Ellner
eVenezuela
umongameli uLieutenant Col. Hugo Chávez udla ngokuvela esidlangalaleni emkhosini
ukudinwa kwaye uxelela abaphulaphuli bakhe ukuba "unxibe ukulwa." Wongeza
ukuba amazwi akhe ayimbumbulu kwaye iinjongo zakhe zezo iintshaba zizenzayo
Umyalelo wamaqela ezopolitiko angathenjwayo ekusekweni.
UChavez uye
ifumene amanqaku amaninzi oloyiso lolonyulo olushiye lowo ebefudula egqwesile
amaqela athotyiwe kwaye athotywa isidima. Okokuqala, waphumelela kumongameli
unyulo ngoDisemba 1998 ngama-56 ekhulwini eevoti, ngokuchaseneyo nencinane
Isi-9 ekhulwini kumaqela ama-2 aphambili—idemokhrasi yezentlalo
Isenzo (AD) kunye ne-Social Christian Copei. Emva koko, kwi-referendum
Epreli, iipesenti ezingama-90 zeevoti zavotelwa zixhasa isindululo sikaChávez sokuba a
iNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko. Ku-Chávez, ukuphakanyiswa kweNdibano akukho nto
ngaphantsi kotshintsho olucokisekileyo lwenkqubo yezopolitiko yesizwe.
Emva koko, nge-25 kaJulayi,
U-Chávez wabetha abachasi bakhe kunyulo lweNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko. Konke
kodwa iqaqobana labagqatswa abanyulwe kwiNdibano enezihlalo ezili-131 ngabakwaChávez
umanyano. Abambalwa abaseleyo bavunywa yi-AD kunye neCopei, egama layo
abagqatswa-kubandakanywa amaqela amaninzi kuzwelonke
ubunkokeli-ngokukhohlisa bazibiza ngokuthi "abazimeleyo."
Ukulandela
ukuvulwa kweNdibano, abadlali abanempembelelo phesheya baye babuza
ukucingelwa kwamandla kaxakeka. Umbango libango leNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko
ukuba yongamile ngokwemigangatho yawo onke amanye amaziko oluntu kunye nawo
isigqibo sokujonga iCongress, inkqubo yokugweba, kunye noorhulumente bamazwe. Kwi-
umhleli ngo-Agasti 21, i ENew York Times ibhalwe nguMbumba
Izenzo zeNdibano "Jacobin" kwaye wayigxeka "ngokugxininisa amandla
kumongameli. ”ISebe leLizwe lase-US, ebeligcine umthetho ohlukileyo
ukuthula malunga noChávez kususela kunyulo lwakhe, wacebisa iVenezuela ukuba igcine
"ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente."
Nangona kunjalo, a
Ukukroba kwixa elidlulileyo likaChávez kunye nenkqubo karhulumente wakhe iyayichitha le ngcamango
ukuba uzimisele ukuthabatha igunya lobuzwilakhe nokuba imizamo yakhe yokuqinisa
isebe lesigqeba libeka ngaphezu kweenkxalabo zentlalo. Okona kubalulekileyo, akukho namnye kumalungu
yenkcaso iye yavalelwa emva kwezitshixo okanye itshutshiswa nangayiphi na indlela kwaye hayi
Izithintelo zibekwe kumajelo eendaba, nangona igxeka
urhulumente.
Chávez
ekuqaleni yayiphakamise ibhanile yeNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko njengesithuthi
utshintsho olukhulu kwezopolitiko ngexesha lobhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi owakhokelela kulo
1992. Waphinda wayamkela kulo nyaka uphelileyo ngexesha lephulo likamongameli. Chávez
waqhwaba izandla uMgaqo-siseko wesizwe wowe-1961 wokuwonga amaqela ezopolitiko.
Abameli babo kwiNkongolo banamandla asusela kunyulo lwe
abagwebi ukuba bavumele ukunyuselwa komkhosi. UChávez ulugcinile uhlaselo lwakhe olubukhali
ngenxa AD kunye Copei, leyo kangangamashumi eminyaka ebesembindini oko yena
ngokugxekayo ubiza "iqela-idemokhrasi" ephawulwe ngabathengi, ukungasebenzi kakuhle,
nobuqhophololo.
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Mazantsi |
Ngokuka
ngenjongo yabo yokunciphisa ukufikelela kwamaqela ezopolitiko nokukhuthaza
idemokhrasi ethatha inxaxheba, iiChavistas ezinyulwe kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko
iye yashukunyiswa ekujikeni inkqubo yenkundla kwaye kulindeleke ukuba iwise umthetho
unyulo oludumileyo lwabagwebi. Iqabane lomanyano Patria Para Todos (PPT) likhuphe a
ingxelo ngoSeptemba ibiza iNdibano ukuba idale "ukuzimela kunye
inkqubo yenkundla yokwabela amagunya, yongeza ngelithi "iintolongo kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela
njengecebo lokugqibela kwaye kufuneka ayeke ukuba yindawo yokugcina abantu ukuze baguquke
ngokwayo kumaziko omsebenzi nokufunda. "
Uninzi lweChavista
abathunywa bakhetha ukutshitshiswa kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kunye nokunciphisa igunya le
iirhuluneli ngenjongo yokuphucula oko kufikeleleka kurhulumente kamasipala
abemi abaqhelekileyo.
Ngokukhuthala
ethatha inxaxheba kwiphulo leNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko, uChávez uqhayise
Umthetho kunye nesithethe saseVenezuela, esalela umongameli ukuba angathathi cala
unyulo ukuze aphephe ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi obuninzi anabo.
UChávez, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka asebenzise ukuthandwa kwakhe ukuba uyaqhubeka
isithembiso sakhe sokuguqula inkqubo yezobupolitika yesizwe. Amaqela ukuba umva
yena, kuquka nelakhe iFifth Republic Party, basilela kulo msebenzi. Hayi ukwenza kuphela
baswele iinkokheli, kodwa bahlukene phakathi kwabo. eChávez
intshukumo yaqala njengomboniso womntu omnye, kwaye nangona ezinye zeenkokeli zayo ziphumelele
iqondo lokuthandwa kwesizwe, isaxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kuyo
umthwali osemgangathweni.
Kutheni le nto
Ukuduma kukaChavez
Chávez
yimveliso yomsindo odumileyo kunye ne-effervescence. Iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ngokwentelekiso
amaxabiso e-oyile azinzileyo anike isizwe idemokhrasi ezinzileyo, eyathi
ngokuchasene noorhulumente abalawulwa ngumkhosi kulo lonke ilizwekazi
1960 kunye 1970s. Ukuhla okubukhali kwamaxabiso kwiminyaka yoo-1980 kwaphazamisa
Ukuchuma kweVenezuela. Kwandula ke ngoFebruwari 27, 1989 kwabakho izidubedube zabemi basematyotyombeni
kwaqhambuka kulo lonke ilizwe, kwashiya abantu abaqikelelwa ku-2,000 XNUMX befile. Venezuwela
ibingasoze ifane.
USantiago Martinez,
okhokela umbutho omkhulu wabahlali eCaracas, wandixelela: “Emva kukaFebruwari
Ngomhla wama-27, sizame ukwakha kwakhona into endiyibiza ngokuba 'lilaphu lentlalontle' ngokwenza lula intlalontle
Uxinzelelo, kodwa akukho nto. Abantu abahluphekayo babagqala abantu abatyebileyo njengotshaba
imihlaba. Nawuphi na usomashishini ophumeleleyo uthathwa njengorhwaphilizo, kwaye oko
iya kwabezopolitiko. Ukungathembani kumacala omabini. Abakumgangatho ophakathi bayesaba
ukuba amahlwempu sele eza kuhlasela iindawo zawo.
Le klasi
Ukuqhekeka kuzibonakalisa kwisimo sengqondo ngakuChávez. Ulwimi olugqibeleleyo lwe
umongameli, othe izihlandlo ezininzi uye wathandabuza ubungcwele babucala
ipropathi, ngokwandayo yahlukanisa amalungu akudidi oluphakathi. Bajonga uChávez njenge
akaqondanga, anomoya omde, kwaye akakhohlakali. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abantu abasweleyo besizwe banjalo
ngokuqinileyo emva kwakhe njengangexesha lokunyulwa kwakhe kwaye zithathwa ngokukodwa
ubhekisela rhoqo kwingxaki yamahlwempu.
eChávez
charisma akunzima ukuyibamba. Umele izinto ezahlukeneyo ukuya ezahlukeneyo
abantu. Uhlala ethetha nesizwe ngokungekho sikweni kwimiboniso yeTV ehambayo
kwiiyure, kwisitayile seengxoxo ze-FDR's fireside. Ukwanalo neveki
I-call-up inkqubo yerediyo ebizwa ngokuba "Molo, Mongameli." Ngamanye amaxesha uyavela
ngokungalindelekanga kwaye phantse engakhatshwanga ezibhedlele nakwezinye iindawo ukuze
fumana umbono osondeleyo weengxaki ezicinezelayo zesizwe. UChávez uphuma njengendawo
Ummi waseVenezuela oqhelekileyo owayephupha ebuntwaneni bakhe yayikukudlala ibaseball kudidi oluphezulu. Vula
uhambo oluya e-Asia ngo-Okthobha, uChávez wamisa ngaphambi komdlalo kwi-slugger yaseVenezuela
URoberto Petagine, okhokela iiligi ezinkulu zaseJapan kukhuphiswano lwasekhaya. Yena
wenze into efanayo kwiBala Lemidlalo iShea eNew York ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka.
Chavez naye
ngokuzingca uthetha ngokutsalwa kwakhe kwamaIndiya kwilizwe apho abaninzi besazi
igazi labo lamaAfrika kodwa ulibale ukuba nabo bangamamestizo.
UChavez uyawola
isimbo sasekhaya sobuzwe esixhaswa ngamaqhawe aseVenezuela. Intetho yakhe
ifana neSandinismo, ekwaphuhlisa imfundiso yesizwe ngelixa besaphula
kunye neemodeli ezivela kumazwe angaphandle zeMarxism-Leninism. UChavez uyabagxeka ababhali-mbali
ngokwenyani ukubhala imbali yesizwe phakathi kokusweleka kukaSimón Bolívar
ngo-1830 kunye nexesha langoku, ukugxotha yonke inkulungwane yeenkokeli zopolitiko njenge
"caudillos," okanye amadoda anamandla. Kwincwadi yodliwano-ndlebe noChávez enesihloko
Uthethe umphathi-mkhosi, uthi: "I-Caudillos inokuba yayiyimfuneko
ukufakwa kwabantu bethu kwimizabalazo yembali. Ndiyakholwa ukuba sibe njalo
wathengisa imodeli yedemokhrasi yoohlohlesakhe evela kumazwe angaphandle-leyo yokupheliswa kwethu
iinkokheli."
Phakathi kwezi
Iinkokeli ze-"caudillo" zazingumkhulu kaChávez, owaziwa ngokuba yi "Maisanta."
Umvukeli owahlala ubomi bakhe bonke, uMaisanta wathabatha inxaxheba kuqhankqalazo olwashiya i
owayesakuba ngumongameli wasweleka, kwaye kwenye ebandakanya ukubulawa komntu owayedume kakubi
irhuluneli ekhohlakeleyo. Ekugqibeleni woyiswa ngowe-1922 waza wachitha iminyaka yakhe esixhenxe yokugqibela
entolongweni.
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Mazantsi |
NjengoMaisanta, uChávez
ungumvukeli wentliziyo. Njengegosa eliphantsi, wanikezela iminyaka elishumi ebeka i-
Isiseko sobhukuqo-mbuso olungaphumelelanga awalwenza ngoFebruwari 4, 1992 ngokuchaseneyo
Umongameli weneoliberal uCarlos Andrés Pérez (owathi wagxothwa kunyaka kamva
izizathu zorhwaphilizo). Ngokungafaniyo notatomkhulu wakhe, uChávez wakhululwa
ejele emva kokuchitha iminyaka emibini kuphela kwaye waqhubeka nokwenza itheko lokwexeshana
equka amagosa angaphambili omkhosi kunye nabasekhohlo kuquka "i-ultras." Une
ngoku uvuze abanye baba balandeli ngezikhundla kwikhabhinethi yakhe kunye
iqela.
Igunya
Drift?
inye
yabagqatswa boyisiwe ngequbuliso kunyulo loMvoti
INdibano yaba nguCarlos Andrés Pérez, uChávez owafika. U-Pérez uthi
ukhetho olukhoyo kubantu baseVenezuela luphakathi "kwenkululeko kunye nobuzwilakhe,"
ngelixa ecacisa ukuba ngubani omele ntoni. UPérez uqikelela ukuba uChávez uya kwenza
ukuguqula iNdibano ibe sisithuthi solawulo lomntu.
Ukuba yintoni Pérez
kunye nezinye iinkokeli zenkcaso zithi malunga nokuthambekela kokulawula kukaChávez
yinyani, ngoko ubongameli bakhe buhambelana nepateni jikelele yamandla agqithisileyo
abalawuli ababonakalisa idemokhrasi yaseLatin America ngeminyaka yoo-1990. ePeru
UAlberto Fujimori wayichitha iCongress kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye, njengakwimeko
kaCarlos Menem waseArgentina, walawula iminyaka eliqela ubukhulu becala ngommiselo. Ezi
kunye nabanye oomongameli basoloko bengqubana nenkongolose ukuze banyanzelise
imigaqo-nkqubo yeniyoliberal abathi bona ngokwabo bayichasa ngokungqongqo ekuqaleni
ukubaleka isikhundla.
UChavez naye unalo
ibekwe ukuthandabuza ukuba semthethweni kweNkongolo, amaqela e
ukusekwa, kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi eqhutywa ngokwasemthethweni, ekhokelela abanye
thandabuze ukuzibophelela kwakhe kwidemokhrasi. Ukongeza, uye wabeka ecaleni radical yakhe
izindululo kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho, ezifana nokumiswa kothethathethwano kwabangaphandle
ityala kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezivumelwano kunye neenkampani zeoli zangaphandle, kwaye akasekho
ugxeke i-International Monetary Fund.
Nangona kunjalo, uChávez
ayihambi ngakwicala leMenem neFujimori, kwaye ayifani
abanduleli babo abadumileyo abanjengoJuan Domingo Perón okanye uLázaro Cárdenas.
Okokuqala, uChávez wayeligosa elincinane elenze iyelenqe
urhulumente iminyaka elishumi waza wakhokela imvukelo. Ngendlela yakhe engaqhelekanga,
iimpawu zakhe zomzimba, kunye nemvelaphi yakhe esezantsi yodidi oluphakathi ungaphezulu "enye ye
abantu" kunabo babengoogxa bakhe.
Ngaphezu koko, yakhe
Isilogeni esiphambili kukuthatha inxaxheba okuthandwayo, kude kakhulu nootata
ubudlelwane obukhuthazwa yi-populism. Eneneni, abalandeli bakhe banengqiqo
ithemba kunye nokusebenza kakuhle-ukuba ngabona badlali baphambili kwinkqubo leyo
uthembisa ukuguqula isizwe ngaphezu kwaso nasiphi na isiganeko ukusukela kwinkululeko.
Ekugqibeleni, inikwe
i-conservative setting kwi-Latin America kwi-1990s, intshukumo ye-Chávez i
eyohlulwe ngokutyhalela phambili nokujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo.
eChávez
ukugxeka idemokhrasi yaseVenezuela yasemva ko-1958 idlulela ngaphaya kokuchaswa
abezopolitiko abanganyanisekanga kwi-ilk kaCarlos Andrés Pérez. Ucebisa ukuba a
imodeli entsha ngokupheleleyo yezopolitiko yeVenezuela yokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwabemi. Kwi
incwadi I-A, B, C yeNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko, Umlandeli kaChávez uFabian
UChacón ucaphula uRousseau esithi "inkqubo yokumelwa iyaphikisana
umgaqo wolongamo oludumileyo.” UChacón wayibeka ngolu hlobo le nto kum: “I
ingcinga yokuba abantu banokungenelela kwezopolitiko nangaliphi na ixesha, ngokuchaseneyo
kufuneka ndilinde iminyaka emine okanye emihlanu ngexesha lonyulo, ngumahluko phakathi
ubusuku nemini." Waqhubeka waqaphela ukuba kwiiChavistas eyona nto ibalulekileyo
"idemokhrasi yothatho-nxaxheba" sisindululo sovavanyo oluvumayo
Abantu baseVenezuela ukuba bavotele abezopolitiko ngaphandle kweofisi ngamaxesha phakathi konyulo.
Enye inkalo ye
ukwenza nzulu idemokhrasi yesizwe kulawulo lwentando yesininzi lwesizwe
umanyano lwabasebenzi oluphambili, iVenezuelan Workers Confederation (CTV). IiChavistas
icinezele i-CTV ukuba ivumele umgangatho kunye nefayile ukuba ikhethe ngokuthe ngqo i
umongameli kunye namanye amalungu ekomiti yayo yesigqeba. Olu lonyulo luyakuthi
yenza i-CTV ibe yodwa phakathi kweemanyano zabasebenzi ezinkulu kulo lonke
ihlabathi. I-CTV nayo yanikezela ekunyanzeliseni ngabakwaChavistas ukuba unyulo lube
eliphantsi kweliso lequmrhu elingaphandle, elingathathi hlangothi, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa ubuqhophololo obunokwenzeka.
Nangona kunjalo, i-CTV yayeka ukuvuma ukuya kwesinye imfuno yeChavista
iinkokeli zabasebenzi, ezizezi, ukubandakanywa kwabasebenzi abangacwangciswanga—kuquka abanjalo
abaziqeshileyo njengabathengisi basesitratweni—kuluhlu lwabavoti.
Amaqela ahlukeneyo
njengamapolisa, amalungu oluntu lwenkcubeko, imibutho yezendalo, kunye
nabantwana bathathe inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zokuqulunqa izindululo ze
INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, yasungula abagqatswa bayo.
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Mazantsi |
Inenekazi lokuqala,
UMarisabel Rodríguez de Chávez, odlale indima yobutshantliziyo egameni lika
amalungelo abantwana ngokubanzi, ingakumbi abantwana abahlala ezitalatweni, banyulwa
kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko ngevoti yesibini ngobukhulu. Ucebisa i
ukudalwa komfanekiso "woMkhuseli wamaLungelo abaNtwana" oya kuthi
khuthaza abantwana ukuba beze ngaphambili kwaye bakhalime impatho-gadalala. Ukunyaniseka kwe
Ukukholelwa kunye nesibindi sikaMongameli wokuqala kwabonakaliswa ngexesha likamongameli
xa wathi esidlangalaleni ukuba umntwana wakhe, uRosainés Chávez, wayekho
ukhawulwe ngaphandle komtshato.
eChávez
unyulo luqalise iinzame zokuququzelela kunye nokudibanisa amanye amacandelo
abantu abaquka abangaphangeliyo, abo baxhwalekileyo, kunye namabanjwa.
Iintolongo zaseVenezuela ziphakathi kwezona zidilikayo neziyingozi emhlabeni.
UMongameli uChávez kunye nabalandeli abaninzi badibana namabanjwa kwaye bawaqinisekisa ukuba
jika izixhobo. USarith Suriega, inkongolo endathetha nayo engoweChávez
Iqela lesihlanu leRiphabhlikhi, lithathe inxaxheba kumzamo: “Amabanjwa anikezelwe
ezinye zezixhobo zabo ababezifihle ezindongeni, kwaye ngokubuyisela thina
bathembisa ukuba baza kuqwalasela izikhalazo zabo, kungekuphela nje iimeko zentolongo kodwa
ukungabi nabulungisa kwezigwebo zabo."
Enye iChavista,
UAdmiral ongemva uLuis Cabrera, owabalekela irhuluneli kwaye wayengomnye wabavukeli abaphezulu
iinkokeli zowe-1992, zathi kum: “Ama-70 ekhulwini amabanjwa ethu alindile
izivakalisi. Aba bantu bangamandla anokuba namandla, kwaye amaqhinga abo anjalo
njengoko uqhankqalazo lwendlala lutsala ingqalelo yehlabathi lonke. Thina (iqela lesihlanu leRiphabhlikhi)
ifumene uninzi lweevoti kuwo onke amabanjwa esizwe kwi
Unyulo lukaDisemba."
Ukusuka kwezopolitiko
Imbono kaChávez kunye nezithembiso zakhe zokungasebenzisi mandla ngokuchaseneyo
abo baqhankqalazayo baye bahlawula, ubuncinane kwixesha elifutshane. Inxalenye enkulu ye
abantu basemva kwakhe kwaye bazimisele ukuya ezitratweni kufanele
iimeko zifuna. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, intetho yakhe yomkhosi yayinako
umva ukuba ulindelo aluhlangatyezwa.
Icala likaChávez
ngokuxhasa amacandelo angawodwanga uguqulelwa kwimigaqo-nkqubo ethile, ethi
kunzima ukuhlala kakuhle ne-IMF kunye namaqela oshishino kazwelonke. Nangona uChávez ngoku
uyayamkela i-privatization, uyayichasa ngokuqinileyo kwindawo yezempilo kunye
kwezemfundo, kwaye ubambe umthetho walo nyaka uphelileyo ophelisa ukuqhutywa koluntu
inkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu. Urhulumente wakhe ukwagxininise kwizikolo zabucala
esilelayo ukufikelela imigangatho esisiseko. Izithethi zeli candelo zilumkisile ukuba
idrafti yomgaqo siseko omtsha ingeniswe kwindibano yovoto ngo
U-Oktobha ukhomba kwicala lokupheliswa kwemfundo yabucala.
NgoJulayi, naye
uveze inkqubo yemisebenzi yoluntu efikelela kwi-900 yezigidi zeerandi ukulwa nentswela-ngqesho phantsi kwe
ulwalathiso lwamagunya omkhosi. Abameli beshishini lamazwe ngamazwe
uluntu luyigxekile ngokuphambukisa imali, ethathwe kwixabiso le-oyile yakutsha nje
ukwanda, ekufuneka kusetyenziswe ukubeka imali karhulumente ngendlela. Kwangaxeshanye
ixesha, isithethi ishishini Venezuelan wahlasela isicwangciso for ukuphambukisa i
icandelo labucala.
NgoMatshi
iququzelelwe yi "Fifth Republic" kunye neqela lePPT ngoSeptemba 2 eCaracas,
imibutho yabasebenzi icele ukubuyiselwa kwenkqubo ye
intlawulo yokuyeka, ibalwe ngesiseko sabasebenzi umvuzo wokugqibela, leyo
urhulumente wangaphambili we-neoliberal wayechithile. Uyilo lomgaqo-siseko
ingeniswe kwiNdibano yoMgaqo ngo-Oktobha ibuyisela inkqubo endala
(nangona utshintsho lwamagama ngomzuzu wokugqibela lulishiya inqaku noko
ngokungaqondakaliyo).
Esinye isitshixo
Isici kwisicwangciso sezopolitiko sikaChávez yimikhosi exhobileyo, eye yaba
ibandakanywe kubomi besizwe ngendlela yeenkqubo ze
intsebenziswano yomkhosi kunye nokuqeshwa kwamagosa kurhulumente ophezulu
izikhundla. Isiphakamiso sikamongameli sokunika abasebenzi basemkhosini ilungelo
ukuvota, nto leyo ethe leftists betyhala ukusukela ngoo-1970, yaziswa
umgangatho weNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko ngo-Oktobha. UChávez unokuthembela kwizixhobo
amandla njengehlakani, kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba ukruthakruthwano lwezopolitiko lufikelela a
umqobo onceda kungenelelo lomkhosi.
Umntu oZimeleyo
Nkqubo welizwe langaphandle
eChávez
umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle ozimeleyo kunye nobukhalipha nawo ubonisa ukwahlukana ngokugqibeleleyo
Ulawulo lwangaphambili. Kwangaxeshanye, ityhala iVenezuela kwi
isikhundla sobunkokeli phakathi kwezizwe zaseLatin America ezixhalabileyo ngezinto ezintsha
Iindlela zongenelelo lwase-US.
Le ndima
i-protagonist yaboniswa kwi-29th General Assembly yoMbutho we
I-American States (OAS) eyabanjelwa eGuatemala ngoJuni 1999. Kwintlanganiso, amazwe angaphandle
UMphathiswa uJosé Vicente Rangel wachaza urhwaphilizo olunokwenzeka phakathi kweziyobisi
amagosa eUnited States, kwangaxeshanye wathi mawapheliswe
"Isiqinisekiso" saseWashington sonyaka sezizwe zaseLatin America ngokutsho
kwirekhodi yabo ekulweni urhwebo lweziyobisi. Rangel, usoshiyali wamaxesha amathathu
umgqatswa kamongameli, ubuze umbuzo othi "ilizwe lenza njani
amanani njengemarike yomgaqo we-narcotics iphuma iqinisekisa iinzame ze
kwezinye iintlanga kule ndawo?"
Kwi-OAS
kwindibano kawonke-wonke, uRangel ukhokele ukuchasa isigqibo esixhaswe yi-US
Unobhala welizwe uThomas Pickering ngewayedale iindlela zoku
kuthintela ukutyibilika koorhulumente abanyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi kulawulo lobuzwilakhe.
Kudliwanondlebe, uRangel wandixelela, “Intshukumo yase-US ibingacacanga kwaye iphumle
iimeko ezicingelwayo. Ukuba yayiphumelele, yayiza kuba sisiqhatha
ukungenelela."
Kudliwanondlebe,
URangel walatha kwinguqu kwisimo sengqondo sozakuzo wase-US eCaracas,
owathi, ngexesha lephulo likamongameli, wamkhanyela uChávez i-visa ngenxa yeyakhe
ixesha elidlulileyo leyelenqe. “Isebe lesizwe libonise ukulumka okukhulu ngakuChavez
ngenxa yento endiyibiza ngokuba yi "Cuba Syndrome": uloyiko lokuba ukungaguquki kwe-US
iya kutyhala uChavez ukuya ngasekhohlo, njengoko yenzayo uCastro.
URangel akakwenzi oko
ukukhanyela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle ozimeleyo weChávez unokubeka a
kunciphisa utyalo-mali oluvela phesheya, kodwa uthi, "Ngokuphela kweMfazwe ebandayo,
abatyali-zimali bamanye amazwe baye banikela ingqalelo encinci kwi-ideology kunye ne-geopolitics. Bona
qwalasela ukuzibophelela kukaChávez ekuhlaziyeni abo badume ngorhwaphilizo kunye
inkqubo yenkundla engasebenziyo ibaluleke kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na into ecingelwayo
ukwakhiwa."
Kutshanje,
Ukungakhathali okubonakalayo kweWashington kuye kwaguqulwa kwaba yinto ebaluleke ngakumbi
ukuma. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, esinye isizathu solu tshintsho kwisimo sengqondo kukuqonda
ukuba revolution yezopolitiko Chavez ukhokelela ngokungaphephekiyo kuphalala phezu
inqanaba loqoqosho, kwinkqubo ejongela phantsi umdla woqoqosho lwase-US.
Yokugqwesa
ukubaluleka yindima ephambili uChavez aqale ukuyidlala kwi-OPEC. Kule minyaka yangoku,
I-Venezuela yayidume ngokukrazula i-OPEC ngokunyusa ukuthunyelwa kweoli ngaphandle. I-Chávez
isibhengezo sikarhulumente ebutsheni balo nyaka sokuba akazukuzama ukuchacha
inxalenye yemarike yase-US elahlekileyo ngaphambili kwi-Saudia Arabia ibonise entsha
umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthobela izabelo zemveliso zaseVenezuela. NgoMatshi wonyaka ozayo,
U-Chávez unethemba lokusingatha ingqungquthela yesibini yeentloko zamazwe e-OPEC (eyokuqala yaba
eyayibanjwe ngo-1975) apho abathengisi be-oli abangengabo abe-OPEC nabo baza kuthatha inxaxheba. Kukho uChavez
kulindeleke ukuba ityhale isindululo sokuba i-OPEC iphinde iqalise indima eshiywe ngababini
kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo yokumisela amaxabiso ngendlela yokuseka ubuninzi-ubuncinane
uluhlu phakathi kwamaxabiso aya kuvunyelwa ukuba ajike.
Ngaphantsi kwesinye
Ngonyaka ese-ofisini, uChávez uye wahlukana ne-US kwimiba emininzi.
Oko wakuthethayo e-China ngosuku lokugqibela lokutyelela ngo-Oktobha kwakungaphezulu nje
I-rhetoric engenanto: "Siqalisile ukusebenzisa umntu wangaphandle ozimeleyo
umgaqo-nkqubo ozimeleyo kulo naliphi na iziko lamandla, kwaye kule nto sifana neTshayina. ”Chávez
waqhubeka ukuxelela amaTshayina ukuba umbono wakhe wokugqibela wawungekho ngaphantsi kwe
"Ihlabathi le-polar ezininzi."
Xa uChavez
babongoze abavukeli ukuba babeke phantsi izikhali emva komlo onzima ngoFebruwari
Ngomhla we-4, 1992, wathi, "Ngelishwa, iinjongo esizenzileyo azizange ziphumelele.
iphunyeziwe okwangoku." Ibinzana elithi "okwangoku" liye laba yintsomi kwi
Venezuwela. Isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuba u-Chávez, ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-strategist kunye
imvakalelo ebukhali yokubala ixesha. Ngokwenene, uChávez wenza le ngongoma kubalandeli bakhe. Kwi-a
Indibano ebhengeza abagqatswa abasibhozo beCaracas kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko
NgoJuni, uChávez uxelele abalandeli bakhe ukuba intshukumo yakhe "inamakhadi emikhono yethu"
kwaye wacaphula isaci esithi "idabi elibhengezwayo, alibulali amajoni."
Kuze kube ngoku
umongameli uzilinganisele ngononophelo iinjongo zakhe ezigqibeleleyo kwisizwe
inkqubo yezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba uChavez kunye nabaninzi bakhe
abalandeli banombono osisiseko wentlalo noqoqosho. Uninzi lweenkokeli zakhe
Abaxhasi baye babiza ixesha elide ukuba kuphononongwe kwakhona
ityala langaphandle kunye nolawulo lombuso olukhuselayo lwamacandelo eqhinga loqoqosho. Ukuba
U-Chávez uphumelele ekuhlanganiseni amandla kunye nokubhala umgaqo-siseko, nto leyo
uguqula amaziko ezopolitiko, unokutshintshela kwindlela yesibini
ngenjongo yokoyisa ukuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho. Okwangoku, uChavez ukhona
egxininise umlilo wakhe koosopolitiki abonakeleyo nabacinga ngokwemveli, ngelixa
ukukhusela ulongamo lwesizwe ngendlela yomgaqo-nkqubo ozimeleyo wangaphandle.
Z
USteve Ellner ungumbhali wamanqaku amanqaku ngezopolitiko zaseVenezuela kunye
imbali kwaye ungumhleli we ILatin American ekhohlo: Ukusuka ekwindla kwe
Allende ukuya ePerestroika (Westview). Uye wafundisa imbali yezoqoqosho e
Universidad de Oriente eVenezuela ukususela ngo-1977.