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Intshukumo, iintshukumo, kunye neContemporary Radical Currents eUnited States NguCraig Hughes, uSteve Peace, kunye noKevin Van Meter kwiQela leMibala yeQela (ed.)
AK Press: Oakland, 2010, 400 pp.
Umoya osuka ngasezantsi: UkuQuquzelela koLuntu oluLungileyo ukwenza uVuko lweNguqulelo oluNzekayo liQela leQela leMbala eliHlangeneyo (ed.)
Upapasho lweMicrocosm:
Uphononongo lukaRobert Ovetz
Ziphi iifolokhwe kunye neetotshi? Lowo ngumbuzo omnye olandela impendulo encinci yokunyibilika kwe
Igalelo uGeorge Caffentzis ubeka umsebenzi we Ukusetyenziswa kwesaqhwithi kwisiqwengana sakhe esithi "Amanqaku malunga nengxaki yezemali": "Ukuba ubunzima beklasi bunamandla okudala ingxaki, ke ukuyiqonda kunokusikhokelela kwindlela eya kusikhokelela ngaphandle kwengxaki ngamandla odidi olungakumbi." UCaffentzis uqhubekile neprojekthi yakhe eqale ngeZerowork kunye neMidnight Notes ngeminyaka yoo-1970 ukukhanyisa iindlela ezintsha zomzabalazo wabasebenzi owawungaphaya kombono wethu. Ukuqala nje ukujonga, imivuzo emide emide ephakathi, umsebenzi owandisiweyo, imibutho yabasebenzi ethenwayo, iinkqubo zentlalo ezitshabalalayo, ukugqabhuka kwetyala lomntu, kunye nokuvela komphunga kweetriliyoni zeedola zobutyebi bekhaya kubonakala kukhomba ekuwohlokeni ngokupheleleyo kwe-US kunye nokusebenza kwehlabathi. iklasi. Emva kweminyaka engama-30-kunye neminyaka yoloyiso emva kokoyiswa ligazi, ngoku kubonakala ngathi ishishini kunye norhulumente we-neoliberal uza kubulala. Akunjalo, ucebisa uBrian Marks kumxholo othi โUkuphila kwisaqhwithi.โ Uhlalutyo lukaMarko lutshayela umfundi kuwo wonke umhlaba wamadabi axhonyiweyo malunga nemivuzo, indawo ezivaliweyo ezilalini, kunye nokukhula kwetyala ngemali.
Ukuqonda unobangela wobunzima kungaphezulu kunokubhala nje ukuba โinkxaso-maliโ yemali eyinkunzi ibaleka njani kutyalo-mali โolunemvelisoโ. Uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo nolucokisekileyo luyafuneka ukuze uqonde ukuba kutheni inqwelomoya iye yaxakeka kakhulu ukusukela ngoo-1990. Oku kuyimfuneko ngakumbi njengoko uhlengahlengiso lweneoliberal lubonakala luqhubekile ngokungagungqiyo ekwakhiweni kwakhona kwamandla ekomkhulu ukususela okoyiswa kwembali yee-1930 ukuya ekuqaleni koo-1970.
Iziqwenga ezilahlekileyo zenza iphazili, kubonakala ngathi uMarko uyathetha. Nangona kunjalo, ukuya kuthi ga kuhlalutyo lweklasi, inkqubo eguquguqukayo yongquzulwano ithetha zombini ukuba amaqhekeza akukanqunyulwa kwaye sisasilela umfanekiso opheleleyo wezithuba ezilingana kuzo. Yiloo nto ayicebisayo xa equkumbela ukuba "izixhobo zohlalutyo lokwakheka kweklasi kunye nophando olukhaliphileyo ... yindawo elungileyo yokuqalisa ukwenza imaphu yokwakheka kweklasi kunye nokucwangcisa ikhosi ebhekiselele ekubuyiselweni kwakhona."
Ngelixa iQela leMibala elidityanisiweyo livumelana kwinjongo yeeMarks kunye neCaffentzis yokubhala kunye nokucacisa ukuphinda kuvele amandla odidi lwabasebenzi behlabathi, ezinye zevolumu ziphosakele. Uninzi lwabanegalelo bongeza kancinci okanye akukho nto kwiprojekthi yeMibala yeQela. Ngaphandle koqwalaselo lwabathathi-nxaxheba olunengqiqo malunga nendlela yokuququzelela abasebenzi benkonzo engqongqo yi-Starbucks Workers Union kunye nokuvuselela iintshukumo zokugquma ezikhokelwa nguThatha Umhlaba kunye noBomi besiXeko / iVida Urbana, Ukusetyenziswa kwesaqhwithi kufuneka kukhethwe ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanegalelo banako ukongeza kwiprojekthi. Akukacaci ukuba ngaba abathathi-nxaxheba abaseleyo babelana okanye ngaba banesakhelo sohlalutyo okanye izixhobo zokwenza unyuso olunzima olufunekayo. Ngenxa yoko, abanye baba negalelo barhoxa ngokulula kwindlela esele igugile yobaxo olungenanjongo yayo nayiphi na iprojekthi yobutshantliziyo abakuyo. Kodwa njengoko iTeam Colors ngokwayo ingqina, iintshukumo zamatsha ntliziyo kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente exhaswa ngemali yinkampani ayiyontshukumo okanye yenziwe kwakhona ngabasebenzi.
Ngelixa injongo yeQela leMibala yayikukunika ilizwi kwabo baphakathi edabini, le projekthi ixabiseke kunene ngeyilungiselelwe ngcono ukuba bebezenzele ngokwabo uhlalutyo-njengoko bekwazi ukwenza kwiqabane labo elibambeneyo. Imimoya esuka Ezantsi. Lo mqulu ubalulekileyo, owawujongwe ukuba ube ligalelo labo kwithiyori Ukusetyenziswa kwesaqhwithi, ibeka uhlalutyo lwabo lwe-recomposition yodidi lwabasebenzi kwi
Olona lwazi lucacileyo lweTeam Colors kukuba ukuze bazivelise kwakhona, iintshukumo zabasebenzi kufuneka zilungiselele ukuveliswa kwamalungu abo njengabantu abaneemfuno zokwenyani zento abayibiza ngokuba "yinkathalo." Ukuboleka kwigalelo likaSylvia Federici kwi Ukusetyenziswa kwesaqhwithi, "I-Feminism kunye nezopolitiko ze-commons kwixesha lokuqokelela kwangaphambili," i-Team Colors iqukumbela ngelithi "ubuchule bokukwazi ukuvelisa intshukumo ... kukuba ifuna ukuphinda igxininise le mveliso njengenqununu eququzelelayo kunye nokuziqhelanisa." Imibala yeqela ibonakala isikhumbuza ukuba indlela eya empumelelweni kwiintshukumo ezininzi zomkhosi kwimbali yaseMelika edlulileyo kwaye kutsha nje eLatin America nakuMbindi Mpuma kukuba ezi ntshukumo ziye zakha kwaye zawagcina amandla azo ngokungajongi inkunzi kuphela, kodwa ngokuzilungiselela. ukwanda kweentswelo ezingafezekiyo zokunyanyekelwa kwabantwana, imfundo, ukutya, indawo yokuhlala, impilo, ubuqabane, kwanomculo. Ukuqonda kunye nokujikelezisa la "kamva langoku," njengoko u-CLR James ebabiza njalo, kubalulekile ukuba siqhubeke sibeka amandla odidi lwethu ebusweni kuhlaselo lwe-neoliberal olungayekeleliyo.
KwiMibala yeQela, ubumnyama obuphambi kwethu bubangelwa kakhulu kukungabikho kwezibane njengezibane eziluzizi zezixhobo zethu zohlalutyo. Bathi, indlela edlulayo, kukutsalela kwesathu amandla okuzimela ukuze sakhe iintlobo zoluntu esilufunayo ngoku.
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URobert Ovetz ngungqondongqondo ongqongqo kwizifundiswa kwiindawo ezininzi
Indlela abantu abaSebenzayo abanokubuyisela ngayo amandla kunye noTshintsho
Uphononongo nguCarl Finamore
Incwadi entsha ebhalwe ligqwetha labasebenzi kunye negqala lothethathethwano lombutho uJoe Burns, Ukuvuselela Uqhankqalazo, ligalelo elixabisekileyo ekuvuseni izifundo ezisisiseko kwimbali engakhathalelwanga yabasebenzi baseMerika. Njengoko isihloko sicebisa nanjengoko ebethelele kum, โEkuphela kwendlela esinokuwuvuselela ngayo umbutho wabasebenzi kukuvuselela uqhankqalazo olusekwe kubuchule bemveli bombutho wabasebenzi.โ Kodwa akapheleli apho. Umbhali uphonononga umfundi uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamaqhinga kunye nesicwangciso ngexesha lembali enomdla, enesiphithiphithi, kwaye ihlala inobundlobongela yabasebenzi baseMelika.
Ngokuhlaziyayo, ukwabonelela ngovavanyo olubalulekileyo oludla ngokuphetshwa ngabahlalutyi bezabasebenzi kulo lonke uthotho lwamaqhinga omanyano akhule kakhulu athandwa kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo. Umzekelo, uphonononga kwaye uphonononga iziphumo ezixubeneyo zogwayimbo, ugwayimbo lwexeshana olufutshane kakhulu, kunye namaphulo oshishino. Nditsho nokuququzelela ubulungu obungacwangciswanga bungena phantsi kokuhlolwa kwakhe ukugxekwa kancinci, ngakumbi xa bephoswe ngempazamo njengeyona ndlela iphambili yokubuyisela umva ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kwabasebenzi. Ubulungu buya kwanda kuphela, uBurns ukholelwa ukuba, xa abasebenzi bethatha iqhinga elinamandla ngakumbi, elichazwe kwincwadi, elikhokelela ngempumelelo kwinzuzo yezoqoqosho kubasebenzi. Apha, umbhali ubhekisa kumava ee-1930s xa izigidi zazithontelana kwiimanyano ezisakhulayo kuphela kuba zazibonwa njengangoko zikwaziyo ukuphucula ubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu abasebenzayo.
Iya kuba luloyiso olufanayo, uBurns ugxininisa ngamandla, hayi naziphi na izixhobo ezifihlakeleyo zobuchule bokulungelelanisa eziya kukhulisa ubulungu bomanyano. Kodwa uBurns unetyala elikhulu lokwehla okothusayo kwabasebenzi kwizizukulwana ezininzi zokugqibela zeenkokheli zemanyano ezizishiyileyo ubukhulu becala ezona zixhobo zinamandla zokubetha, zokumisela imigangatho yekontraka yeshishini lesizwe kunye nokumela ubumbano nabanye abahlaselwa yinkunzi. Kwaye, ewe, umbhali uyakugxeka kakhulu ukunyamalala okubonakalayo kwindawo yabasebenzi yanamhlanje yogwayimbo lwakudala oluvale ngokupheleleyo imveliso.
Ucaphula amanani athi โngo-1952, kwabakho uqhankqalazo olukhulu oluyi-470 (olo lwabasebenzi abangaphaya kwe-1,000) olubandakanya abasebenzi abayi-2,746,000. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, namhlanje, ngowama-2008, kuye kwayekiswa umsebenzi izihlandlo ezili-15 kuphela, kuquka abasebenzi abangama-72,000 XNUMX.โ
Ukubuyisela iMbali yethu
Ewe, abasebenzi babandakanyeka kuqhankqalazo kuphela njengelinge lokugqibela, xa zonke ezinye iindlela zothethathethwano ziqhawukile, kuba kuqondwa kakuhle ungquzulwano olubandakanya izibophelelo zomntu ezinkulu. UHarry Bridges, i-International Longshore kunye ne-Warehouse union (ILWU) umsunguli kunye nenkokeli ye-1934 ye-San Francisco General Strike, uthelekisa uqhankqalazo kwi-revolution encinci kwimbali yakhe yomlomo, "i-Centennial Retrospective": "Uyabona, ngendlela encinci, okwethutyana, uqhankqalazo lutshintsho oluncinci. Kuthetha nje uhlobo lwenguquko kuba uthatha ishishini okanye umzi-mveliso wongxowankulu kwaye uyawuhlutha okwexeshana. Uyayisusa okwexeshana.โ
The
Izithintelo ekuhlanganiseni amandla obulungu njengomlamli wokugqibela kwiingxabano zabasebenzi ziye zaqina ngoMthetho onzima we-Taft-Hartley we-โSlave-Laborโ wowe-1947 kunye nomthetho we-Landrum-Griffin wowe-1959. Umfundi kufuneka akufumane kunomdla kakhulu ukufunda iinkcukacha zendlela ubugorha babasebenzi kunye nokukwazi ukuhlanganisa ubulungu kuye kwancitshiswa ngakumbi yile migaqo karhulumente.
UbuCwangciso obuTsha buthathela indawo uGqibo
Kwiimanyano zabasebenzi bemveli, inqaku loqhankqalazo yayikukumisa imveliso okanye ngenye indlela kubangele umonakalo owaneleyo kwezoqoqosho ukunyanzela umqeshi ukuba avume amabango emanyano. Loo ngcinga ilula, isengqiqweni yenza isiseko soqoqosho lwezabasebenzi kwiminyaka yokuqala eyi-150-odd ye-American trade unionism. โNoko ke, ngeminyaka yee-1980, ubulumko obuqhelekileyo babuya umva, kwaye ukuyekiswa kwemveliso kwaba ngumbono nje oqhelekileyo. Uqukumbela ngelithi, ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na enye, โicacisa ubuthathaka bentlangano yale mihla yomanyano.โ
Ngenxa yoko, uBurns uthi, imibutho emininzi iyekile ukuvala ngokupheleleyo umqeshi njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sabo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambilana, bambi bathabatha ugwayimbo lwexesha elifutshane losuku olunye, ezimbini, okanye ezintathu njengenye indlela; abanye bamkela amaphulo eenkampani athi atshintshe agxininise ngakumbi kude nokukhethwa kwabantu abaninzi kwindawo yokusebenza.
Ngelixa uloyiso olungaphelelanga luye lwaphunyelelwa ngala maqhinga, ingakumbi iphulo likaJP Stevens'lamashishini ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, kunye noloyiso lwamva nje lwemanyano yeehotele kusetyenziswa uqhankqalazo lwexeshana, akukho nanye kwezi ndlela, umbhali uthi, inokubuyisela umva abasebenzi. ziphose ekulibaleni. IBurns ayizithobi ngokupheleleyo ezi ndlela njengenxalenye yenkqubo iyonke, uyazikhaba nje ngokuba endaweni yeqhinga lokulwa eliqala ngokuvala imveliso. Ubhala, umzekelo, "ngelixa iphulo leshishini linokuthi, ngamanye amaxesha, lisebenze ngokubambisana nesicwangciso sogwayimbo, alisokuze lithathe indawo yoqhankqalazo oluyekisa imveliso."
Unenqaku.
Kutshanje amadabi abasebenzi bakarhulumente kwi
Ingxaki yexesha lethu kukuba iimanyano zisabele ngokuzikhusela kunokuba zikhubekise intaphane kunye nezithintelo ezingenademokhrasi ezininzi kwinkululeko yethu yokuhlanganisana ngobuninzi, yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kunye namalungelo ethu okuvakalisa ubumbano ngokukwaya okwesibini kunye nogwayimbo lovelwano. Imithetho engalunganga kufuneka icelwa umngeni ngamandla ethintela abantu ekuqulunqeni imigca yepikethi ekwaziyo ukuvala imveliso kunye nokunqanda ukhoko ekuthatheni imisebenzi yabo. Le yimbali yabasebenzi kwaye ibhalwe kakuhle nguBurns. Enyanisweni, yimbali ye
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UCarl Finamore nguMachinist Local 1781 umthunywa kwiSan Francisco Labor Council, AFL-CIO.
A Queer Imbali ye
Uphononongo lukaMichael McGehee
Incwadi entsha kaMichael Bronski Imbali ye-Queer yase-United States yimbali yezesondo kweli lizwe njengeklasikhi kaHoward Zinn Imbali yaBantu yaseMelika yimbali yomzabalazo wodidi. Kwaye ngelixa incwadi kaBronski ayikho ngokusemthethweni inxalenye ye Imbali Yabantu series, ngenene kufanele ukuba. Njengomsebenzi kaZinn kunye nabo balandele emanyathelweni akhe, incwadi entsha kaBronski imalunga nokubonelela ngeakhawunti epheleleyo yembali yethu.
Imbali yaseMelika, njengoko ifundiswa kwinkqubo yethu yemfundo yoluntu, ihlala iboniswa ngendlela emxinwa kakhulu ebalisa amabali oomongameli, amalungu eNkongolo, iinkokeli zomkhosi, kunye neenkokheli zoluntu lwezoshishino (ngokufefa kwabantu bemihla ngemihla abenze into enkulu. ifuthe). Imbali idla ngokushiyelwa kufundo lweziganeko zobupolitika kwaye abafundi bafundiswa nje ukufunda amagama, imihla neendawo. Emva koko bathatha uvavanyo kwaye kuphelele apho. Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi, imbali ihlala icocwa ukuze abafundi bafunde kuphela oko "kulungile," okanye njengoko injalo kwimeko yam.
โKuzo zonke izifundo zentlalontle kwi-Kindergarten-Grade 12, abafundi bakha isiseko kwimbali [esenza] abafundi baqonde ukubaluleka kokuthand' izwe, basebenze kuluntu lwamashishini akhululekileyo, kwaye baxabise iziseko zedemokhrasi kwilizwe nakwisizwe sethu," njengoko kukhankanyiwe. kwiKhowudi yeMfundo yaseTexas (TEC). Abafundi bafunda ukuba uMartin Luther King Jr โwayenephuphaโ kodwa abafundi ukuba wayekhula ngakumbi ngokuchasene nemfazwe, impi, kunye nobungxowankulu. Kwaye abafundi bafunda ukuba uHelen Keller waboyisa iinzingo zokuba yimfama, isithulu, nesimumu kwaye bafunda ukunxibelelana, kodwa bafunda kwanto ngeembono zakhe zobubusoshiyali nezobufazi. Kwaye kuthekani ngesini sikaWalt โโWhitman okanye uEleanor Roosevelt? Kukho umsantsa obanzi koko bakufundayo ngabafundi kuba zezi zinto zingahoywayo zentlalo ebeziyinxalenye enkulu ekuchazeni ukuba ngoobani aba bantu. Lo msantsa, ubuncinci malunga nobulili (nangona echaphazela ubuhlanga, ubulili, inkcubeko, iklasi kunye nezopolitiko), yintoni uBronski ehamba ixesha elide ukuze agcwalise incwadi yakhe.
UBronski uyakhawuleza ukubonisa ukuba imbali ingaphezulu kwezopolitiko okanye uqoqosho. Ayisoloko icocekile (inokuba bubugxwayiba kwaye icaphukise kakhulu kwizivamvo zesiqhelo) kwaye ayikokwazi nje ulwazi ngokubanzi lweziganeko ezithile. Kukuzazi ukuba singoobani na, kwanabo bacingelwa ukuba singoobani, nokuba besingoobani, sihambe njani na oku kusifikise kule ndawo sikuyo namhlanje. Ngaba sifuna amaKristu aphiko lasekunene asebenzise umthetho wehlokondiba ukucutha amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wabanye abemi, okanye urhulumente asebenzise oobhubhani ukupolisa isini sabo bacingelwa ukuba banxaxhile ngenxa nje yokuba bengabonisi indlela yokuphila โyoluntu ngokubanziโ?
Kwaye ngokubhekiselele kwingqiqo yethu ehlangeneyo yezokwabelana ngesondo uBronski wenza kanye oko-uphonononga ngokucebileyo imbali yethu ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala xa abantu baseYurophu banyathela unyawo kumazwekazi aseNtshona-ntshona ukuya kwi-1990, apho athi sishiya imbali kwaye ukungena kummandla โweendaba.โ Ngokoluvo lomhlalutyi le ncwadi inegalelo elixabisekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika. Enyanisweni, ukugqiba kwam ukufunda le ncwadi ndazicingela, โNdisenokuthi ndingonqeniโngaphandle kokungabikho kocalucalulo ndiyindoda โeqhelekileyoโ ethanda isini esahlukileyoโkodwa ukuba bekunjalo bendiya kungxola ndize ndizidle ngaloo nto. โ Ngenxa yokuba oko uBronski ebonisa kukuba ubulili obukhululekileyo-ukuqhubela phambili kwinkululeko yobuqu yokuphonononga kunye nokufumanisa isiqu sakho sihlala siyinto elungileyo-ifikile indlela ende ukusuka kumakholoni aqhekeza abantu bomthonyama ukuba badle izinja kuba abo baseYurophu baphazanyiswa ngabantu bomthonyama abahlukeneyo. inkcubeko yesini.
Iintshukumo zokuhlanjululwa kwentlalontle, iimfazwe, ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini, ukusuka kwiintsapho zebhayoloji ukuya kuluntu lwentlalontle, ukuvela kwentengiso yabathengi kubantu be-LGBT, kunye nempumelelo yentlalontle yabasebenzi kunye nobuhlanga kunye nesini zonke zibe nefuthe kuluntu lwe-queer โ kuba nazo. babengabasebenzi okanye benebala elithile lolusu okanye bengabafazi okanye bengabemi bomthonyama okanye bengabaphambukeliโyaye babebanceda bazazi nokuba bangoobani na ekuhlaleni. Ezi mpumelelo zentlalo zabacinezelekileyo, abatshutshiswayo nabahluthwayo banembali etyebileyo yokungathobeli koluntu, isiphithiphithi, kunye nesenzo esithe ngqo. UBronski uchukumisa ezi zenzo kwaye ndizisa oku kuba yinto abafundi abasoloko bephangwa ngayo ukuqonda. Inkqubela esiyenzileyo kweli lizwe ayibanga kukuvota okanye ukushiya imizabalazo yethu kwiinkokeli zopolitiko ukuba zigqibe ngeziphumo. Kanye njengokuba amakhoboka engazange avotele ukupheliswa ngokunjalo abafazi abazange bavotele i-suffrage okanye abasebenzi bamalungelo abasebenzi okanye ama-Afrika aseMelika ukuphelisa imithetho kaJim Crow okanye abantu be-LGBT ngonyamezelo olubanzi, ukwamkelwa, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Umcimbi oqhubekayo wokufumana ukhuseleko emthethweni ngelixa ukhupha urhulumente kubomi bethu bomntu kunokwenzeka ukuba uvele kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunceda umzabalazo wethu, kwaye nangona ukuvota kunokuthi kwezinye iimeko kube sisixhobo esiluncedo, ukulungelelanisa uluntu, ukungathobeli uluntu, inyathelo elithe ngqo kunye neminye imisebenzi engaphandle kokuphembelela abezopolitiko okanye ukuvota ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuba yimfuneko, njengoko imbali ifanele ukusibonisa.
Ndingathanda ukucinga ukuba ngenye imini urhulumente wethu, phantsi koxinzelelo lwemibutho yezentlalo eyimpumelelo, uya kuseka inyanga yeMbali ye-Queer ukuze abafundi bafunde ngembali yesini kunye ne-Bronski's A. Imbali Queer wiya kuba sisalathiso esibalulekileyo. Oko kuya kuba linyathelo lokuqala kwaye ngubani owaziyo? Mhlawumbi ukusuka apho-kunye neNyanga yeMbali eMnyama okanye mhlawumbi iNyanga yeMbali yeKlasi-iya kufakwa kwiiklasi njengombono ohambelanayo wembali. Ngenxa yokuba uBronski wagqiba kwi-epilogue yakhe: "Konke oku kuya kubonisa ukuba abantu be-LGBT bangamaMelika-akukho ngaphantsi kwaye akukho ngaphezulu. Umbono we
Imbali yabo yimbali yethu kwaye kufuneka ibhalwe kwaye ifundiswe ngolo hlobo.
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UMichael McGehee ngumbhali ozimeleyo kunye nendoda yosapho esebenzayo yaseKennedale, eTexas.