Le yayiyi-nightmare ephiko lasekunene eliphikisana nomfanekiso kaBarbara
Bush kunye noNancy Reagan bebhengeza ukuba bayathandana ngoSuku lweSizwe lokuphuma, okanye
U-Kenneth Starr uzithethelela njengoMtshutshisi oKhethekileyo kuba wayehambe loo mayile wangena
Iidolo zikaMonica. Oku kusenokuba kubi ngakumbi. Oku kwakumalunga ne-iconographic
iimodeli zobudoda obuncinci baseMelika, ezo paragons zokulungela kunye nosolusapho: iNkwenkwana
Iiscouts.NgoMatshi 2, 1998 iNkundla Yezibheno yaseNew Jersey yawisa isigwebo sokuba le Nkwenkwana
IScouts of America (BSA) yophule umthetho wombuso wokuchasa ucalucalulo ngokugxotha uJames.
UDaleโuKhozi Scout onconywa kakhulu ngeminyaka eli-11 yokuhlola kunye neebheji ezingama-30 zokugqwesa.
emva kwakhe-ukusuka kwintlangano ngo-1990 emva kokuvela kwegama lakhe kwiphephandaba njenge
usihlalo weLesbian/Gay Alliance kwiYunivesithi yaseRutgers. Isigqibo seejaji ezintathu
yasitshitshisa isigwebo sika-1995 esenziwa yiJaji yeNkundla yeSithili yase-NJ uPatrick J. McGann owathi
Isigqibo sikaBSA sokubuphelisa ubudlelwane bukaDale neScouts, ngelithi
"[t]apha akukho bungqina kwaphela phambi kwethu, obunamandla okanye ngenye indlela, obuxhasayo
isigqibo sokuba i-Gay Scoutmaster, ngenxa yokuba ifana nesini esifanayo, ayinayo
amandla obuntu ngokuyimfuneko ekunakekeleni ngokufanelekileyo, okanye ukunika i-BSA's
iinjongo zobuntu kumakhwenkwe aselula." Bakwayitshilo loo nto, kuba iBSA igaya
amalungu kwilizwe lonke nangenxa yokuba ehlanganisana kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezifana nezikolo neecawe
zazinjalo, njengeehotele okanye iiresityu, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke kwaye zixhomekeke kwi
imithetho karhulumente anti-ucalucalulo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iBSA iyasibhena ngesigqibo.Ukuphakama koloyiso lwaseNew Jersey kwathotywa nje emva kweentsuku ezingama-20
xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCalifornia yagweba ukuba i-Boy Scouts yaseMelika inokukhuphela ngaphandle
amafanasini, abangakholelwa kuThixo, kunye nabantu abangakholelwa kuThixo kwizikhundla zabo kuba babucala
iqela lobulungu nto leyo ayigutyungelwe amalungelo oluntu karhulumente okanye
imithetho echasene nocalucalulo. Izigqibo zazingamatyala amabini awahlukeneyo. UTimothy Curren wayenayo
wazisa ityala, ebanga ukuba waliwe ngokungekho mthethweni njengokwishumi elivisayo ngamaScouts
Ngo-1981 xa u-Scoutmaster wakhe wafumanisa ukuba wayeyindoda. I-suit yaseCalifornia yesibini yaziswa
UMichael noWilliam Randall abazange bavunyelwe ukuba baphume kwindawo ehlala iOrange County Cub Scout ngo-1990
xaโxa babeneminyaka esithoba ubudalaโbala ukuvakalisa ukholo lwabo kuThixo.Omnye wemibuzo yezomthetho ephambili kuwo onke amatyala wawujikeleza
malunga nemeko ye-Boy Scouts yaseMelika njengeqela labucala lobulungu elino
ilungelo lokukhuphela ngaphandle amakhwenkwe angayifanelanga imilinganiselo yawo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCalifornia
isigqibo ngamxhelo mnye yayikukuba i-BSA yayilishishini labucala elinelungelo lokuthintelwa
ubulungu. Esi yayisisikhokelo esitsha seNkundla ePhakamileyo kaRhulumente kutsha nje
Ixesha elidlulileyo lalilawula ukuba iiKlabhu zamakhwenkwe kunye neklabhu yelizwe yabucala, enyanisweni, yayishishini
ngenxa yokuba izakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zabo zivuleleke kuluntu. Le entsha
ulwalathiso lwenziwa lwacaca kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo ngabagwebi ababini abathi babeya kwenjenjalo
icebise iNkundla ukuba irhoxise izigqibo zayo zangaphambili malunga neKlabhu yamakhwenkwe kunye neklabhu yelizwe
kunye nokunciphisa inkcazo "yeendawo zoshishino," kunye nokwandisa
ukukwazi kwabantu ukusebenzisa umthetho ochasene nocalucalulo kunye nomthetho wamalungelo oluntu ukufuna ukulungiswa
phantsi kwerubrikhi "yendawo yokuhlala yoluntu."Ngale ndlela, isigwebo seNkundla esixhasa iBSA sihambelana ne
ukutshitshisa imimiselo kunye nezigqibo zenkundla ezibandakanya imiba efana nesiqinisekiso
isenzo kunye nemithetho ekhusela abaphambukeli abasemthethweni-ngaloo ndlela izalisekisa umbono we-more
ezibekelwe bucala, ezithintela uluntu oluya kuvumela (phantsi kwegama lokutolikwa ngokubanzi
"inkululeko yokuzibandakanya" ingxoxo) ukhetho lomntu kunye nokucalula ukuthatha
Okuphambili kunombono ovuleleke ngakumbi wamalungelo alinganayo kunye nokufikeleleka. (Okubangela umdla kukuba, i
izigwebo zenze inqaku lokukhankanya ukuba ngelixa umthetho wamalungelo oluntu waseCalifornia ungaquki
imigaqo-nkqubo yobulungu beScouts, iBSA ayizange "ikhululeke ukuba ibakhuphele ngaphandle abafana
ubulungu ngokobuhlanga, okanye ezinye izizathu zokurhanelwa ngokomgaqo-siseko, kunye
ukungohlwaywa," kuba eminye imithetho, kubandakanywa nemithetho yerhafu ye-Federal enika imeko yokukhululwa kwirhafu,
ungafaka isicelo.)Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iNkundla yeziBheno yaseNew Jersey yathi ngenxa yokuba
IiBoy Scouts zinamalungu angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 kwilizwe lonke (kunye namalungu angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-90 ukusukela oko
yasekwa ngo-1910), isebenzisa rhoqo izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ezifana nezikolo kunye neecawe, kunye
ngokuhlaselayo ukugaya ubulungu kumabonakude nonomathotholo iiPSA ezinokuchazwa ngokuba
indawo yokuhlala yoluntu. Ukucaphula umthetho wetyala laseNew Jersey-uninzi lwayo ukusukela phakathi koo-1960 xa
ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga lwalucelwe umngeni ngempumelelo kwiindawo ezininzi, i
INkundla yeziBheno ayizange ifumane sizathu sokuba kutheni i-BSA kufuneka iwele kudidi a
"iklabhu yabucala okanye ishishini."I-BSA yaphendula yathi izenzo zobulungu bayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ayikwenzi oko
"bonisa isimemo esivulelekileyo nesingenasithintelo kuluntu ngokubanzi ukuba lujoyine
"umbutho," kwaye obo bulungu "bumiselwe abo bazimiseleyo
nokuqonda nokuphila ngesifungo soMhloli kunye noMthetho woMhloli.โ Batsho kananjalo
kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-BSA ekhanyela ngokucacileyo ubulungu obuvulekileyo bobufanasini kwiiScouts. Ngo-1978
Ingxelo yomgaqo-nkqubo engazange yenziwe esidlangalaleni, kodwa ibhekiswe kwikomiti yesigqeba
amalungu, yathi, "umntu ozichaza ukuba ulifanasini
angakhethwa ukuba abe yinkokeli yevolontiya, abhaliswe njengelungu leyunithi, okanye abe
uqeshwe njengengcali okanye engeyongcali. "Ingxelo Yesikhundla yowe-1993 yathi: โIBoy Scouts yaseMerika
ayibuzi abo baza kuba ngamalungu malunga nokhetho lwabo lwezesondo, kwaye asijongi kwi
ukuziqhelanisa ngokwesondo kwamakhwenkwe asele engamaScouts. Inyani yeyokuba iScouting iyanceda
abantwana abangenalwazi, okanye umdla, ukukhetha ngokwesondo. Sivumela ulutsha ukuba
thanda njengabantwana kwaye uyonwabele i-Scouting kunye neyantlukwano yayo ngaphandle kokuvela kuyo
kwezobupolitika zaloo mihla.โ Kodwa, bongezelela besithi: โIBoy Scouts yaseMerika ibisoloko injalo
yabonisa ulindelo oluye lwenziwa ziintsapho zakwaSoututing kwintlangano. Asazi
bakholelwa ukuba amafanasini anika umzekelo ohambelana nolu lindelo.
Ngokufanelekileyo, asikuvumeli ukubhaliswa kwamafanasini aqinisekisiweyo njengamalungu okanye njengoko
iinkokeli ze-BSA."Ezi ngxoxo ziye zaxokwa kanye xa kwakuvela iNkundla yesiBheno yaseNJ
babegqibe kwelokuba iBSA yindawo kawonke-wonke, kodwa iijaji zathetha nabo
kakuhle. I-Boy Scouts yaseMelika yayiphikisana ngokuba inqatshelwe eyabo
"inkululeko yobudlelwane obucacileyo" ngokungakwazi ukucalula
amafanasini; ukuba isigidimi sabo esibalulekileyo sokuziphatha nentlalontle siya kungcoliswa okanye sithotywe
ngenxa yobukho bamakhwenkwe namadoda angama-gay. Ngaphandle kweNgxelo yeSimo, iBSA
kuphawulwe ukuba, ngokwesifungo sabo, iiScouts kufuneka zibe "ngokuziphatha ngokuthe tye" kwaye
โucocekileโโzombini ezo zazingahambelani nokuba lifanasini.Ilizwi leNkundla yeziBheno yokuphinda libuyele kwabaye banesigulane
kwaye eyothusayo ibukhali. Ukuqaphela kwakhona ukuba ngobulungu besizwe obungaphezulu kwezigidi ezihlanu,
I-BSA yayingamelanga nomyalezo omnye woluntu okanye wokuziphatha. Ngaphezu koko babanga ukuba ukususela ngoko
"yinyani engenakuphikiswa ukuba intlanganisela ye-BSA 'icacile
injongo' asikokugxeka ubufanasini [kwaye] isizathu sokuba ibe asikokunikela a
iforam yoluntu yamalungu ayo ukuba axhase iinzuzo zesini esahlukileyo kunye ne
'ububi' bendlela yokuphila yobufanasini" "inkululeko yabo yokuthetha
Unxulumanoโ lwalungathintelwa.โ Enyanisweni, bathi, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokubanzi
imiyalelo yombutho we-Scouting-ukunyaniseka, inyaniso, ubunkokeli,
ingqibelelo- "ngeendlela ezininzi ziyahambelana neenjongo ezifunwayo
ezuzwe yi-LAD" (umthetho waseNew Jersey wokuchasana nocalucalulo).Xa wayethetha ngeNgxelo yeSimo esichasene ne-gay, inkundla yayi
ubutshaba ngokwenene. Kungenxa yokuba iNgxelo yabhalwa ngowe-1993โphakathi kweesuti ezininzi
ngokuchasene ne-BSA ngamafanasini-babanga ukuba "akukho ngqiqweni ukujonga
ezi Nkcazelo zeSimo njengesimo sokumangalelana esithathwe yi-BSA endaweni yoko
ukubonakaliswa kwenkolelo esisiseko malunga nenjongo yayo." Emva kokutyhola i-BSA ye
ukuvezwa ngokulula kokuziphatha, iNkundla yeziBheno yalandela isigqibo sangaphambili
nguJaji uPatrick J. McGann, apho wathi uJames Dale wayeyi "esebenzayo
sodomite" (nangona wavuma ukuba ekubeni iNew Jersey yayingenamthetho we-sodomy, oku
yayiyinto esemthethweni) kwaye "wacaphula isithethe samaYuda namaKristu esigxeka ukulala ngesondo njenge
'impazamo enkulu'." Yayiyi - kwingqiqo kaMcGann-le
"engalunganga" eyenza uJames Dale "angacoceki" kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo
"ngokuziphatha ngokuthe tye." Ngesandla somthetho nolwimi oluncinci lweSibheno
Inkundla yabanga ukuba uDale ugxothiwe kwiScouts kuba โwayengumntu ocacileyo
ubufanasini" kungekhona ngenxa yokuba "wayeyi-sodomite esebenzayo" kunye nokuba ubufanasini
ngokwenyani, ngokwenyani, yayingakhethi cala ekuziphatheni kwaye ayichasananga nokuziphatha kweScouts
imiyalelo.Kungelo xesha apho isigqibo seNkundla yesiBheno saseNew Jersey
iba luxwebhu olothusayo lwezomthetho nezentlalo. Isigqibo asikho nje imfuneko kwaye
impendulo ekhaliphileyo kucalucalulo olucacileyo lweBSA kunye nomngeni othe ngqo
I-homophobia exhaphakileyo eyendele kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa luhlaziyo olugqibeleleyo lwe
indlela ubufanasini, ubudoda, nokuziphatha okucingwa ngayo. Sisigqibo sokuba,
Lo gama kuxoxwa ngokwemigaqo yomthetho ecaciswe gca, ineempembelelo ezibanzi.Kodwa ezi ziphumo (kunye nesigqibo seNkundla) zinjalo
igutyungelwe sisigqebelo esisisiseko: UNkosi uRobert Baden-Powell, umseki wamaScouts,
ubufanasini kunye nomntu olala naye. UTom Jeal's Inkwenkwe-Indoda, a
I-biography ka-1990, iinkcukacha zomtsalane kaBaden-Powell, kunye nemicimbi enokwenzeka kunye,
amakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo, kunye nokuthanda kwakhe iifoto zenkwenkwe ezihamba ze kunye neemfuno ezifunwa yiScouts
inkathalo yakhe kufuneka ihlambe ngaphandle ze. Namhlanje uBaden-Powell wayeya kwenza ishumi eliphezulu kwi-
Uluhlu lweRegistry yeSex Offenders.Kodwa ubufanasini bukaBaden-Powell yinto ehlekisayo
xa kuthelekiswa nento yokuba nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew Jersey ibhengeza, iNkwenkwana
I-Scouts yaseMelika ichanekile ngokwenene: ubufanasini abuhambelani ngokupheleleyo
imbali, intsingiselo, kunye nenjongo yokuHlola njengoko iqondwa kude kube ngoku. Njani
inokuba ngenye indlela? Njengoko yakhawulwa yaza yaququzelelwa yiNkosi Baden-Powell ngo-1907,
Injongo ye-Scouting yayikukwenza amakhwenkwe aziphathe kakuhle, athande ilizwe kwaye abe sempilweni. Ngaphantsi ngakumbi
i-rhetoric ekhuthazayo ekhuthaza amaScouts ukuba "ancede abanye," "thetha inyani,"
kwaye "ube nobubele kwizilwanyana," imigaqo ye-Baden-Powell's Scouting igxile kuyo
ukuthobela igunya, ukwenza โumsebenzi wakho kuThixo nakwiLizwe,โ kunye โnobukho
usulungekile ngengcinga, ngelizwi, nangesenzo.โ
"ifektri yeempawu" -yayiyibutho lokubethelela i-conservative ngokunzulu,
ubuKristu behlabathi obabuxhasa ubuzwe obukhuselayo, ukunganyamezeli uhlanga nesini
izithintelo. Ukukhangela kuya kuvela amadoda okwenene aya kugcina isimo-quo, kwaye akunjalo
umngeni kwimigangatho yoluntu ekhoyo. Xa kwaqhambuka iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iScouting yabonwa njengeyona nto iphambili
umhlaba wokuzala wamajoni alungileyo.Njengoko iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaqala uBaden-Powell wezopolitiko kunye
izimo zengqondo zobuhlanga, eyazisa imbali ye-Scouting kodwa yahluke ngokucacileyo kuyo njengoko
kuhle, kwacaca ngakumbi. Ngo-1937 u-Baden-Powell wayewulangazelela umbutho wokuhlola
ukuseka amaqhina asemthethweni namaqela olutsha lukaHitler. Ngowe-1939 wabhala kwidayari yakhe:
โLala imini yonke. Funda mein Kampf. Incwadi emangalisayo, enemibono emihle ngayo
imfundo, impilo, ipropaganda, intlangano njl-njlโkunye neenjongo angazifuniyo uHitler
ziqhelise.โNgelixa iBoy Scouts namhlanje ngokuqinisekileyo ayiloqela le-neo-Nazi, kwaye
njengoko babenjalo ngaphambili, uninzi lweembono zantlandlolo zikaBaden-Powell zisenjalo
hlala-ingakumbi abo bazisa indlela "amadoda okwenene" enziwa ngayo
umzi-mveliso weempawu. I-Scout's "umsebenzi kuThixo" uchazwa, nangoku, ngu
uninzi olumxinwa lokuziphatha. (Nangona eCalifornia izimisele kubulungu beBSA.)
Umyalelo wokuba โnyulu ngengcinga, ngelizwi nangesenzoโ wabonisa abaseki bawo
Iimbono ezicinezelayo zesini (kubandakanywa nokukhathazeka ngokunqanda ukuphulula amalungu esini phakathi
Scouts) kwaye kuvumeleke kuphela ukwabelana ngesini esahlukileyo esizalanayo emtshatweni.Iimbono ezinjalo zisesembindini wokumelana neBSA
ubufanasini. Kwileta yabo yowe-1990 yokugxotha uDale kumbutho ababebanga ukuba nguye
"waphule isifungo seScouth sokuhlala 'ethe tye ngokuziphatha'
kunye nomyalelo phantsi komthetho weScoutu wokuba amalungu ahlale 'ecocekile'." Ngamafutshane, i
Ii-Boy Scouts zimalunga nokwenza amadoda okwenyani, kwaye abathandana besini esifanayo "ayingawo amadoda okwenyani"
ngokwengcaciso yabo.Umceli mngeni weNkundla kwisigqibo seBSA sokuchasa abantu abathandana nabathandanayo
malunga namalungelo obufanasini, kodwa luphawu lwedabi elikhulu lenkcubeko malunga nendlela
uluntu luchaza ubudoda. Ngelixa uqeqeshwe ngokwemigaqo yomthetho "yoluntu
indawo yokuhlala" kunye "nocalucalulo" isigwebo seNkundla yeziBheno
imele ukuhluthwa kude kwiBoy Scouts yelungelo labo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ekukhupheni ekuphela kwayo
"amadoda okwenyani" avela kumzi-mveliso wabalinganiswa. "Ngokuziphatha ngokuthe ngqo" kwaye
"ukucoceka" ngamagama anekhowudi abethelela izithethe zobudoda,
izithethe ezamkelwa ngabantu abambalwa nabambalwa.Ngokudibana nolu bizo lokuchaza ngokutsha ubudoda, iSibheno
Isigwebo seNkundla sikwaphikisana nombono osoloko uthandwa kwaye usaxhaphakile wokuba amadoda angamafanasini
ziyingozi ebantwaneni. Inkundla yezibheno ityhola uJaji McGann ngokunyusa ngokungafanelekanga
"Uloyiko olubi kunye nolungakhange luthethe ukuba iinkokeli ze-gay scout ngandlela thile ziya kubangela ngokwasemzimbeni okanye
ukwenzakala ngokweemvakalelo kwiiscouts." Baphendula ngelithi "iingqikelelo ezinjalo, eziqikelelweyo
I-stereotypical generalizations, endaweni yenyani, ayinakusetyenziswa njenge "shorthand
amanyathelo" endaweni yezinto ezisemthethweni ezithethelela ukhuseleko lwesiHlomelo sokuQala
ngumbuzo ojinga phezu kwayo yonke inkqubo. Ityala lokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana li
engaphakathi kwindlela i-homophobia eyakhiwe ngayo kuluntu lwethu, kwaye nawuphi na umngeni kuyo
wamkelekile kwaye kuyimfuneko. Okumangalisayo kukuba, lutshintsho oluye lwazuza ukuthembeka ngakumbi ukususela ngoko
abantu abathandanayo bebelwela amalungelo abo asisiseko, kunye neNkosi
UBaden-Powell akazange ajamelane nobomi bakhe.Kwimihlathi yabo yokugqibela abaGwebi beziBheno bavakalisa isigqebelo
eqhuma uhanahaniso olungenangqondo lwe-BSA: "Ngokombono wethu, kukho
Ukungahambelani kwelungelo lomenzi kwingcinga yokuba inkokeli ye-Gay Scout egcina yakhe
'imfihlo' efihliweyo inokuhlala kwi-Scouting kunye nalowo ubambelela kwimithetho yeScout ngo
ukunyaniseka nokuba nenkalipho ngokwaneleyo ukubhengeza ubufanasini bakhe kufuneka agxothwe.โ Ngu
ecinga njeโukuba ubufanasini buyinto yendalo kwaye bungoondilele ekuziphatheni,
INkundla yeziBheno yaseNew Jersey iye yaphinda yaphinda yayalela indlela ihlabathi elisebenza ngayo: ubufanasini
ngoku "icocekile," abantwana banokufumana inzuzo kwi-Gay Scoutmasters, kwaye baphume
kukunyaniseka nenyaniso.Umzi-mveliso we-Baden-Powell-kunye nombono wayo owonakele
ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuziphatha kakuhle, ukuba nenyaniso, nokunyanisekaโkukwinkqubo ecotha kakhulu
ekugqibeleni ukuvala; yinkqubo esele ineminyaka iqhubeka. IiBSA
imfuno ukuqhubeka ukuchaza "amadoda okwenyani" yimigudu yokugqibela umsele ukubamba kunye
khuthaza iinqobo ezisemgangathweni eziphelelwe lixesha. Kwiminyaka ezayo iya kubonakala-njengekaBaden-Powell
umtsalane kuHitler Youth kunye mein Kampf-iyacekisa nje.