Kwicandelo I kunye II kolu ngcelele malunga nokufunda "feminism" ndiye ndavavanya
amabango kwi Kanye njengoMfazi nguDianne Hales. Ndemka nentshayelelo
ukuba Isini Sokuqala nguHelen Fisher onomxholo othi ngendaleko enzulu
imbali, abafazi kunye namadoda baphuhlise izakhono ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo ingqondo.
Uphonononga indlela โabafazi ababalaseleyoโ abaqhelaniswe kakuhle ngakumbi
kuluntu lwanamhlanje lwehlabathi.
UFisher uqala ngokuthi amaxesha atshintshile ukusukela oko uSimone De
UBeauvoir wabhala, "Umntu akazalwanga, kodwa uba ngumfazi." (Uyahamba
ngaphandle kwenkcazelo kaDe Beauvoir yowesifazane njengochazwayo nokwahlulwa
ngokubhekisele kumntu yaye ke ngoko isini sesibiniโnto leyo, eneneni, ichanile.)
Ngokutsho kukaFisher, ubungqina benzululwazi bubonisa oko ngokusisiseko
iintlonipho izini azifani. (โUbungqina bakhe benzululwazi,โ ngendlela,
ibandakanya izifundo, ubukhulu becala ziingcali zengqondo, ezipapashiweyo fiction, iingxelo
iviwe kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya, abahlobo, kunye noqikelelo lombhali.)
Imbali Enzulu
Nangona kunjalo, uFisher uthi kwizigidi zeminyaka, amadoda nabasetyhini benza ngokwahlukileyo
imisebenzi kunye nale misebenzi ifuna izakhono ezahlukeneyo. Ukhetho lwendalo lukhula
ngaphandle kwabasebenzi abangenamandla; ixesha eqingqwe umahluko ezifihlakeleyo oyindoda kunye
ingqondo yowesifazane. Ngaloo ndlela โumfazi uzalwa engumfazi.โ UFisher akabhekiseli kuyo
into yokuba abafazi banee-ovari kwaye amadoda akanawo. Ubhekisa kwinto yonke
iseti yokuziphatha evela kwimithombo emibini engundoqo: iyantlukwano eqingqwe ngaphakathi
ingqondo yabasetyhini ubukhulu becala kwinkulungwane eyadlulayo, kunye neziphumo ze-estrogen.
UFisher akasixeleli ukuba yenzeke njani le misebenzi โyahlukileyoโ, ngaphandle
njengenxalenye yendaleko, yaye akasixeleli ukuba yenziwa njani na imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo
Izigidi zeminyaka zikrolwa kwiingqondo zethu-kodwa kungakhathaliseki. Ngokucacileyo,
olu lwazi alufuneki xa kufunwa ubungqina โbobunzululwaziโ. Fisher
uthi siyachatshazelwa yindawo esihlala kuyo kodwa akasixeleli ukuba njani okanye
kangakanani okanye njani oku kunokunxulumana nezinye izinto. Endaweni yoko uyangqina
ukungabi namandla kokuphuma kwethu esibelekweni โnotyekelo lwemvelo olwakhuliswa
kumadlelo eAfrika kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo.โ
Uyabona, abaphengululi baye bafumanisa, uFisher ubhala esithi, ukuba โphambi koluntu
baphila ubomi bokulima obuzinzileyo, abafazi babenamandla kwezoqoqosho nasentlalweni.โ
Usapho lwengeniso ephindwe kabini yayingumthetho. Kwii-savannahs zaseAfrika, abafazi
ukuya emsebenzini, ngokungathi kunjalo, ukuya kuqokelela ukutya, emva koko wabuya wapheka
yona, njl.
Njengoko uguquko lwezolimo lwalubambekile, amadoda athatha uqoqosho oluphambili
imisebenzi yokucoca umhlaba, ukulima nokuvuna, ukurhweba, ukulwa,
kwaye nakanjalo. Ngoko abafazi baba sini sesibini. Kutheni le nto yenzeke, Fisher
ayithethi. Ngenguqu kwezoshishino abafazi baba yinxalenye yabahlawulwayo
abasebenzi. Oku kukhokelela ekubuyeni komfazi onamandla kwezoqoqosho.
Kutheni le nto yenzeke uFisher akatsho.
Ngokusuka koku uFisher uthi, โNjengokuba abafazi beqhubeka nokugalela abasebenzi abahlawulwayo
kwiinkcubeko kwihlabathi jikelele. Basebenzisa 'iindlela zabo zendalo' ukuze babe nempembelelo
uluntu. Kwezinye iindawo baya kongamela, babe ngabesini sokuqala.โ
Ngoba? Kuba iindlela zangoku kwishishini, unxibelelwano, imfundo, umthetho,
amayeza, urhulumente, kunye necandelo elingenzi nzuzo licebisa ukuba ngomso
ihlabathi liya kufuna "ingqondo yabasetyhini."
Yintoni le iziswa ngabasetyhini kwihlabathi lezoshishino langomso? Ewe, โabafazi
babe nobuchule obukhethekileyo obuveliswe kwimbali enzulu: italente enamagama; a
amandla okufunda izimilo, izijekulo, inkangeleko yobuso, kunye nezinye izinto ezingathethwayo
imiqondiso ubuntununtunu beemvakalelo; uvelwano; izivamvo ezintle zokuchukumisa, ukungcamla,
ivumba, nokuva; umonde; ukukwazi ukwenza nokucinga izinto ezininzi
ngaxeshanye, imbono ebanzi yomxholo wawo nawuphi na umba; ipenchant ixesha elide
ukucwangcisa; isipho sonxibelelwano kunye nothethathethwano; impembelelo yokukhulisa;
kunye nokukhetha ukusebenzisana, ukufikelela kwimvumelwano, kunye nokukhokela ngokulingana
amaqela.โ
UFisher uthi amadoda aneetalente ezininzi zendalo nawo. (Enkosi ukulunga, mna
wayeqalisa ukubasizela.) Kubonakala ngathi amadoda anesiphiwo esigqwesileyo
ukuqonda ubudlelwane bomhlaba kunye nokusombulula oomatshini abanzima
iingxaki. Banekhono lokugxila ingqalelo yabo kunye nesipho
ukulawula iimvakalelo zabo ezininzi. Yiyo leyo? Ukuthelekisa abasetyhini abazalwa
Utyekelo lwamadoda, umntu uyazibuza ukuba abantu baphelela phi na emhlabeni
bonisa ukusuka "kwimbali enzulu" kude kube namhlanje.
Ukubeka ecaleni umbuzo wokuba ichaphazela njani imisebenzi umntu awayeyenza kwinkulungwane yeminyaka eyadlulayo
Ingqondo yomntu, kwenzeka njani ukuba eminye imisebenzi ibonakala ichaphazela ingqondo kunye nemfuza yomntu
kodwa hayi abanye? Yaguqulelwa njani imisebenzi yookhokho bethu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo
kwizinto ezifana โnepenchant yesicwangciso sexesha elideโ kunye โnokusombulula iingxaki
iingxaki koomatshini? Kwakhona, ukuba ezi mpawu aziguquki, zinikezelwe ukusuka
Izizukulwana ngezizukulwana, kwakutheni ukuze izinto zitshintshe? Kutheni ziluncedo kwi
kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kodwa hayi kwinguqu yezolimo?
Ewe, kubonakala ngathi siphakama ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu (ke kutheni zibalulekile?),
nangona kunjalo le yantlukwano yesini iphinda ivele kwishumi leminyaka emva kweshumi leminyaka, nangona
ukutshintsha isimo sengqondo ngamabhinqa, utsho uFisher. (Babengenanto yakwenza nayo
ukunyanzelwa kubukhoboka basekhaya okanye ukwalelwa ilungelo lokwenza malunga
nantoni na ngaphandle kokuzala abantwana, kwaye kwakungekho phantsi kolawulo lwabafazi.)
Uninzi lwale mahluko lunxulunyaniswa neehomoni zesini (androgens kunye
estrogens), utshilo uFisher. Ezinye zilandelelwa kwimizila yemfuza ethile. Ezinye zifakwe ngaphakathi
kwingqondo.
Ingqondo yowesifazane
UFisher uthi abafazi bacinga ngokwemeko, ngokugqibeleleyo, ngokuguquguqukayo, ngokuqondayo,
ukunyamezela ukungafihli kunye nokuba-awusoze uqikelele-ezi mpawu zinjalo
efunekayo kwi-ofisi ekhoyo yoshishino, njengoko kungqinwa ngamagqabaza avela
ulawulo abantu abathi abafazi bakholisa ukucinga webs ezinxulumene
izinto, hayi imigca ethe ngqo, okt, abafazi bazibandakanya kwiwebhu yokucinga.
Kwelinye icala, amadoda anikela ingqalelo kwinto enye ngexesha. Bubungqina obunjani
Fisher ukunika oku? Wayenomfana owayetshintsha amajelo kweyakhe
intloko. Owu, kunye nolunye uphando malunga nezenzo zoshishino zamadoda nabasetyhini
abalawuli bafumanisa ukuba amadoda abandakanyeka ekucingeni ngamanyathelo.
KuFisher, le yiyantlukwano yethu yesini esisiseko. Kwaye baqala ebuntwaneni.
(Akakho esizalweni?) Esikolweni, amakhwenkwe athanda umsebenzi; amantombazana anzima ngakumbi
ixesha lokuqhawula kwindawo ebangqongileyo (mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba kufuneka bajongane
kunye nala makhwenkwe athambekele emsebenzini azuze ilifa lokuba namandla kumandla awo
ookhokho kwimbali enzulu). Xa usebenzisa ikhompyutha, abafana baye bajongane nabo
iinjongo ezinqwenelekayo; amantombazana ajonga izinto ezininzi. Xa ucelwa ukuba uthethe malunga
ngokwabo, amantombazana azibeka kwimeko, abafana bagxininisa iinkcukacha.
Bubuphi ubungqina โbobunzululwaziโ obunikelwa nguFisher?โIncwadi โeqhelekileyoโ kaCarol Gilligan
ukufundaโ kwabantwana ababini ngeminyaka yee-1980. Ewe, uJake noAmy bobabini babeqaqambile, benamabhongo
Abaneminyaka eli-11 ubudala. UJake waxoxa ngeetalente zakhe, iinkolelo kunye nobude bakhe. Wabeka uAmy
ngokwakhe kwimeko yesikolo kunye nehlabathi kwaye wathi ufuna ukuba ngumfundi
inzululwazi kunye nokunceda abanye. (Hmm...u-Amy ubonakala eneempawu zomntu ojikelezileyo
umntu, Jake abo widget mechanical, ngoko kutheni na isini sakhe
ukufumana ukucinezela isiqingatha sabemi behlabathi iminyaka engama-5,000 okanye kunjalo?)
Le yantlukwano yesini (u-Amy/Jake) iqhubeleka ibe ngumntu omdala. Kwenye
ukufunda, Gilligan wabuza abafundi beekholeji waza wafumanisa ukuba abafazi benza ngaphandle
kwimithetho, ubunzima bezinto eziguquguqukayo ngaphezu kokuba abantu besenza. (Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba
amantombazana afundiswe ukuba mahle kwaye angaze aveze uluvo oluqinileyo / oluqinisekileyo?)
Kuyavela ukuba ezi nkqubo zokucinga ngokwesini zenzeka kwi-prefrontal
i-cortex-indlela yengqondo. UFisher uthi le ndawo ilawula isakhono sethu
ukugcina umkhondo wamasuntswana olwazi ngexesha elinye; ukuodola kunye nokulinganisa idatha
kwaye ufumane iipateni, ukuqikelela iziphumo, ukukhohlisa iimeko ezinokwenzeka,
kunye nokucwangcisa ikamva.
UFisher uthi idatha entsha ngoku ixhasa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba abafazi kunye namadoda
zinee-cortex zangaphambili ezahlukeneyo. Ngowe-1997 isazi ngemithambo-luvo uDavid Skuse
weZiko lezeMpilo yaBantwana eLondon uvavanye amantombazana kunye nabasetyhini nge
I-Turner's Syndrome, ingxaki yemfuza apho bane-X enye kuphela
chromosome endaweni ezimbini. Wagqiba kwelokuba iqela lemfuza kwi
I-X chromosome inefuthe kwi-prefrontal cortex. Iipateni zelifa kunye
ukusebenzisana komzimba kubangela ukuba le mfuza okanye iqela lithuliswe kubo bonke abantu
kodwa iyasebenza kuma-50 ekhulwini kwabasetyhini.
UFisher uthi oku kubonisa ukuba i-50 pesenti yabasetyhini bangcono ngokwemfuza
ixhotyiswe ngaphezu kwabo bonke abantu ukulungelelanisa amasuntswana olwazi oluninzi. Kwe
Kakade ke, akagqibi kwelokuba konke konke, kunoko usebenzisa lona ukuze acebise
ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi emininzi yinto eqhelekileyo kwingqondo yabasetyhini-nokuba
emva kokuchaza, "Ukuba lo mahluko wesayizi kwinxalenye ye-prefrontal
I-cortex inempembelelo kwiindlela ezipheleleyo zabasetyhini kunye nangaphezulu kwamadoda
umbono womgca, asazi. Kodwa lo mahluko unxibelelene nesini unokucingeleka
inxulumene nokwahluka kwendlela amadoda namabhinqa 'acinga' ngayo.โ Fisher, enyanisweni, iziseko
incwadi yakhe yonke kobu bungqina bubuthathaka: ukuba i-50 yepesenti yabasetyhini inokuthi / ingakwazi
babe nobuchopho obubenza bakufanelekele ngokukhethekileyo ubudala bolwazi
ukuba baya kuba sisini sokuqala.
Wenzeka njani lo mahluko ngokwesini (inyathelo elichasene nokucinga kwewebhu)? Fisher
ithi, โKwiminyaka esisigidi eyadlulayo indoda yookhokho yayibasa imililo, iqhekeza amatye
amazembe ezandla, nokuzingela izilwanyana ezinkulu eMpuma Afrika. Njengoko amadoda esukela ezi
amabele angalawulekiyo, kwakufuneka anikele ingqaleloโejonge ngasemva kwetyholo, egobile
kufuphi nomngxuma wamanzi, ityibilika idlula ingwe eleleyo emthini, ilandela emva
izidalwa ezingxwelerhekileyo, ezihlasela ngexesha elifanelekileyo. "
Ke ookhokho bethu abangamadoda ngokuthe ngcembe batshintsha uyilo lobuchopho kwiscreen
bakhuphe iingcinga eziziingcinga, bagxininise ingqalelo yabo, kwaye benze izigqibo zenyathelo nenyathelo.
โAbafazi bezinyanya babenomsebenzi onzima kunaso nasiphi na isidalwa esinyathela emhlabeni:
ukukhulisa abantwana ekudala bexhomekeke phantsi kweemeko eziyingozi kakhulu. Ngendle
ukukhulisa iintsana ezingenakuzinceda, oomama ookhokho kwakufuneka benze izinto ezininzi
ngaxeshanye. Jonga iinyoka. Mamela iindudumo. Yingcamla ityhefu.
Qwalasela ozeleyo. Phakamisa i-cranky. Yalela abanomdla. Solisa i
uloyiko. Khuthaza abasemva. Yondla abalambileyo. Oomama kwafuneka benze izinto ezininzi
imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla ngoxa babebasa umlilo, bepheka ukutya, yaye bencokola nabo
abahlobo.โ
Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo ndiyasibona isizathu sokuba ukwenza konke oko kunokukhokelela kwiwaka leminyaka
ubukhoboka basekhaya. Owu, akukho bukhoboka kuphando lwembali kaFisher,
kukho kuphela ingqondo yabasetyhini ekhulayo eyayingasetyenziswanga kuyo nayiphi na into
inkqubo yezoqoqosho KUDE KUBE NGOKU.
UFisher uthi ke izazi ngengqondo ezininzi zithi amabhinqa afunde ukwenza
izinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye ngaphandle kwemfuneko hayi ezinye zemfuza,
kodwa uFisher akahambi nalo mbono. Uyakrokra ukuba iitalente zabasetyhini
ukucinga ngewebhu kunye nokwenza izinto ezininzi kwavela kwimbali enzulu emva kwamawaka
yezizukulwana.
Le web yokucinga inika abafazi inzuzo ekukhupheni abantwana
esikolweni nasekuncedeni ukujongana neepuzzle zoshishino ezinzima. Kodwa inako
kwakhona ibe yingxaki eofisini, utsho uFisher. Uze enze umzekelo
ukuqinisekisa le โnyanisoโ. Umphathi weofisi uzama ukwenza isigqibo phakathi kwe
umfana kunye nentombazana encinci ngomsebenzi. Ubanika iphazili yeshishini
nezisombululo ezithathu. Indoda, emva kokuqwalasela, ikhetha B. Eyomfazi
impendulo yile ilandelayo: A kungangcono ukuba imiba ethile ingasonjululwa,
B ufanelekile ukuba eminye imiba ethile iyasonjululwa, uC ulungile ukubaโฆ. Ngoko
Umphathi wamxelela ukuba makazame omnye umsebenzi.
Hmmm. Ukucinga ngeWebhu ngokuqinisekileyo kuyingxaki kwilizwe loshishino; kwaye
oko ngokuqinisekileyo kuchaza isizathu sokuba abafazi bangabi namandla kwezoqoqosho.
Ayinanto yakwenza nento yokuba amadoda anamandla (iingcinga ezisecaleni
bonke) bebephethe umsebenzi owenziwa ngabafazi kwaye phiโukusukela ekuzeni kusa
yexesha.
UFisher uqukumbela ngelithi abasetyhini abanako ukufana namadoda kwaye ngokuphambeneyo ngenxa yokuba bona
badlala ngeedekhi ezahlukeneyo zokuzivelela. Zombini iindlela zokucinga zavela
Kudala kakhulu xa izini zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Yima okwesibini, kunjalo
oko kuthetha ukuba ukuba sitshintshe imisebenzi kwiwaka leminyaka ezayo, abafazi baya kwenza
ukufumana ukucinga okusecaleni kwaye ngokuphambeneyo? Okanye ukuba sonke senze yonke imisebenzi,
singafumana ingqondo efanayo? Oku kuyabhida kakhulu.
Okubhida ngakumbi ngamagqabaza alandelayo kaFisher-โZombini [iwebhu kunye nokucinga okusecaleni]
zisetyenziswa sisini ngasinye ngaxa lithile.โ Kodwa akazange nje
yithi lento ibingenakwenzeka? Ukuba kunokwenzeka, yintoni ingxaki yakhe
incwadi. Inokuthiwa njani nantoni na eluncedo ngayo nayiphi na kwezi, singasathethi ke ngesiseko
yonke i-pop psych / isayensi kumahluko wesini amisela abafazi kwangaphambili
namadoda ukuya kutsho kwiindima zawo ebomini?
Konke oku kukrokreleka ngendlela engakholelekiyo, singasathethi ke ngokuhlekisa, ngakumbi
xa sifumanisa ukuba, njengoko uFisher esitsho, kwixesha lolwazi kunye nentsha
Ixesha lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunenzuzo enkulu ukufumana ulungelelwaniso
umbono. Kodwa, linda, abafazi banayo, amadoda awanayo, ngokukaFisher. Ukuba asikwazi
bafumane iingqondo zabo, bangazifumana njani ezethu? Okanye ucebisa ukuba apho
ngaba abasayi kuba ngamadoda kwihlabathi leenkampani zenkulungwane yama-21?
Okulandelayo sifudukela kwenye indlela yokucinga ukuba abafazi bangcono: amathumbu okanye
ukucinga ngendlela eqondakalayoโandizange ndicinge. Oku kunokuchazwa ngu
iziphawuli zengqondo ezisinceda senze izigqibo. Abasetyhini banokuqhubeka
le mikhondo yomzimba ngakumbi. (Ewe, ukubethwa nokudlwengulwa kunokwenza
uyayiva loo mikhondo yomzimba. Owu, uxolo, uFisher akathethi ngokubetha
kunye nodlwengulo, ngoko abayonxalenye yescan yengqondo.)
Ngaba uqhelene nedatha yokuhluza (ukulungelelanisa iipateni kwiibhloko ze
ulwazi)? Ewe, izini zikhupha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenyani. Amadoda yibhola ekhatywayo
iinyani; abafazi chunk ukufunda ubuso.
Amabhinqa abufumana njani obu buchule bokuqonda? UFisher ukrokrela ukuba sifumene
ngenxa yeentswelo zoobawo bethu. Emva koko unika umzekelo wangoku:
UFisher wayehleli kwivenkile ethengisa ikofu kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya elinde inqwelomoya.
Abafazi ababini babencokola ententeni emva kwakhe nomntwana ababenabo
waqala ukubhomboloza. Ingxoxo yabo yokuba mabenze ntoni ngaloo nto yayinokuthatha
indawo kwisigidi seminyaka eyadlulayo, utshilo uFisher. Omnye wabo wathi, nditshintshe nje
yena; Wathi omnye, Ndiyamazi ukuba akalambanga. Bekunye baphonononga amashumi
yezizathu, ukuzama ukungenisa iphazili yomntuโusana.
Ewe, yiyo yonke into endifuna ukuyithetha.
Abacwangcisi bexesha elide
Okulandelayo sifunda ukuba abafazi ngabacwangcisi bexesha elide. Sikwazi oku kuphononongo
ukuphonononga iirekhodi zokurhweba ngabathengi be-35,000. Abaphandi bafumene
ukuba amadoda arhweba ngama-45 ekhulwini ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunamabhinqa. Abasetyhini abazange benze
chaza iingxelo ngendlela abenza ngayo abantu. Abasetyhini babeka imali yabo kumhlalaphantsi
izicwangciso. Iiklabhu zotyalo-mali zabasetyhini kuphela, ngendlela, zibuyisela iipesenti ezingama-21.3
ukuthengwa kwabo kwesitokhwe ngelixa amadoda kuphela iiklabhu zifumana i-15 ekhulwini. Ukusuka kule Fisher
ufumanisa ukuba abafazi bangcono abacwangcisi bexesha elide. Uvuma ngokupasa
ukuba iimeko zasekuhlaleni zinokuyicacisa, kodwa uthi inokuchazwa nayo
ngoyilo lobuchopho bethu basetyhini. UFisher ubhala athi, โUkucwangcisa ixesha elide
ngokungathandabuzekiyo inkqubo yengqondo efakwe kwi-prefrontal cortex ye
ingqondo.โ
Bubuphi ubungqina abunikelayo? Ukhankanya ingozi ngo-1848. Phineas Gage,
ngelixa esebenza, wafumana intonga esidleleni kwaye waphuma entloko.
Ngenxa yoko watyhaphaka iliso lasekhohlo kodwa ngenye indlela ngokupheleleyo
ubuyiselwe ngokwasemzimbeni. Kodwa ubuntu bakhe butshintshile ekubeni noxolo, ubuchule,
onobuqili, inkokeli yomsebenzi edlamkileyo ukuya kwi-bum engatshintshiyo-engakwaziyo ukuthwala
izigqibo ezithatha ixesha elide. Yintoni le inxulumene neziko labasetyhini
Ukucwangcisa ixesha elide, andikwazi ukuqonda, ekubeni uPhineas wayengumfana kunye nabafana
abanako ukuphulukana namandla okwenza oko uFisher athi akanayo ekuqaleni
indawo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba obu buchule bufakwe kuzo zonke iicortex zangaphambili,
njani ukuba amadoda angabi nayo?
Abasetyhini, kubonakala ngathi, bayilungelelanise ukusuka kwimbali enzulu. Ewe. Emva koko madoda
kwafuneka bacinge ngeziganeko zenyanga kodwa abafazi kwafuneka bacinge kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambili
bacinge ngekamva labantwana babo. UFisher ke ucaphula uGeorge Bush, kubo bonke
abantu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba oku kumele kube yinyaniso: โAbafazi balungile embonweni
into.โ Kwakhona, ngokumangalisayo, โNgetalente yabo yendalo yokucinga ngewebhu, ngengqondo
ukuba bhetyebhetye, intuition, kunye nembono ekude,โ utshilo uFisher, abasetyhini
guqula ilizwe loshishino.
Estrogen
Amadoda, uFisher uthi, amandla ahambelana nenqanaba kunye nenqanaba, abafazi bayayibona
njengothungelwano lonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo lwabantu. Ukuzabalazela isikhundla kwamadoda kunxulumene
nge-awusoze uqikelele-testosterone. Ukungcamla kwabasetyhini kuthungelwano lwabantu
inxulunyaniswa ne-hormone ye-estrogen yabasetyhini. Abasetyhini, utshilo uFisher, ubabalo
intsebenziswano kukhuphiswano, ukusebenzisana nokwabelana ngobume nokuzimela.
Ezi mpawu zivela ebuntwaneni. Eklasini amantombazana anembeko,
amakhwenkwe ayangxola; amantombazana ahlala alinde ukubizwa; amakhwenkwe ayakhohlisa, akhwaze
khupha iimpendulo, kwaye ufuna ikhredithi. Amakhwenkwe adlala imfazwe; amantombazana afuna ihlombe kwaye
ukuncoma - ukuthandwa.
Sazi njani? Kulungile isifundo sabafundi bebanga lesi-8 kwizikolo ezibini eCalifornia
ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 isinika impendulo. Kungakhathaliseki iklasi okanye uhlanga okanye
bafumanisa ukuba โamakhwenkwe ibingamakhwenkwe namantombazana ingamantombazana.โ
Lo mahluko ngokwesini uyabonakala nakwilizwe loshishino, utsho
Fisher. Kwiofisi, abafazi babelana kwaye babandakanya, banike indumiso, bacebise
kunokuba uodole, yiba nombono wokuphumelela, uchithe imali encinci kuhambo lweshishini,
kwaye banyaniseke ngakumbi. Amadoda adlalela ukuphumelela, afune izihloko kunye newonga, kunye ne-hoard
ulwazi. (Yima, ayingoonobhala abagcina ulwazi. Ngaba nayiphi na
oku, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba eliyinyani, kunento yokwenza neendima zabantu
gcwalisa? Hayi, inokuba yimbali enzulu.)
Ewe kunjalo, ndiyazibuza kwakhona ukuba kutheni amadoda eqhuba lo mboniso. Ukuba
umntu wamkela ithisisi kaFisher, kungenxa yokuba baneempawu ezibi kakhulu
ngonaphakade. Kodwa uphuma njani kwimbali enzulu kunye nemisebenzi ethile yamadoda
kumadlelo aseAfrika kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo ukuba โamakhwenkwe akhwaza iimpendulo, madoda
gcina ulwaziโ andifumani. Ngaba nabani na?
Phofu ke, kubonakala ngathi phakathi kweechimpanzi, iiprimates eziyindoda azifane zilingane
amabandla, azixakekise ngezikhundla. Iiprimates eziziimazi nazo zizibeka ngokwazo,
kodwa inobuqili kwaye izinzile kwaye isitshixo esisezantsi. (Injani le egalitarian?)
Ngokusuka koku uFisher unokuthi umntu wanamhlanje uqhubela phambili isikhundla usuka kwimbali yangaphambili
amaxesha. โKulula ukubona isizathu sokuba amadoda ajonge isikhundla, iwonga, imali, izikhundla, kunye
indawo yeofisi njengamandlaโโkuba ezi mpawu zitsala amabhinqa. Ewe, ndiyavuma,
ukuba umfana uneโฆofisi enkulu, ndiyamfuna.
Ukuqhuba kwabasetyhini ukunxibelelana kwiwebhu zentlalo kuvela kwimbali yethu yangaphambili,
ngokunjalo. Ngenxa yokuba abafazi bezinyanya abafumana abahlobo babebancinci kwaye babenokufikelela
ukutya okuninzi kunye nokhuseleko. (Ukusinda ngentsebenziswano? Yintoni le?) Fisher
kwakhona iqikelela ukuba i-proclivity yowesifazane yoqhagamshelwano oluhambelanayo kunye
amaqela alinganayo adityaniswa ne-estrogens ekubeni umnqweno uqina
ekufikiseni (iyenzeka?) kwaye iyehla ekuyekeni ukuya exesheni (yintoni?) Yima, iyakwenza oko
kuthetha ukuba abafazi bangaphambi kokufikisa nasemva kokuyeka ukuya exesheni abanayo indawo entsha
uluntu lwehlabathi jikelele?
Ngokufanayo, i-testosterone ifaka iingcingo kwingqondo yamadoda ukuba iqhubele isikhundla. Kwizifundo
kwiKholeji yesiXeko saseNew York, sixelelwa ukuba batofe i-testosterone
kwintlanzi ye-swordtail yaseMexico ethenweyo, kunye nakwinqanaba eliphantsi lomfazi
abantu abangengobantu kunye nezi zidalwa zonke zahambela phambili kuluhlu lwezikhundla ngenxa yoko.
Kwakhona, kwizifundo zabasetyhini abavezwe kumanqanaba aphezulu e testosterone
esibelekweni, abafane batshate, banabantwana abambalwa, babo
imisebenzi ibaluleke ngaphezu kosapho, kwaye basukela imisebenzi kunye
iwonga eliphezulu.
Emva kokuthetha oku, uFisher uthi indalo ayicocekanga kwaye ikhona
akukho lunxulumano olulula phakathi kwehomoni kunye nokuziphatha. Enye indlela yokuyichaza loo nto
amadoda aqeqeshiweyo โanamanqanaba asezantsi eencindi zamadlala angamadoda kunabasebenzi bekhola eluhlaza
namadoda angasebenziyo?โ Ngomqondiso ofanayo, uFisher uthi, abafazi kwishishini
ihlabathi libambisene nenzondo kwaye lithanda ukuhlaselwa ngasemva. (Ke akukho nanye kwinto ayiyo
Ngaba uthetha nantoni na?)
UFisher uyabuza, Kutheni na ukuba abasetyhini bangafikeleli ukulingana kwihlabathi leshishini?
Kuyabonakala ukuba akakhathali malunga nokulingana kwihlabathi elingengomashishini, kwaye
ngaba ucinga ukuba โiimpawu zemveloโ zamabhinqa (okanye zamadoda) zisenokuba zichasene noko
kwihlabathi leshishini, kwaye ke ilizwe leshishini kufuneka lilume uthuli.
Into ebonwa nguFisher kukuba ilizwe leshishini liqala ukuhlengahlengisa
ngokwayo kangangokuba ngoku idinga iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zabasetyhini-kungekhona njengeepeons mhlawumbi,
kodwa njengokuba...andiqinisekanga ncam.
UFisher unikela la manani alandelayo: Ngowe-1900, amadoda ayebambe ama-75 ekhulwini
imisebenzi yobufundisi; kwi-1990 abafazi benza i-68 ekhulwini yekhompyutha kunye nedatha
umsebenzi wokulungisa kunye neepesenti ezingama-79 zazo zonke iinkonzo zoonobhala nezolawulo.
Ngokumalunga neepesenti ze-98 zoonobhala kunye neepesenti ze-90 zoonobhala, ukungena kwedatha
oonozitshixo, abagcini beencwadi, ii<em>stenographer, nabamkeli-zindwendwe ngabafazi; 80 ekhulwini
kubo bonke oomabhalana bamatyala, oomabhalana beefayile, oomabhalana abahlawulwayo, kunye noonobhala bolwazi
ngabafazi; Iipesenti ezingama-40 zabaphathi abaphakathi ngabasetyhini.
Kodwa iipesenti ezingama-95 zabaphathi benqanaba eliphezulu beFortune 1000 kunye neFortune 500
iinkampani ngamadoda; kunye 5 abafumana phezulu kwi Fortune nganye 500
iinkampani 2 ekhulwini ngabasetyhini.
UFisher uthi ucalucalulo sesinye sezizathu ezibangela ukuba abafazi babe
hayi iiCEO. Urhanela ukuba kukho inxalenye yebhayoloji. I-testosterone inegalelo
ekuqhubeni amadoda ukuya phezulu (nangona amadoda aqeqeshiweyo, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla,
babe namanqanaba asezantsi ezinto) kwaye i-estrogen inegalelo ekuqhubeni kwabasetyhini
ukuba bazinike ixesha lokukhulisa abantwana babo, ngaloo ndlela bejongela phantsi ubuchule babo
ukufikelela kwizinga eliphezulu (ubuncinci kuqoqosho olugweba intlalontle).
UFisher ukhankanya i-1989 NGOKU I-poll ye-1,497 yamalungelo abenzi asebenzayo afumanisa ukuba i-83
ekhulwini oomama abasebenzayo kunye neepesenti ezingama-72 zootata abasebenzayo baqwengwa yi
Ukungquzulana phakathi komsebenzi nobomi bentsaphoโkodwa amabhinqa amaninzi lee kunokuba amadoda ayecinga
umsebenzi wabo waba lidini elikhulu, ukuba kwakungafanelanga. (Masibone:
ukukhulisa abantwana okanye isitshixo sokungena kwedatha? Kunzima umnxeba.)
Kodwa khawucinge ntoni? Kubekho ukungazinzi kwintlangano kwishishini laseMelika
kangangokuba amaqumrhu ngoku afuna ulawulo oluphantsi kunye neqela elinatyisiweyo
izakhiwo. Umhlalutyi wezoshishino, uSally Helgeson, uthi, โIqumrhu elikhulayo
izakuba sembindini we-hub enezithethi eziphuma kwiiyunithi zesathelayithi.
Umphathi ngamnye uya kuba sembindini wesangqa sabasebenzi, kunye neesithethi
yonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo oluphuma kwizangqa ezingakumbi zabasebenziโa
iwebhu yesigcawu okanye ivili elikhulu lethamsanqaโฆ. โ
Ngoku ndiyamangala ukuba njani amadoda aphezulu kwihlabathi leshishini, kunye nawo
ukucinga emva kwexesha kunye ne testosterone, inokuza "nokulingana ngakumbi
iqelaโ indlela? (Mhlawumbi kuba akunjalo?) Ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba amadoda aya kwenza njalo
babe ngoomabhalane kunye nabasetyhini baya kuba yi-CEO kwihlabathi elitsha loshishino? Kodwa ukuba abafazi
balingana, kutheni bengathanda ukuba sisini sokuqala kwishishini
ihlabathi esililungise ngokutsha ukuze libe nolingano ngakumbi? Nam ndiyazibuza
kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba kukho enye "isiphithiphithi sombutho" esisiphumo
kwakwesi sigqeba sikhoyo ngoku?
Ngaba abafazi baphumile kwakhona?
Ewe, njengayo yonke enye into kule ncwadi, akukho nto ifanele ibe nengqiqo
okanye zisekelwe kwisibakala okanye kwinkcazelo echanileyo yehlabathi. Iingqinisiso
malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesini kunokubonwa njengenyani naxa ziphikiswa
okanye kubalelwa kwicandelwana lesini ekuthethwa ngaso okanye esiphethwe sesinye
isini ngokunjalo okanye ngokucacileyo azifani.
Nokuba kukho nasiphi na isizathu esisisiseko, sithetha ukuthini ngenene
abantu bachitha njani ubomi babo? Ngaba uneempawu ezithile ezisekelwe kwihomoni
kunye nokwakheka kwe-prefrontal cortex yethu kuthetha ukuba akufuneki sinqwenele ukufezekisa
izinto ezithile? Akunjalongo noko.
Eyona nto icaphukisayo kukuba, nokuba kukho ukungahambelani, kulungile
ubuxoki obucacileyo, uphando lwe-crummy, kunye nezinto eziphilayo, iincwadi ezinjengeFisher kunye neHales '
zithathwa ngokuzimisela yi NYT, amabango abo akaphikiswa. Kwakhona, ndiya "krokrela"
ukuba uninzi lwabemi base-US babambe uhlobo oluthile lwalo "mahluko,"
โAmadoda avela kuMars, abafazi basuka eVenus,โ โayiyongcinezelo yesini,
yiyantlukwano nje yezithetheโ kwezobupolitikaโkwanabaninzi abacinga ngako
ngokwabo abathandi bobufazi bayayithenga kwaye bade bafake isandla kuncwadi olukuyo..
Kum, yeyona nto icinezelayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku abasetyhini bebeyipropathi.
Iyasinciphisa, kwakhona, kwibhayoloji yethu, kwaye ithi le yinto elungileyo
kuba emva kwamawaka eminyaka yembali yanamhlanje, sifumana ukuba nencinci
indawo kwilizwe leshishini apho uninzi lwethu lungafuni kwanto yakwenza nalo
indawo yokuqala. Isetyenziselwa ukusikhawulela, ukusivala, ukusithumela ukuba siqhube
ukuchitha iintsuku zethu sizama ukuba zizidalwa zabasetyhini abathi "iingcali" ezithile
usichaze ukuba sibe. Yintoni echaza kunye nokwahlula abafazi ukusuka
amadoda anento yokwenza nenkululeko? Kutheni usenza nje? Iimpendulo zezinto eziphathekayo zinako
zibandakanya: ithengisa, yenza iingeniso ezininzi kumaqumrhu eendaba kunye
amashishini efashoni, afumana abasebenzi ababhinqileyo emsebenzini abanokuthi babe
uhlawule kancinci, njl.
Enye impendulo yeyokuba iququzelela nayiphi na inguqulelo yobufazi ezayo.
Xa abalwela amalungelo abasetyhini beququzelele kwaye balwela amalungelo abo kunye nenkululeko
(kwaye baphumelela utshintsho oluthile), abazange bakwenze oko ngokufuna ukuba amantombazana abe ngamantombazana
namakhwenkwe abe ngamakhwenkwe. Kodwa emva kwamaza onke amabhinqa, ukusabela kuye kwaba njalo
okufanayo: kungcono urhoxe kwaye uqale ukuziphatha (oko kukuthi, ukuba
abafazi nice zonke ezo mpawu enomtsalane ukuba "ilifa" kwaye ukuba
negalelo ekubeni nibe ngoomama ababalaseleyo, abakhathalele wonke umntu
impilo kodwa eyakho, ejikeleze amandla kunye nokwenza izigqibo).
Ikwanceda ukufihla nayiphi na ingcamango yengcinezelo kunye nodidi lwamaziko
kunye nelungelo lobuhlanga. Iguqulela umzabalazo wenkululeko, umzabalazo
oko kubandakanya imigaqo kunye neenjongo kunye nohlalutyo lwe-patriarchy, kwezinye
ingcinga engacacanga yokhetho olungenayo isiseko sezopolitiko esiqhubela phambili
zonke: njengoko kunjalo, inkululeko ithetha ukuba ungakhetha phakathi kokuba ngumsebenzi (umvuzo
ikhoboka) okanye inkosikazi nomama (iqabane/isicaka sasekhaya). Ukuba ulungile
amantombazana amancinci, oko kukuthi, ukwabelana namalungu eqela, abavale umlomo malunga ne-patriarchy
Ukuxhatshazwa kunye nengcinezelo, ngoko siya kukuvumela ukuba ube ngoonobhala bexesha elizeleyo,
ukufumana nje imali eyaneleyo yokuthenga i-lipstick eguqukayo enokhetho oluninzi
yemibala. Sifuna ilipstick hleze nabani na alibale ukuba singabafazi
ngobuchopho babasetyhini kunye nehomoni ye-estrogen ebalekayo kuthi
imizimba.
Okokugqibela, kufuna ukuba sichithe ixesha elininzi sisenza oko kufanele kusithathe
ngaphantsi kwe 37.7 imizuzwana ukwenza. Oko kukuthi, kufuneka siqhubeke siphanda ubunzulu bethu
imbali, iihomoni zethu, amaqanda ethu, igazi lethu lokuya exesheni, kunye nobuchopho bethu
ukuze kufumaneke izizathu zokuba kutheni na abafazi kufuneka baphathwe njengabantu, befanelekile
ubomi obundilisekileyo kwesi sijikelezi-langa, kwaye ayikho enye.
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