Hehlala ngaphandle nje kweSt. Louis, eMissouri, iMonsanto Chemical Company yasekwa ngo-1901 nguJohn Francis Queeny. UQueney, usokhemesti ozifundileyo, weza netekhnoloji yokwenza i-saccharin, isweetener sokuqala sokwenziwa, ukusuka eJamani ukuya eUnited States. Kwiminyaka ye-1920, iMonsanto yaba ngumenzi ohamba phambili we-asidi ye-sulfuric kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezisisiseko zoshishino, kwaye enye yeenkampani ezine kuphela eziza kufakwa phakathi kweenkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu zeekhemikhali zase-US kwishumi leminyaka ukususela kwi-1940s. Ngeminyaka yee-1940, iiplastiki kunye namalaphu okwenziwa ayesele ephambili kwishishini likaMonsanto. Ngomnyaka we-1947, umkhumbi waseFransi othwele isichumiso se-ammonium nitrate savuthela kwisikhululo esiziimitha ezingama-270 ukusuka kwisityalo seplastiki saseMonsanto ngaphandle kweGalveston, eTexas. Bangaphezu kwama-500 abantu abafayo kwinto eyathi yagqalwa njengenye yeentlekele zokuqala ezinkulu kwishishini lemichiza. Lo mzimveliso wawusenza iiplastiki ze-styrene kunye ne-polystyrene, eziseziindawo ezibalulekileyo zokupakishwa kokutya kunye neemveliso ezahlukeneyo zabathengi. Ngoo-1980 i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo yase-US (EPA) yadwelisa i-polystyrene kwindawo yesihlanu kuluhlu lwayo lweekhemikhali ezivelisa eyona nkunkuma iyingozi iyonke. Ngowe-1929, iNkampani yeMichiza yaseSwann, eyayiza kuthengwa kungekudala nguMonsanto, yavelisa i-polychlori- nated biphenyls (PCBs), eyayidunyiswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokungatsha kwayo kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali ezigqithisileyo. Olona setyenziso luxhaphakileyo lwalukwishishini lezixhobo zombane, elamkela ii-PCB njengesipholisi esingatshayo kwisizukulwana esitsha seziguquli. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, usapho olukhulayo lwe-Monsanto lwe-PCBs lwalusetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezithambiso, ulwelo lwe-hydraulic, i-oyile yokusika, i-coatings engangeni manzi, kunye ne-liquid sealants. Ubungqina beziphumo eziyityhefu zee-PCBs bavela kwangeminyaka yoo-1930s, kwaye izazinzulu zaseSweden ezazifunda iziphumo zebhayoloji zeDDT zaqala ukufumana ugxininiso olubalulekileyo lweePCB egazini, iinwele, kunye nezicubu ezinamafutha ezilwanyana zasendle ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Uphando ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kunye no-1970s luveze ii-PCBs kunye nezinye ii-organochlorines ezinevumba elimnandi njengee-carcinogens ezinamandla, kwaye zibalandelele kuluhlu olubanzi lokuzala, ukukhula, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Ubudlelwane babo obuphezulu bekhemikhali bezinto eziphilayo, ngakumbi izicubu ezinamafutha, zinoxanduva lwamazinga azo amangalisayo okuqokelelwa kwebhayoloji, kunye nokusasazwa kwawo ngokubanzi kwiwebhu yokutya yasemanzini yaseMantla: i-Arctic cod, umzekelo, ithwala ukugxila kwe-PCB kangangezigidi ezingama-48 kumanzi ajikelezileyo, kunye nezilwanyana ezincancisayo ezifana neebhere ezimhlophe zinokubamba ukugxilwa kwezicubu ze-PCB ngaphezulu kwamaxesha angama-50 amakhulu kunoko. Nangona ukwenziwa kwee-PCB kwavalwa e-United States ngo-1976, iziphumo zayo ezinetyhefu kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine ziyaqhubeka kwihlabathi liphela. Iziko lehlabathi lokwenziwa kwe-PCB yayiyisityalo saseMonsanto ngaphandle kwe-East St. Louis, e-Illinois. I-East St. Louis yindawo ephantsi kwezoqoqosho engapheliyo, ngaphesheya koMlambo wase-Mississippi ukusuka eSt. Umbhali wezemfundo uJonathan Kozol uthi: โIMpuma St. Louis inabona bantwana bagulayo eMerika.โ U-Kozol unika ingxelo yokuba esi sixeko sinelona zinga liphezulu lokufa komntwana kunye nokuzalwa okungekazalwa kwilizwe, izinga lesithathu eliphezulu lokufa kweentsana, kunye nelona nqanaba liphezulu le-asthma yabantwana e-United States.
I-Dioxin: Ilifa lokuNgcola Tyena abantu base-East St. Louis baqhubeka bejongene nezothuso zokuvezwa kweekhemikhali kwinqanaba eliphezulu, intlupheko, ukuwohloka kweziseko zophuhliso ezidolophini, kunye nokuwa kweenkonzo ezisisiseko zedolophu, kodwa idolophu ekufutshane yaseTimes Beach, eMissouri yafunyanwa injalo. yosulelwe ngokupheleleyo yi-dioxin awathi urhulumente wase-US wayalela ukuba ifuduswe ngowe-1982. Kuyabonakala ukuba idolophu, kunye nabanini-mhlaba abaliqela babucala, baqesha ikontraka ukuba itshize iindlela zayo zomhlaba ngeoli eyinkunkuma ukuze kugcinwe uthuli. Kwa lo kontraka wayeqeshwe ziinkampani zasekuhlaleni zemichiza ukuba zimpompe iitanki zazo zodaka olungcoliswe yidioxin. Xa amahashe angama-50, ezinye izilwanyana zasekhaya, namakhulukhulu eentaka zasendle zafayo kwibala elingaphakathi elaligalelwe ioli, kwaqhutywa uphando olwathi ekugqibeleni lwafumanisa ukuba aba bantu bafayo yi<em>dioxin eyayiphuma kwiitanki zodaka lwemichiza. Amantombazana amabini amancinci awayedlala kwibala lemidlalo agula, omnye wabo walaliswa esibhedlele iiveki ezine ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu wezintso, kwaye abantwana abaninzi abazalwa ngoomama abavezwe kwioyile ene-dioxin babonise ubungqina bokungahambi kakuhle kwamajoni omzimba kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo. Ngoxa i-Monsanto iye yanqanda ngokuqhubekayo naluphi na uxhulumaniso kwi-Times Beach isiganeko, i-St. "Ngokombono wethu, iMonsanto isembindini wengxaki apha eMissouri," kuchaza uSteve Taylor weTBAG. U-Taylor uyavuma ukuba imibuzo emininzi malunga ne-Times Beach kunye nezinye iindawo ezingcolisekileyo kummandla zihlala zingaphendulwanga, kodwa ukhankanya ubungqina bokuba uphando olusondeleyo lwe-sludge etshizwe kwi-Times Beach lwalulinganiselwe kuloo mithombo inokulandeleka kwiinkampani ngaphandle kweMonsanto. Ukugqunywa kwe-Times Beach kufikelele kumanqanaba aphezulu olawulo lweReagan eWashington. Ii-arhente zesizwe zendalo esingqongileyo ngexesha leminyaka yeReagan zazidume ngokuphinda-phinda amagosa asebenzelana namagosa oshishino, apho iinkampani ezithandwayo zathenjiswa ukuthotyelwa komthetho kunye nezohlwayo ezincitshiswe kakhulu. Umlawuli oqeshwe nguReagan we-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo, u-Anne Gorsuch Burford, kwanyanzeleka ukuba arhoxe emva kweminyaka emibini ese-ofisini kunye nomncedisi wakhe okhethekileyo, uRita Lavelle, wavalelwa iinyanga ezintandathu ngenxa yobuxoki kunye nokuthintela ubulungisa. Kwesinye isiganeko esidumileyo, iReagan White House yayalela uBurford ukuba abambe amaxwebhu kwi-Times Beach nakwezinye iindawo ezingcolisekileyo kumazwe aseMissouri nase-Arkansas, echaza "ilungelo elilawulayo," kwaye uLavelle wakhankanywa emva koko ukuba akhuphe amaxwebhu abalulekileyo. Intatheli ephandayo ye Philadelphia Inquirer Iphephandaba lichonge iMonsanto njengenye yeenkampani zeekhemikhali abaphathi bayo bahlala bebamba iintlanganiso zesidlo sasemini kunye nesidlo sangokuhlwa kunye noLavelle. Ukufuduka okufunwe ngabahlali baseTimes Beach kwalibaziseka de kwangowe-1982, iminyaka eyi-11 emva kokuba ungcoliseko lwafunyanwa okokuqala, kwaye iminyaka eyi-8 emva kokuba unobangela wachongwa njenge-dioxin. Unxulumano lweMonsanto kunye ne-dioxin lunokulandelelwa emva kokwenziwa kweyeza lokutshabalalisa ukhula i-2,4,5-T, ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1940. โPhantse ngoko nangoko, abasebenzi balo baqalisa ukugula ngenxa yokuqhawuka kwesikhumba, iintlungu ezingaqondakaliyo kumalungu, amalungu kunye namanye amalungu omzimba, ubuthathaka, ukucaphuka, uvalo nokuphelelwa libido,โ kuchaza uPeter Sills, umbhali wencwadi ezayo ethetha nge<em>dioxin. "Iimemo zangaphakathi zibonisa ukuba inkampani ibisazi ukuba la madoda ayegula njengoko bebesitsho, kodwa ibugcinile bonke obo bungqina." Ugqabhuko-dubulo kwi-Monsanto's Nitro, kwiplanti yokutshabalalisa ukhula eWest Virginia ngo-1949 kwatsalela ingqalelo engakumbi kwezi zikhalazo. Ungcoliseko olunoxanduva lwezi meko aluzange luchongwe njenge-dioxin de kwangowe-1957, kodwa uMkhosi weMichiza weMichiza wase-US ngokucacileyo waba nomdla kule nto njenge-arhente yemfazwe yeekhemikhali enokwenzeka. Isicelo esifakwe yi Uphononongo lobuntatheli baseSt phantsi kwe-US Freedom of Information Act iveze phantse amaphepha e-600 eengxelo kunye nembalelwano phakathi kweMonsanto kunye ne-Army Chemical Corps malunga nolu luhlu lwemveliso ye-herbicide, ukuya kude ne-1952. IAgent yeOrange yokutshabalalisa ukhula, eyayisetyenziswa yimikhosi yomkhosi wase-US ukutshabalalisa amahlathi ashinyeneyo eVietnam ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, yayingumxube we-2,4,5-T kunye ne-2,4-D owawufumaneka kwimithombo emininzi, kodwa uMmeli weMonsanto. I-Orenji yayinogxininiso lwe-dioxin ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunolo luveliswe yi-Dow Chemical, omnye umenzi ophambili we-defoliant. Oku kwenza iMonsanto ibe ngummangalelwa oyintloko kwisimangalo esiziswa ngamagqala eMfazwe yaseVietnam e-United States, abajongene noluhlu lweempawu eziphazamisayo ezibangelwa yi-Agent Orange exposure. Xa i-180 yezigidi zeerandi zafikelela kwi-1984 phakathi kweenkampani zeekhemikhali ze-7 kunye namagqwetha ama-veterans, ijaji yayala iMonsanto ukuba ihlawule i-45.5 yeepesenti yazo zonke. Kwiminyaka ye-1980, iMonsanto yenza uchungechunge lwezifundo ezenzelwe ukunciphisa uxanduva lwayo, kungekhona kuphela kwi-Agent Orange suit, kodwa kwiimeko eziqhubekayo zokungcoliswa kwabasebenzi kwi-West Virginia yokuvelisa isityalo. Ityala lenkundla leminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha eliziswe ngabasebenzi bakaloliwe abavezwe kwi-dioxin emva kokuphuma esiporweni kukaloliwe baveze ipateni yedatha egqwethiweyo kunye noyilo lovavanyo olulahlekisayo kolu phando. Igosa le-EPA yase-US lagqiba ukuba izifundo zisetyenziswe ukuxhasa ibango likaMonsanto lokuba iziphumo ze-dioxin zikhawulelwe kwi-chloracne yesifo solusu. Abaphandi beGreenpeace uJed Greer noKenny Bruno bachaza isiphumo: "Ngokobungqina obuvela kulingo, iMonsanto ibabeke ngendlela engeyiyo abasebenzi ababhengeziweyo nabangakhange bavezwe, yacinywa ngokungathandabuzekiyo iimeko ezininzi zomhlaza eziphambili, ayiphumelelanga ukuqinisekisa ulwahlulo lwezifundo zechloracne ngokweendlela eziqhelekileyo ze-industrial dermatitis. ukubonelela ngesiqinisekiso seerekhodi ezingabonakaliyo ezinikezelweyo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngabacebisi, kwaye zenze iingxelo zobuxoki malunga nokungcoliswa kwe-dioxin kwiimveliso zeMonsanto. " Ityala lenkundla, apho i-jury yanikezela ngebhaso lomonakalo we-16 yezigidi zeedola ngokuchasene neMonsanto, iveze ukuba uninzi lweemveliso zeMonsanto, ukusuka kwimichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula kwiSantophen germicide ekhe yasetyenziswa kwi-Lysol brand disinfectant, zazingcolisekile nge-dioxin. "Ubungqina babaphathi beMonsanto kwilingo babonisa inkcubeko yenkampani apho ukuthengisa kunye neenzuzo zanikwa kuqala kunokhuseleko lweemveliso kunye nabasebenzi bayo," kubika i Toronto Globe kunye Mail emva kokuvalwa kwetyala. Umbhali uPeter Sills uthi: โBabengayikhathalelanga impilo nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi babo. "Endaweni yokuzama ukwenza izinto zikhuseleke, bathembela kugrogriso kwaye bagrogrisa ngokudendwa ukuze bagcine abasebenzi babo besebenza." Uphononongo olwalandelayo lukaGqr. Cate Jenkins weSebe loLawulo loLawulo lwe-EPA libhale ingxelo ecwangciswe ngakumbi yenzululwazi yobuqhophololo. "Enyanisweni iMonsanto ingenise ulwazi lobuxoki kwi-EPA eyakhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kwimimiselo ebuthathaka phantsi kweRCRA [uMthetho woLondolozo lweZibonelelo kunye noBuyiselo loBuyiselo] kunye neFIFRA [i-Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act] ..." kuchaza uDkt. Jenkins kwimemorandam ye-1990 ekhuthaza i-arhente ukuba ukwenza uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho kwinkampani. UJenkins ucaphule amaxwebhu angaphakathi eMonsanto abonisa ukuba inkampani "igqirha" iisampulu ze-herbicides ezifakwe kwiSebe lezoLimo lase-US, zafihla emva kweengxoxo "zenkqubo yekhemistri" ukuphazamisa iinzame zokulawula i-2,4-D kunye ne-chlorophenols eyahlukeneyo, yafihla ubungqina malunga neyeza. Ungcoliseko lweLysol, kwaye ikhuphele ngaphandle amakhulu aliqela abona basebenzi bagulayo kwizifundo zayo zempilo ezithelekisayo: โI-Monsanto igqume ukungcoliseka kwe-dioxin kuluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso zayo. IMonsanto mhlawumbi ayiphumelelanga ukuchaza ungcoliseko, endaweni yolwazi olungeyonyani olubonisa ukuba akukho ngcoliseko okanye iisampulu zingeniswe kurhulumente ukuze zihlalutywe ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukuze ungcoliseko lwe-dioxin lungabikho.
Imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula yesiZukulwana esitsha TOday, i-glyphosate herbicides ezifana ne-akhawunti ye-Roundup ubuncinane isinye kwisithandathu seentengiso zonyaka zeMonsanto kunye nesiqingatha sengeniso yokusebenza yenkampani, mhlawumbi ngokuphawulekayo ngakumbi ukususela ekubeni inkampani yahlutha iikhemikhali zayo zoshishino kunye nezahlulo zamalaphu okwenziwa njengenkampani eyahlukileyo, ebizwa ngokuba yiSolutia, ngoSeptemba 1997. IMonsanto ikhuthaza ngokukrakra i-Roundup njengento ekhuselekileyo, i-herbicide yenjongo jikelele yokusetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwingca kunye negadi yeziqhamo, ukuya kwiindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi e-coniferous, apho ukutshiza nge-aerial ye-herbicide kusetyenziselwa ukucinezela ukukhula kwezithole ezivuthulukayo kunye nezihlahla kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula ukukhula kwefir enenzuzo kunye nemithi yespruce. I-Oregon-based Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP) ihlaziywe ngaphezu kwezifundo zenzululwazi ze-408 kwimiphumo ye-glyphosate, kunye ne-polyoxyethylene amines esetyenziswa njenge-surfactant kwi-Roundup, kwaye yagqiba ukuba i-herbicide ingaphantsi kakhulu kuneentengiso zeMonsanto zicebisa: โIimpawu zetyhefu ebukhali ebantwini emva kokuba beyityile iRoundup ziquka iintlungu zesisu, ukuhlanza, ukudumba kwemiphunga, inyumoniya, ukuba zingqondweni, nokonakala kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi. Ukucaphuka kwamehlo kunye nolusu kuye kwabikwa ngabasebenzi abaxuba, ukulayisha kunye nokusebenzisa i-glyphosate. I-EPA's Pesticide Monitoring System yayineengxelo ze-109 zemiphumo yezempilo ehambelana nokuvezwa kwe-glyphosate phakathi kwe-1966 no-Oktobha, i-1980. Ezi ziquka ukucaphuka kwamehlo okanye ulusu, isicaphucaphu, isiyezi, intloko ebuhlungu, isifo sohudo, ukungaboni kakuhle, umkhuhlane kunye nobuthathaka. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imihla ye-1966-1980 imele ixesha ngaphambi kokuba i-Roundup isetyenziswe ngokubanzi. Uthotho lokuzibulala kunye nokuzama ukuzibulala eJapan ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kusetyenziswa umchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula iRoundup wavumela oosonzululwazi ukubala idosi ebulalayo yee-ounces ezintandathu. Umchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula unamaxesha angama-100 anetyhefu ngakumbi kwiintlanzi kunabantu, unetyhefu kwimisundululu, iibhaktheriya zomhlaba kunye nomngundo oluncedo, kwaye izazinzulu ziye zalinganisa inani leempembelelo ezithe ngqo zomzimba zeRoundup kwiintlanzi nakwezinye izilwanyana zasendle, ukongeza kwiziphumo zesibini ezibangelwa kukuhlanjululwa kwamagqabi. amahlathi. Ukuqhekeka kwe-glyphosate ibe yi-N-nitrosoglyphosate kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezinxulumene noko kuye kwanyusa inkxalabo malunga nomhlaza onokwenzeka wemveliso ye-Roundup. Ucwaningo lwe-1993 kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley's School of Health Public lufumene ukuba i-glyphosate iyona nto ibangela ukugula okuhlobene ne-pesticide phakathi kwabasebenzi bokugcina umhlaba eCalifornia, kunye nenombolo yesithathu phakathi kwabasebenzi bezolimo. Uphononongo luka-1996 loncwadi lwenzululwazi olwenziwe ngamalungu e-Vermont Citizens' Forest Roundtable-iqela elathi laphembelela iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseVermont ukuba ithintele ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula emahlathini-lubonise ubungqina obuhlaziyiweyo bomonakalo wemiphunga, ukubetha kwentliziyo, isicaphucaphu, ukuzala. iingxaki, ukuphambuka kwechromosome, kunye nezinye iziphumo ezininzi zokuvezwa kwi-Roundup herbicide. Kwi-1997, i-Monsanto iphendule iminyaka emihlanu yezikhalazo ze-New York State Attorney General ukuba izibhengezo zayo ze-Roundup zilahlekisa; inkampani yatshintsha iintengiso zayo ukucima amabango okuba iyeza lokutshabalalisa ukhula โlinokonakalaโ kwaye โlinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo,โ kwaye yahlawula i-$50,000 kwiindleko zomthetho zikarhulumente kwimeko. Ngo-Matshi i-1998, i-Monsanto yavuma ukuhlawula intlawulo ye-225,000 yeedola ngokubhala kakubi izikhongozeli ze-Roundup ngezihlandlo ezihlukeneyo ze-75. Isohlwayo sesona sigqibo sikhulu esake sahlawulwa ngokuphulwa kweMigangatho yoKhuseleko lwaBasebenzi ye-Federal Insecticide, iFungicide kunye neRodenticide Act (FIFRA). Ngokutsho kwe Wall Street Journal, I-Monsanto isasaze izikhongozeli ze-herbicide kunye neelebhile ezithintela ukungena kwiindawo eziphathwayo kuphela kwiiyure ze-4 endaweni yeeyure ze-12 ezifunekayo. Le yinto yamva nje kuthotho lwezohlwayo ezinkulu kunye nezigwebo ezichasene neMonsanto eUnited States, kubandakanywa ne-108 yezigidi zeerandi ezifunyenweyo kwimeko yokufa kwe-leukemia yomqeshwa waseTexas ngo-1986, i-$ 648,000 yokuhlaliswa ngesityholo sokungaxeleli impilo efunekayo. idatha kwi-EPA ngo-1990, intlawulo ye-1 yezigidi zeedola ngu-Attorney General of Massachusetts ngo-1991 kwimeko ye-200,000 yeegaloni ze-asidi yokuchitheka kwamanzi amdaka, i-$ 39 yezigidi zokuhlala e-Houston, eTexas ngo-1992 ebandakanya ukufakwa kweekhemikhali ezinobungozi kwimigodi engafakwanga. , kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kwi-1995, i-Monsanto ibeka indawo yesihlanu phakathi kwe-US corporations kwi-EPA ye-Toxic Release Inventory, ikhuphe i-37 yezigidi zeepounds zeekhemikhali eziyityhefu emoyeni, emhlabeni, emanzini nangaphantsi komhlaba.
IBiotechnology yeLizwe Elitsha Lesibindi MI-onsanto ikhuthaza ngamandla iimveliso zayo zebiotechnology, ukusuka kwi-Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH), ukuya kwi-Roundup Ready iimbotyi zesoya kunye nezinye izityalo, ukuya kwiintlobo zayo zomqhaphu ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezinambuzane, kubonwa ngababukeli abaninzi njengokuqhubeka kwamashumi eminyaka emininzi yezenzo ezithandabuzekayo zokuziphatha. . Umbhali uPeter Sills uthi: โIinkampani zinobuntu, kwaye iMonsanto yenye yezona zinto zikhohlakeleyo. "Ukusuka kwi-Monsanto's herbicides ukuya kwi-Santophen disinfectant ukuya kwi-BGH, babonakala bephuma kwindlela yabo yokwenzakalisa abasebenzi babo kwaye benzakalise abantwana." Ekuqaleni, iMonsanto yayiyenye yeenkampani ezine zeekhemikhali ezifuna ukuzisa i-synthetic Bovine Growth Hormone, eveliswe kwi-E. coli ibhaktiriya eyenziwe ngofuzo ukwenza iprotein yebhovine, ukuthengisa. Enye yayiyi-American Cyanamid, ngoku ephethwe yi-American Home Products, ekwinkqubo yokudibanisa neMonsanto. Imizamo ye-Monsanto ye-14 yeminyaka yokufumana imvume kwi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ukuzisa i-BGH edibeneyo kwimarike yayigcwele ingxabano, kubandakanywa nezityholo zomzamo ohlangeneyo wokunciphisa ulwazi malunga nemiphumo emibi yehomoni. Omnye ugqirha wezilwanyana we-FDA, uRichard Burroughs, wagxothwa emva kokuba etyhola zombini inkampani kunye ne-arhente yokucinezela kunye nokukhohlisa idatha ukufihla iziphumo ze-injection ye-rBGH kwimpilo yeenkomo zobisi. Ngo-1990, xa imvume ye-FDA ye-rBGH ibonakala isondele, ugqirha wezilwanyana kwiYunivesithi yaseVermont kwiziko lophando lwezolimo wakhupha idatha ecinezelweyo ngaphambili kumagqwetha amabini karhulumente abhala ngokuphawulekayo izinga losulelo lwebele kwiinkomo ezazitofwe ngehomoni yovavanyo yeMonsanto ngoko. , kunye nesiganeko esingaqhelekanga sokukhubazeka kakhulu ekuzaleni kwinzala yeenkomo ezinyangwa nge-rBGH. Uphononongo oluzimeleyo lwedatha yeDyunivesithi liqela leefama lengingqi elixhasayo libhale iingxaki ezongezelelweyo zempilo yenkomo ezinxulumene ne-rBGH, kubandakanywa izehlo eziphezulu zokulimala kweenyawo kunye nomlenze, ubunzima be-metabolic kunye nokuzala, kunye nosulelo lwesibeleko. I-US Congress 'General Accounting Office' (GAO) yazama ukuphanda ngetyala, kodwa ayizange ikwazi ukufumana iirekhodi eziyimfuneko kwiMonsanto kunye neDyunivesithi ukuze yenze uphando lwayo, ngakumbi malunga neziphumo ezikrokrelekayo zeteratogenic kunye ne-embryotoxic. Abaphicothi-zincwadi be-GAO bagqibe kwelokuba iinkomo ezitofelwe nge-rBGH zine-mastitis (ukusuleleka kombele) inqanaba lesinye kwisithathu ngaphezu kweenkomo ezinganyangwanga, kwaye bacebisa uphando olongezelelekileyo malunga nomngcipheko wokunyuka kwamanqanaba okubulala iintsholongwane kubisi oluveliswa kusetyenziswa i-rBGH. I-rBGH yeMonsanto yamkelwa yi-FDA ukuze ithengiswe ngorhwebo ukuqala ngo-1994. Kunyaka olandelayo, uMark Kastel weWisconsin Farmers Union wakhupha isifundo samava amafama aseWisconsin ngechiza. Iziphumo zakhe zigqithise i-21 yeengxaki zempilo ezinokuthi iMonsanto ifuneke ukuba idwelise kwilebula yesilumkiso kwi-brand ye-Posilac ye-rBGH. U-Kastel ufumene iingxelo ezixhaphakileyo zokufa okuzenzekelayo phakathi kweenkomo ezinyangwa nge-rBGH, izehlo eziphezulu zosulelo lombele, ubunzima obunzima bemetabolism kunye nengxaki yokuzala, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukungakwazi ukulunyula ngempumelelo iinkomo ezinyangwayo. Amafama amaninzi anamava obisi avavanya i-rBGH ngesiquphe kwafuneka atshintshe inxalenye enkulu yomhlambi wabo. Esikhundleni sokujongana nezizathu zezikhalazo zamafama malunga ne-rBGH, iMonsanto yaqhubela phambili, isongela ukumangalela iinkampani ezincinci zobisi ezibhengeze iimveliso zazo njengekhululekile kwi-hormone eyenziweyo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kumthetho wemibutho emininzi yorhwebo yobisi ngokuchasene neyokuqala kunye neyokuqala. umthetho ogunyazisiweyo wokuleyibheli kuphela we-rBGH eUnited States. Sekunjalo, ubungqina bemiphumo eyonakalisayo ye-rBGH kwimpilo yeenkomo zombini kunye nabantu baqhubeka benyuka. Iinzame zokuthintela ukuleyibhelishwa kweembotyi zesoya ezenziwe ngobunjineli kunye nombona othunyelwa ngaphandle osuka eUnited States ucebisa ukuqhubela phambili kwezenzo ezaziyilelwe ukuthomalalisa izikhalazo ezichasene nehomoni yobisi yeMonsanto. Ngelixa iMonsanto ixoxa ukuba iimbotyi zesoya โzeRoundup Readyโ ekugqibeleni ziyakunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula, ukwamkeleka okuxhaphakileyo kweentlobo zezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemichiza kubonakala kunokwandisa ukuxhomekeka kwamafama kwimichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula. Ukhula oluvela emva kokuba iye yantlandlolo yokutshabalalisa ukhula ichithiwe okanye yaqhekeka ikholisa ukunyangwa ngokuphinda kugalelwe imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula. โIya kukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo komchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula,โ umfama waseMissouri weembotyi zesoya uBill Christison uxelele uKenny Bruno weGreenpeace International. "Ukuba kukho indawo yokuthengisa i-RRS, yinyani yokuba ungalima indawo enokhula oluninzi kwaye usebenzise imichiza engaphezulu ukulwa ingxaki yakho, ingeyiyo into ekufuneka yenziwe nabani na." UChristison uyalikhaba ibango likaMonsanto lokuba imbewu ekwaziyo ukumelana nemichiza yokhula iyimfuneko ekunciphiseni ukhukuliseko lomhlaba ekulimeni okugqithisileyo, kwaye unika ingxelo yokuba amafama aseMbindi-ntshona aphuhlise iindlela zawo ezininzi zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula ngokubanzi. I-Monsanto, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inyuse imveliso yayo ye-Roundup kwiminyaka yamuva. Ngelungelo elilodwa lomenzi we-Monsanto lase-US le-Roundup elicwangciselwe ukuphelelwa ngonyaka ka-2000, kunye nokhuphiswano oluvela kwimveliso yegeneric glyphosate esele ivela kwihlabathi jikelele, ukupakishwa komchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula i-Roundup ngembewu โye-Roundup Readyโ ibe ngundoqo weqhinga le-Monsanto lokukhula okuqhubekayo ekuthengisweni kwemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula. Imiphumo enokubakho yezempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo yezityalo ezinyamezelayo ze-Roundup ayikaphandwa ngokupheleleyo, kubandakanywa iziphumo ze-allergenic, ukuhlasela okunokwenzeka okanye ukhula, kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokumelana ne-herbicide ukudluliselwa nge-pollen kwezinye iimbotyi zesoya okanye izityalo ezinxulumeneyo. Ngelixa naziphi na iingxaki ngeembotyi zesoya ezinganyangekiyo kwi-herbicide zisenokungahoywa njengexesha elide kwaye zicingelwa ngandlel' ithile, amava abavelisi bomqhaphu base-US abanembewu ye-Monsanto eyenziwe ngofuzo ibonakala ibalisa ibali elahluke kakhulu. I-Monsanto ikhuphe iindidi ezimbini zekotoni eyenziwe ngofuzo, ukuqala kwi-1996. Enye i-Roundup-resistant-resistant kunye nenye, ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Bollgard," ifihla i-toxin yebhaktheriya ejoliswe ukulawula umonakalo ovela kwizinambuzane ezintathu ezihamba phambili zekotoni. Ityhefu, ephuma kwi-Bacillus thuringiensis, isetyenziswe ngabalimi be-organic ngendlela yesitshizi sebhaktiriya yendalo ukusukela ekuqaleni koo-1970. Kodwa ngelixa iibhaktheriya ze-Bt ziphila ixesha elifutshane, kwaye zikhupha i-toxin yazo ngendlela ethi isebenze kuphela kwiinkqubo zokwetyisa ze-alkaline zeentshulube ezithile kunye neemopane, izityalo ze-Bt ezenziwe ngofuzo zikhupha uhlobo olusebenzayo lwetyhefu kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi besityalo. Umbona omninzi owenziwe ngokwemfuza okhoyo ngoku othengiswayo, umzekelo, luhlobo oluvelisa iBt, eyilelwe ukugxotha intshulube yombona kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi eziqhelekileyo. Ingxaki yokuqala ebilindelwe ngokubanzi ngezi zityalo zikhusela izitshabalalisi kukuba ubukho betyhefu kubomi bonke besityalo bunokukhuthaza uphuhliso lweentlobo ezixhathisayo zezitshabalalisi zezityalo eziqhelekileyo. I-US EPA inqume ukuba ukuchasana okuxhaphakileyo kwi-Bt kunokwenza izicelo zendalo zebhaktheriya ze-Bt zingasebenzi kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu kwaye ifuna abalimi ukuba batyale iindawo zokubalekela ukuya kwi-40 yepesenti engeyiyo i-cotton ye-Bt kumzamo wokuthintela lo mphumo. Okwesibini, i-toxin esebenzayo efihliweyo zezi zityalo inokulimaza izinambuzane ezincedo, amanundu kunye namabhabhathane, ukongeza kwezo ntlobo abalimi bafuna ukuziphelisa. Kodwa imiphumo eyonakalisayo ye-Bt-secreting "Bollgard" yekotoni ibonise ukuba ikhawuleza kakhulu, ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba iMonsanto kunye namaqabane ayo baye badonsa iipounds ezizigidi ezihlanu zembewu yekotoni eyenziwe ngofuzo kwimarike kwaye bavuma ukuhlaliswa kwezigidigidi zeedola kunye namafama. kumazantsi eUnited States. Amafama amathathu angazange avume ukuhlala neMonsanto anikezelwa phantse i-2 yezigidi zeedola yi-Mississippi Seed Arbitration Council. Akunjalo nje izityalo ezihlaselwe yi-cotton bollworm, apho iMonsanto yathi yayiza kuxhathisa, kodwa ukuhluma kwakunamabala, izivuno zaziphantsi, kwaye izityalo zazingekho, ngokweengxelo ezininzi ezipapashiweyo. Amanye amafama achaze ilahleko yezityalo ukuya kutsho kuma-50 ekhulwini. Abalimi abatyala umqhaphu onganyangekiyo weMonsanto's Roundup nabo baxela ukusilela okukhulu kwezityalo, kuqukwa neebholi ezigogekileyo nezingabunjwanga kakuhle ezithe zawa ngesiquphe kwisityalo kwiikota ezintathu zexesha lokukhula. Nangona ezi ngxaki, iMonsanto iqhubela phambili ukusetyenziswa kobunjineli bezofuzo kwezolimo ngokuthatha ulawulo lweenkampani ezinkulu zembewu eMelika. I-Monsanto ngoku ingumnini wembewu ye-Holdens Foundation, umthengisi we-germplasm esetyenziswe kwi-25-35 yepesenti ye-acreage yombona yase-US, kunye ne-Asgrow Agronomics, eyichaza "njengomlimi okhokelayo weembotyi zesoya, umphuhlisi kunye nomthengisi eUnited States." Le ntwasahlobo edlulileyo, iMonsanto igqibile ukufumana i-De Kalb Genetics, inkampani yesibini enkulu yembewu e-United States kunye neyesithoba ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kunye ne-Delta kunye ne-Pine Land, inkampani enkulu ye-cotton yase-US. Ngokufumana kwayo i-Delta kunye nePine, iMonsanto ngoku ilawula i-85 ipesenti yemakethe yembewu yekotoni yase-US. Inkampani ibisoloko ifuna ukufunyanwa kweenkampani kunye nokuthengiswa kweemveliso nakwamanye amazwe. Kwi-1997, i-Monsanto yathenga i-Sementes Agroceres SA, echazwe "njengenkampani ehamba phambili yombona wembewu e-Brazil," kunye ne-30 yepesenti yesabelo semarike. Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, i-Brazilian Federal Police iphande isityholo sokungeniswa ngokungekho mthethweni ubuncinane beengxowa ze-200 zeembotyi zesoya ze-transgenic, ezinye zazo zilandelwa kwi-subsidiary yase-Argentina yaseMonsanto. Ngokomthetho waseBrazil, iimveliso ze-transgenic zangaphandle zinokuziswa kuphela emva kwexesha lokuvalelwa kunye novavanyo ukunqanda umonakalo onokwenzeka kwiintyatyambo zomthonyama. E-Canada, i-Monsanto kwafuneka ikhumbule iingxowa ze-60,000 ze-genetically engineered rape ("canola") imbewu kwi-1997. Kubonakala ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwembewu ye-Roundup-resistant iqulethe i-gene efakiweyo eyahlukileyo kuleyo evunyiweyo ukuba isetyenziswe ngabantu kunye nemfuyo. Ngelixa i-Monsanto's herbicides kunye neemveliso ezenziwe ngofuzo ziye zagxila kwimpikiswano yoluntu iminyaka emininzi, iimveliso zayo zamachiza nazo zinerekhodi ephazamisayo. Imveliso ye-flagship ye-Monsanto's GD Searle i-subsidiary yamayeza e-aspartame ye-sweetener eyenziweyo, ethengiswa phantsi kwegama le-brand Nutrasweet kunye ne-Equal. Kwi-1981, iminyaka emine ngaphambi kokuba uMonsanto athenge iSearle, iBhodi yoLawulo lokuTya kunye neDrugs yoPhando ebandakanya izazinzulu ezintathu ezizimeleyo eziqinisekisa iingxelo eziye zajikeleza iminyaka esibhozo ukuba "i-aspartame inokubangela izicubu zengqondo." I-FDA yarhoxisa iphepha-mvume likaSearle lokuthengisa iaspartame, kodwa isigqibo sayo sarhoxiswa phantsi komkomishinala omtsha ochongwe nguMongameli uRonald Reagan. Uphononongo lwe-1996 kwi-Journal ye-Neuropathology kunye ne-Experimental Neurology iye yahlaziywa le nkxalabo, idibanisa i-aspartame kunye nokunyuka okubukhali kwi-cancer yengqondo kungekudala emva kokuba i-substance iqaliswe. UDkt Erik Millstone weYunivesithi yaseSussex Policy Research Unit ukhankanya uluhlu lweengxelo ezivela kwi-1980s ezidibanisa i-aspartame kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweempendulo ezingathandekiyo kubathengi abanobucayi, kubandakanywa intloko, umbono ophazamisayo, ukuphazamiseka, ukulahlekelwa kwindlebe, ukuphazamiseka kwemisipha kunye nokunyanzeliswa. Ukuxhuzula kohlobo lokuxhuzula, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi. Kwi-1989, u-Searle waphinda wagijima kwi-FDA, eyatyhola inkampani ngokubhengezwa kwentengiso kwimeko yeyeza elichasayo lesilonda, i-Cytotec. I-FDA yathi iintengiso zenzelwe ukuthengisa ichiza kuluntu olubanzi kakhulu kunye nabemi abancinci kunokuba i-arhente ibicebisile. U-Searle/Monsanto kwafuneka ukuba akhuphe intengiso kwinani leejenali zonyango, eyayinomxholo othi "Ipapashiwe ukulungisa iNtengiso yangaphambili apho uLawulo lokuTya kunye neChiza luyithathe njengeLahlekisayo."
Monsanto's Greenwash Gnangona le mbali ende kwaye ikhathazayo, kulula ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abemi abanolwazi kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-US banqabile ukuthembela kwiMonsanto ngekamva lokutya kwethu kunye nempilo yethu. Kodwa iMonsanto yenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ibonakale ingothuswanga yile nkcaso. Ngemigudu efana nephulo labo lentengiso le-ยฃ1 lesigidi eBritani, inkxaso yabo yomboniso omtsha wobugcisa obuphezulu be-Biodiversity kwi-American Museum of Natural History eNew York, kunye nezinye ezininzi, bazama ukubonakala beluhlaza, bengamalungisa ngakumbi, nangaphezulu. bejonge phambili nangaphezu kwabachasi babo. E-US baxhasa umfanekiso wabo, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba baphembelele umgaqo-nkqubo, ngenkxaso yabantu kumanqanaba aphezulu olawulo lukaClinton. NgoMeyi 1997, uMickey Kantor, umyili weBill Clinton ka-1992 umkhankaso wonyulo kunye noMmeli wezoRhwebo wase-United States ngexesha lokuqala likaClinton, wonyulwa ukuba ahlale kwiBhodi yabaLawuli beMonsanto. UMarcia Hale, owayesakuba ngumncedisi kamongameli, usebenze njengegosa lemicimbi yoluntu yeMonsanto eBritani. USekela-Mongameli u-Al Gore, owaziwa kakhulu e-US ngemibhalo yakhe kunye neentetho ezisingqongileyo, uye waba ngumxhasi wezwi le-biotechnology ubuncinane ukususela kwiintsuku zakhe kwi-Senate yase-US. Umcebisi woMgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya kaGore, uDavid W. Beier, wayefudula enguMlawuli oMkhulu weMicimbi kaRhulumente kwiGenentech, Inc. Ngaphantsi kwe-CEO uRobert Shapiro, uMonsanto uye wakhupha zonke iindlela zokumisa ukuguqula umfanekiso wakhe kwi-purveyor yeekhemikhali eziyingozi ukuya kwiziko elikhanyisiweyo, elijonge phambili elijongene ne-crusading yokutya ihlabathi. UShapiro, owaya kusebenzela i-GD Searle ngo-1979 waza waba ngumongameli weQela layo le-Nutrasweet ngo-1982, uhleli kwiKomiti kaMongameli yeeNgcebiso kuMgaqo-nkqubo woRhwebo kunye noThethathethwano kwaye wasebenza ixesha njengelungu le-White House Domestic Policy Review. Uzichaza njengomntu obonayo kunye neNdoda yeRenaissance, onomsebenzi wokusebenzisa ubuncwane benkampani ukutshintsha ihlabathi: โEkuphela kwesizathu sokusebenza kwinkampani enkulu kukuba unamandla okwenza izinto ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngokwenene. kubalulekile,โ uxelele udliwanondlebe I-Ethics Ethics, ulindixesha obalaseleyo wemibutho โyeshishini elinoxanduva lokujongana nentlalontleโ eUnited States. UShapiro uneenkohliso ezimbalwa malunga nodumo lukaMonsanto eUnited States, ebalisa ngovelwano ingxaki yabaninzi abaqeshwa beMonsanto abanabantwana babamelwane basenokugxwala xa befumanisa apho umsebenzi asebenza khona. Unexhala lokubonisa ukuba uhambelana nomnqweno oxhaphakileyo wotshintsho lwenkqubo, kwaye uzimisele ukuwubuyisela lo mnqweno kwiinjongo zenkampani yakhe, njengoko ebonisile kudliwanondlebe lwakutsha nje Uphononongo lweShishini laseHarvard: โAsingombuzo wabantu abalungileyo nababi. Akukho sizathu sakuthi, 'Ukuba nje abo bantu bangendawo bebenokuyeka ishishini, ihlabathi beliya kuba lilungile.' Inkqubo yonke kufuneka iguquke; kukho ithuba elikhulu lokuhlaziya kwakhona. โ Ewe kunjalo, inkqubo ehlaziyiweyo kaShapiro yenye apho iinkampani ezinkulu zingaqhubeki nje ukubakho, kodwa zisebenzise ulawulo oluhlala lukhula kubomi bethu. Kodwa iMonsanto iye yatshintsha, sixelelwa. Baye bawulahla ngempumelelo ukwahlukana kwemichiza yabo kwimizi-mveliso kwaye ngoku bazinikele ekutshintsheni imichiza โngolwazi,โ ngembonakalo yembewu eyenziwe ngokwemfuza kunye nezinye iimveliso zebhayoloji. Esi sisimo esihlekisayo senkampani enemveliso enengeniso kakhulu sisichiza sokutshabalalisa ukhula, kwaye esongezo sayo siphezulu sokutya sibonakala sigula kakhulu abanye abantu. Yindima engalindelekanga kwinkampani efuna ukoyikisa abagxeki ngezimangalo kunye nokucinezela ukugxekwa kumajelo eendaba. IMonsanto yamva nje Ingxelo yinyaka, nangona kunjalo, ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ifunde zonke ii-buzzwords ezifanelekileyo. I-Roundup ayingomchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula, sisixhobo sokunciphisa ukulima kunye nokunciphisa ukhukuliseko lomhlaba. Izityalo ezenziwe ngobunjineli azikho nje malunga neenzuzo zeMonsanto, zimalunga nokusombulula ingxaki engenakuthintelwa yokukhula kwabemi. I-Biotechnology ayinciphisi yonke into ephilayo kwindawo yorhwebo-izinto ezithengiweyo nokuthengiswa, ukuthengiswa kunye nelungelo elilodwa lomenzi-kodwa eneneni sisibhengezo "sokuchithwa": ukutshintshwa kweemveliso eziveliswe ngobuninzi kunye noluhlu oluninzi lwezinto ezikhethekileyo. , iimveliso ezenziweyo. Le yiNewspeak ekumgangatho ophezulu. Ekugqibeleni, simele sikholwe ukuba ukunyusa kukaMonsanto nge-biotechnology akuyona nje into yokuzikhukhumeza kwenkampani, kodwa kunoko ukuqonda inyaniso elula yendalo. Abafundi beMonsanto Ingxelo yinyaka Zibonakaliswe ngothelekiso phakathi kokukhula okukhawulezayo kwanamhlanje kwinani lesiseko sesibini se-DNA echongiweyo kunye nentsingiselo ye-exponential ye-miniaturization kushishino lwe-electronics, umkhwa owachongwa okokuqala ngoo-1960. I-Monsanto iye yabiza ukukhula okubonakalayo okubonakalayo koko ikubiza ngokuba "ulwazi lwebhayoloji" njengento engaphantsi "kuMthetho weMonsanto." Njengawo nawuphi na omnye umthetho obekayo wendalo, umntu akanakukhetha kancinci kodwa ukubona iingqikelelo zayo zifezekiswa kwaye, apha, ukubikezelwa akukho nto ingaphantsi kokukhula okubonakalayo kokufikelela kweMonsanto kwihlabathi. Kodwa ukukhula kwabo nabuphi na ubugcisa โakungomthetho wendaloโ nje kuphela. Itekhnoloji ayizizo iimpembelelo zentlalo kubo, okanye "izixhobo" ezingathathi hlangothi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukwanelisa nasiphi na isiphelo sentlalo esinqwenelayo. Kunoko ziyimveliso yamaziko athile oluntu kunye nomdla wezoqoqosho. Nje ukuba ikhosi ethile yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji iqhutywe, inokuba neziphumo ezibanzi ngakumbi kunokuba abadali bayo bebenokuqikelela: amandla ngakumbi itekhnoloji, kokukhona iziphumo zinzulu. Umzekelo, into ebizwa ngokuba yiGreen Revolution kwezolimo ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kunye no-1970s yandisa izivuno zezityalo okwexeshana, kwaye yenza ukuba amafama kwihlabathi jikelele axhomekeke kakhulu kumalungiselelo ekhemikhali anexabiso eliphezulu. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba abantu abaninzi bagxothwe emhlabeni, yaye kumazwe amaninzi baye bawonakalisa umhlaba, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, nomhlaba wentlalo oye wagcina abantu bephila kangangeminyaka. Oku kushenxiswa kukhulu kukhuthaze ukukhula kwabemi, ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini, kunye nokuthotywa kwabantu, nto leyo ethe yakhokelela komnye umjikelo wobuhlwempu nendlala. "Uhlaziyo lwesibini lweGreen Revolution" oluthenjiswe yiMonsanto kunye nezinye iinkampani zebiotechnology zisongela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kumhlaba wendabuko kunye nobudlelwane boluntu. Ngokugatya iMonsanto kunye ne-biotechnology yayo, asiyikugatya itekhnoloji nganye, kodwa sifuna ukutshintshela itekhnoloji yokukhanyela ubomi bokukhohlisa, ukulawula, kunye nenzuzo ngetekhnoloji yendalo eyiyo, eyenzelwe ukuhlonipha iipatheni zendalo, ukuphucula ubuntu kunye noluntu. ezempilo, ukugcina uluntu olusekelwe emhlabeni, kwaye lusebenza ngokomlinganiselo wobuntu. Ukuba sikholelwa kwintando yesininzi, kunyanzelekile ukuba sinelungelo lokukhetha ukuba yeyiphi iteknoloji efanelekileyo kuluntu lwethu, kunokuba sibe namaziko angenakuphendula njengeMonsanto isigqibo sethu. Kunokuba iitekhnoloji ezenzelwe ukutyebisa okuqhubekayo kwabambalwa, sinokubeka itekhnoloji yethu ngethemba lemvisiswano enkulu phakathi koluntu lwethu kunye nendalo yendalo. Impilo yethu, ukutya kwethu kunye nekamva lobomi emhlabeni zilele ngokunyanisekileyo. Z Eli nqaku lishicilelwe ngokutsha lebali eliphambili kwinkupho ephantse yacinezelwa ye-England Ingcali kwezendalo iphephancwadi (bona Z Disemba 1998). Ichongwe njengeBali eliPhezulu eliQinisekisiweyo le-25 yiProjekthi eQiniweyo. UBrian Tokar ngumbhali we Umhlaba uyathengiswa (South End Press, 1997) kunye Enye indlela eluhlaza (UHlelo Oluhlaziyiweyo: New Society Publishers, 1992). Ufundisa kwiZiko lezeNdalo yeNtlalo kunye neKholeji yaseGoddard.