxa ngokukhula kunye namandla e-MIC. Iincwadi ezifana noJohnson's-ezisixelela ukuba imikhosi yeziko enxulumene ne-MIC igqithisa "iingelosi ezingcono" -azamkelekanga ku-Pinker, ngoko akazihoyi kwaye akayi kuxoxa ngemibandela echaphazelekayo. Njengoko uChalmers Johnson esitsho, xa izibakala zingenakugatywa kakhulu โiingcinga ezingokwengqondo ziyaqalisa.โ Iyenzeka ngePinker. Kwelinye icandelo lencwadi yakhe enesihloko esithi โRecent Biological Evolution?,โ uPinker uphakamisa ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba umkhwa wokuhla kubundlobongela afuna ukuwubhala ube yimveliso yokhetho lwendalo lweempawu ezinobundlobongela obunganeno phakathi kweentlobo ezithile zabantu. kugxilwe kwiinkulungwane zamva nje kwimimandla yejografi echazwa (malunga) njengeNtshona Yurophu kunye neMelika. Oko kukuthi, loo mimandla yehlabathi apho โiinkqubo zempucukoโ zamazwe awomeleleyo asembindini, idemokhrasi yenkululeko, ubungxowankulu, iimarike ezivulekileyo, urhwebo, ukufunda nokubhala, ukuKhanya, ukulwela amalungelo abantu, njalo njalo, ziye zalawula, ngoko. olo xolo luyathabathโ unyawo ngenxa yokomelezwa โkwengelosi elunge ngakumbiโ kubuntu.
Okumangalisayo, kwaye ngokumangalisayo, nangona u-Pinker ngokucacileyo enobuhlobo kule ngcamango yokhetho lwendalo olulinganiselweyo oluqhubekayo phakathi kweendawo ezithile ezixhamlayo zoluntu kwimimandla yejografi ekhankanywe ngasentla, uqukumbela eli candelo lencwadi yakhe ngokuyigatya ngesiseko, hayi. ukuba akayikholelwa, kodwa ekugqibeleni, akayifuni. Ubhala athi: โEkubeni ingenakuphikiswa, into yokuba igalelo lenkcubeko nentlalontle linokulungelelanisa iimeko zeengelosi zethu ezingcono (ezifana nokuzeyisa novelwano) kwaye ngaloo ndlela zilawule utyekelo lwethu lobundlobongela, sinayo indlela yokuchaza konke ukuwohloka kobungendawo. ubundlobongela ngaphandle kokubiza indaleko yamva nje yebhayoloji. Ubuncinci okwangoku, akukho mfuneko yale ngcamango. โ
Lo mgca wengxoxo unezinye iimpawu ezihlekisayo. UPinker uthi โolunye uqhushululu oluyimbali kwilizwe lenkulungwane yama-20 yayikukuchaswa kwabemi bezizwe ngedemokhrasi kwizicwangciso zeenkokeli zabo zemfazweโ kwaye uchitha indawo efanelekileyo echaza ukukhula kombutho woxolo ngeminyaka yoo-1960. kwaye kwangaphambi kwemfazwe yaseIraq. Ngokuchaseneyo, kwenye indawo kwincwadi yakhe utyhola iintshukumo zoo-1960 ngempembelelo yazo โyokwenza uhlengahlengisoโ, mhlawumbi evuma ngempazamo ukuba aba baqhankqalazi bebezama ukunqanda iimfazwe ezivunyiweyo nguPinkerโoko kukuthi, ilizwe lethu. UPinker uphawula ukuba ngeminyaka yee-1960 imibutho yoxolo yanceda ukuba kunyulwe uNixon, โowathi watshintsha izicwangciso zemfazwe zelizwe ukusuka kuloyiso lomkhosi wazisa ekurhoxeni kobuso (nangona kungekabikho ngaphambi kokuba abanye abantu baseMelika abangama-20,000 kunye nesigidi saseVietnam basweleke edabini).
Obu bubungqina bakhe kwimpumelelo echasene nobundlobongela yaloo mibutho yoxolo. Qaphela kwakhona ukuba isigidi saseVietnam "safa edabini." Kuyabonakala ukuba akukho bantu baseVietnam ababulawa ngohlaselo oluthe ngqo kunokuba balwe ezidabini. Kwenye indawo kule ncwadi, uPinker uyicacisa gca into yokuba โabemi abangama-800,000 wafela edabiniโ (akekeliswe sithi; ebhekisela kuqikelelo lukaRudolph Rummel lokufa kwabantu abangama-843,000 XNUMX edabini).
Ekugqibeleni, ngaphandle kolo loyiso lukhulu lokufumana uNixon โoqhutywa luxoloโ eofisini, uPinker uyasilela ukuchaza ukuba kutheni abantu ababalaseleyo ngelo xesha, kwaye basahleli, bephenjelelwe kancinane sisininzi esimatsha ezitratweni esibonakalisa ukukhula emoyeni. โiingelosi ezilunge ngakumbi.โ Kutheni le nto abantu kufuneka bamatshe ezitratweni? Kutheni le nto abantu abaphezulu kufuneka baqhubeke nokuzibandakanya emkhosini kunye nobundlobongela obumandundu ngeendleko ezinkulu zoqoqosho xa, ngokutsho kwengcaphephe ayithandayo uJames Sheehan, urhulumente uyawushiya umkhosi kwaye ugxile kwintlalontle yoluntu? Ukuba imikhosi yeziko ayiyongcaciso kutheni "iingelosi ezingcono" zingakhuphi kubunkokeli?
Ngokwenyani, njengoko kuphawuliwe, uPinker uyachaza ukuba iUnited States "iqulathe" amazwe amakhulu amabi. Ubanga ukuba kule minyaka yakutshanje siye sabandakanyeka kwiimfazwe ezincinci, ubukhulu becala ngokuchasene โnabangaphucukanga.โ E-Iraq, "inqanaba eliphakathi kwamazwe lalikhawuleza, [kwaye] uninzi lokusweleka eIraq lubangelwa lubundlobongela phakathi kwabantu," ngokucacileyo ayilotyala lethu kunye nezibalo zokufa zihlala zinyuswa ngabantu abacalucalulo njengabahlalutyi bamagqala abavelise uqikelelo olulandelelanayo lwe " Inani lokufa okugqithisileyoโ e-Iraq kwijenali yezonyango yaseBritane Lancet kwi-2004 kunye ne-2006.
Ngaphezu koko, nangona iinkokeli eziphezulu (ngokungacaciswanga) zisenokungabi mathidala ukuya emfazweni, kumanqanaba asezantsi i-ethos entsha yokuthanda uluntu ithathe indawo. U-Pinker uchitha indawo eninzi kwiKhowudi entsha ye-Marine ye-Honor catechism, i-Ethical Marine Warrior onomgaqo wokuba i-Marines kufuneka ikhusele ngokwabo kunye nabalingani, kodwa "Bonke Abanye." UPinker uthi nokuba oku โlulangazeleloโ kuphela, yinto entsha enkulu (engeyonyani: Iikhowudi zomkhosi kudala zigcwele imithetho engahoywayo rhoqo). Uthatha eli bango lokuziphatha okunqwenelekayo okutsha ngokwexabiso lakhe, kunye namabali angakumbi kunye neengcaphuno ezivela kwiMarines ngokuzinikela kwabo "kubo bonke abanye." Akufuneki ukuthetha, uHaditha kunye ne-Falluja ababonisi kwi-index ye-Pinker.
Ngenkulungwane ye-18, uGqr. Samuel Johnson wathi, โXa ndithatha isiphelo sewebhu, ndize ndisifumane sipakisha, andilindelanga, ngokujonga ngokubhekele phaya, ukufumana izinto ezihonjisiweyo.โ Njengoko imizekeliso elapha ibonisa, abafundi bomsebenzi kaPinker wobuqhophololo abayi kufumana kukhanyiselwa apho.
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U-Edward S. Herman yingcali yezoqoqosho, umgxeki weendaba, kunye nombhali. Eyakhe yamva nje Ipolitiki Yembubhiso (kunye noDavid Peterson).