NNgenxa yokuba uLawrence Summers eyishiyile iKhabhinethi kamongameli kunye nemvukelo echasene ne-neoliberalism kunye neenkqubo zayo zobungqongqo zihlambalaza iYurophu, umntu unokuba nethemba lokutshintsha kwemigaqo-nkqubo kaMongameli Obama yeshishini kunye nebhanki. Kodwa elo themba alifanelekanga. Ngelixa ukhetho lwabacwangcisi bongxowankulu abafana nohlobo lwasehlobo lunokwahluka kulawulo nolawulo, ukhuphiswano lwamaqumrhu ukuze kwandiswe iingeniso kunye nokuba urhulumente โawakhuseleโ aluguquguquki. Ngamaxesha obunzima bezoqoqosho, kuyangxamiseka ukuba ubungxowankulu buhlube kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zokulawula ubutyebi bendalo kunye nokucinezela zonke iintlobo zolungiselelo kunye nokuxhathisa.
Ityala likaLawrence Summers liyafundisa ukuphonononga isakhelo se-neoliberal kunye nokuqonda imigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente wase-United States esecicini lokuwa.
Iminyaka yePost-Reagan
NgoDisemba 1991, iSummers-elandela isigxina njengomcebisi ophambili wezoqoqosho kaRonald Reagan (apho waye wacela ngempumelelo ukucuthwa kweerhafu zeshishini kunye nengeniso eyinkunzi kunye ne-inshurensi yokungaphangeli), kwaye emva koko njengomcebisi wezoqoqosho kumgqatswa kamongameli uMichael Dukakis ingcali yezoqoqosho kwiBhanki yeHlabathi. Ngaloo mandla, i-Summers ikhuphe imemorandam kubasebenzi be-World Bank ababiza ukuba basebenzise isihlunu sezoqoqosho ukuxinzelela iindawo ezingezona zoshishino zehlabathi ukuba zamkele (kwaye zihlawule) inkunkuma engaphezulu evela e-US nakwezinye iindawo. Ubize oku "ngokwabiwa kwakhona okufanelekileyo" kwenkunkuma yehlabathi yezoshishino kunye nongcoliseko. Isicwangciso se-Summers asizukunciphisa inkunkuma enetyhefu kunye nongcoliseko ngokwesiqhelo, kodwa sindulule ukusebenzisa "imarike ekhululekileyo" ukwandisa ukhetho apho inkunkuma inokulahlwa khona, ukulungisa oko akubona "njengokungalingani okunetyhefu kwangoku."
Summers, owahlela iNgxelo yoPhuhliso lweHlabathi yeBhanki yeHlabathi yowe-1992, wathi baye basebenza โingqiqo yezoqoqosho ekulahlekeni kwenkunkuma enetyhefu kwelona lizwe linemivuzo ephantsi.โ Wafumanisa ukuba loo ngqiqo "ilungile kwaye kufuneka sijongane nayo."
Umlilo wehlabathi lonke waqhuma phezu kweengxelo ze-Summers, nangona umsindo wawuthe cwaka e-United States. Kwimemo yakhe edume kakubi, u-Summers wathi ngenxa yentlupheko yabo, "inkxalabo malunga ne-arhente ebangela utshintsho kwisigidi kwimiba yomhlaza wesibeleko ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba phezulu kakhulu kwilizwe apho abantu baya kusinda ukuze bafumane umhlaza wesibeleko. kunokuba kwilizwe apho abantu abangaphantsi kwe-200 bafa ngama-XNUMX ngewaka." Endaweni yokuphelisa iimeko zama impiriyali ezibangela intlupheko yabo kunye nokunceda abantu baphile ubomi obude nobungenabungozi kangako, uSummers (kunye no-Obama, njengoBush noClinton) babangela amaphupha amabi ngendalo kunye namalungelo oluntu athi aqinise iimeko ezimanyumnyezi njengombandela "wokhuseleko lwesizwe" ukulungisa ubukhosi bekomkhulu.
Ehlabathini lonke, abantu babone ngecebo le-Summers lokuqhubeka bexhaphaza kwaye betyhefa egameni "lentengiso yasimahla." Bavusa uqhushululu. Baye baqonda ukuba uhlalutyo olubi lwe-Summers lwalungeloko ukuphambuka komnye umsebenzi "obalaseleyo". Kangangeminyaka iSummers ivalile amanyathelo emibutho yokusingqongileyo ukwenza iBhanki yeHlabathi inoxanduva ngakumbi ngokwendalo nentlalo. Imemo yakhe "yongcoliseko" yowe-1992 yayiyenye kumzila omde wezicwangciso egameni longxowankulu behlabathi.
IGreenpeace kunye nabakhuseli abaninzi beplanethi bafuna ukuba iBhanki yeHlabathi iphelise ihlobo. USosiba wezeNdalo waseBrazil, uJose Lutzenberger, wabhalela abakwaSummers ngokuthe ngqo wathi: โUkuqiqa kwenu kusengqiqweni kodwa kuphambene ngokupheleleyoโฆ. 'Iingcali zoqoqosho' malunga nobume behlabathi esiphila kuloโฆ. Ukuba iBhanki yeHlabathi ikugcina njengosekela mongameli iyakuphulukana nako konke ukuthenjwa.Kum ingangqina into endihlala ndiyithetha...eyona nto ingcono enokwenzeka inokuba yeyeBhanki. ukunyamalala." U-Lutzenberger wagxothwa nje emva kokubhala le leta.
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Endaweni yokuba bothuswe kukothuka kokonakala kwemekobume ababekubangela, iinkampani ezinkulu kunye noorhulumente baseU.S. kunye namanye amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino bajonge kakuhle kwiSummers spin. Ngesicwangciso soqoqosho se-neoliberal ye-Summers, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma enetyhefu (kwaye kamva, iinkozo ezenziwe ngokwemfuza) yaba yinto eyenzeka kwadwa yemveliso yemizi-mveliso enokuxolelwa ngayo kwaye igxothwe, kodwa iqhinga loMyalelo weHlabathi oMtsha-isixhobo ekunyanzelisweni kohlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo. iinkqubo "kwihlabathi lesithathu."
Summers ubhale wathi, โUngcoliseko oluninzi lwenziwa ngamashishini angathengisekiyo (izithuthi, ukwenziwa kombane) [okwenza] iindleko zothutho lweyunithi yenkunkuma eqinileyoโฆziphakame kakhulu. [Ngelishwa le mizi-mveliso ingathengisekiyo] ithintela urhwebo oluphucula intlalo-ntle yehlabathi ungcoliseko lomoya kunye nenkunkuma," njengoko kuchaziwe kubangcolisi basekhaya kulwandiso loMthetho woMoya ococekileyo wowe-1990. Endaweni yokuphelisa ungcoliseko oluyingozi kunye ne-carcinogens, uMthetho unike "iikhredithi zongcoliseko" -i-ecology-etshabalalisa i-quotas-kwi-ecology-etshabalalisa i-quotas-kumashishini kunye noomasipala base-US. konakalisa imekobumeโkwiinkampani ezingazange zivume ukuyisusa inkunkuma enetyhefu okanye ezingakwaziyo ukwenjenjalo yaye zisalondoloza ingeniso yazo.
Iminyaka yaseBush/Clinton/Bush
Ebanjwe unyawo lwakhe emlonyeni, u-Summers wathi wayeqhula, kwaye wafumana omnye umntu oza kuthatha ubushushu ngokubhala imemo awayeyityikityile. Kodwa amabango ahlekisayo, i-memo yachaza ngokuchanekileyo umkhondo wobungxowankulu obandisiweyo njengoko bubonakala kwiimbono zolawulo lokuqala lukaBush noClinton, ababezama ukuseka iimarike ezintsha zenkunkuma enetyhefu, amalungelo ongcoliseko lomoya, amalungelo amanzi, nokunye okunjalo. .
Imemo ye-Summers ngokuqinisekileyo yathatha i-neoliberalism yaya kwinguqu entsha. Kodwa eso sikhokelo kudala sazisa imigaqo-nkqubo yamagosa amaninzi karhulumente wase-US ukususela kwimihla kaMongameli uJimmy Carter. I-Georgia Democrat u-Andrew Youngโunozakuzaku kaCarter kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, owathi ngaphambilana ebomini bakhe wema kwicala likaGqr Martin Luther King, Omnci.โwayibeka ngokucacileyo: โIndlela yam eAfrika ngandlelโ ithile ifana nendlela yaseJapan yokuthetha. E-Asiya, kwaye indlela yam yokwenza ngayo ayiloncedo loluntu. Kukumdla wexesha elide lokufikelela kwizibonelelo kunye nokudalwa kweemarike zempahla kunye neenkonzo zaseMelika. "
I-Summers yathatha i-impiriyali yehlabathi ye-Young kwiinotshi ezimbalwa ukuya phambili. Kwimemo yakhe edume kakubi, u-Summers wathi amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kufuneka asebenzise "inzuzo yokuthelekisa" yemivuzo ephantsi, ukufikelela kwimithombo yendalo, kunye nemigangatho ephantsi yokusingqongileyo.
Ngelixa ambalwa amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo "aphuhlileyo" ngokulandela ingcebiso ye-Summers yokucela ihlabathi ukuba lilahle inkunkuma kumazwe abo, oko kubonakale kusebenza kakhulu kwiinkampani ezifana ne-Nike, "ethathe inzuzo yemivuzo ephantsi kulo lonke elase-Asiya, okanye i-G.M. ivelisa iimoto neelori eMexico ezinobugcisa obufanayo nobaseMichigan kodwa inabasebenzi abarhola imivuzo ephantsi. amazwe ehlabathi. Abavelisi base-US ababefuna ukubaleka imimiselo yokusingqongileyo (njengabenzi befenitshala abasebenzisa iglue ezinetyhefu, izinyibilikisi, neepeyinti) baye benza imali ngokusuka kwiindawo ezifana neLos Angeles ukuya eMexicoโ ( uRussell Mokhiber noRobert Weissman, โMemo Misfire: World Bank I-'Spoof' Memo kwiNkunkuma enetyhefu ibambe intsimbi engaphezulu kunokuhleka," Umgcini weSan Francisco Bay, NgoMeyi 1999).
Kanye njengokuba babeza kwenza ishumi elinesiqingatha leminyaka kamva benethemba elikhulu kuBarack Obama, abaninzi abaphembeleli bezendalo ngobudenge bacinga ukuba ngokuthatha kukaClinton eWashington ngo-1993 imeko iya kusindiswa, izinto ziya kuphucuka, uxolo luya kulawula. , kwaye iSummers, ngoko yeBhanki yehlabathi, yayiza kuhamba. Endaweni yoko, uClinton noGore bazisa uSummers kunye nomcebisi wakhe, owayesakuba lilungu lebhodi yeCarnegie Corporation yaseNew York uRobert Rubin, kuLawulo lwabo. Bebonke batyhalela phambili ngomthetho kwiNkongolo emisele i-NAFTA, i-GATT, kunye noMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi, phakathi kweminye imigaqo-nkqubo ehlehlayo. Kwanangaphambi kokuba athathe isikhundla, uMongameli uClinton wafuna ukutyumba i-Summers kwisikhundla somgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe: usihlalo weBhunga likaMongameli leBhunga labacebisi bezoQoqosho, isikhundla i-Summers eyabanjwa kamva kulawulo luka-Obama.
Amaqela okusingqongileyo kunye namanye amaqela abukhali ayenomsindo kwaye alwa ngokuchasene nokuqeshwa kwakhe. Kangangexesha elithile, baye baphumelela. Kodwa umsebenzi kaSummers egameni longxowankulu behlabathi awuzukuhlala ungavuzwa ixesha elide. Ngosuku olulandela ukubekwa kukaClinton njengoMongameli wama-42 waseUnited States, wonyula uLawrence Summers kwisikhundla sokuba ngunobhala weMicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe kwiSebe lezeMali lase-US, isikhundla ngokwesiko esinoxanduva โlokuqulunqwa komgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho wase-US kwiLizwe leSithathu, kuquka i-U.S. umgaqo-nkqubo onxulumene ne-IMF, iBhanki yehlabathi kunye neebhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi. "
Ihlobo laba lilizwi eliphambili ngaphakathi kulawulo lukaClinton ngokuchasene nokuthatha inxaxheba kunciphiso lwegesi eluhlaza ngokusebenzisa uthethathethwano lweSivumelwano saseKyoto. Waziqinisekisa ukuba, nangona amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino kufuneka akhuphe inkunkuma enetyhefu, oko kwakunganyanzelekanga ukuba kube ngumqobo onzulu kubungxowankulu behlabathi. Unokuthi "ayivelise kwakhona" njengethuba lokuthengisa. Kwaye ngoko wayibhuqa indlela yakhe eya phambili: "Akukho mida kumandla okuthwala umhlaba anokuthi abophe naliphi na ixesha kwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo. Akukho mngcipheko we-apocalypse ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi okanye nantoni na enye. Uluvo lokuba kufuneka sibeke imida ekukhuleni ngenxa yomda othile wendalo, yimpazamo enkulu kwaye leyo, ukuba ibinobungqina bokuba inempembelelo, inokuba neendleko ezimangalisayo zentlalo.
Kwaye ukhuthaze olo lwando alwenzileyo nazo zonke iindleko zalo zentlalo. I-Summers-"umyili weqhinga lokuphela kokujikeleza iCongress eyakhokelela kwi-12 yeebhiliyoni ze-bailout yaseMexico" ngo-1995-waba ngumcebisi okhokelayo wokukhupha izityebi kunye nokuntywila abasebenzi ukuba bahlawule. Igosa eliphambili lachaza ibheyile yaseMexico ngale ndlela: "Ekuqaleni kuka-1995, ubukhulu beqamza lemarike esakhulayo ethe yawa yoyikeka kangangokuba uNobhala weSebe lezeMali uRobert Rubin ... Ukuyekelela kweWashington ukuba oku kuhlangulwa kubahlobo kunye nabaxhasi bangaphambili beNgxowa-mali ehleliyo uNobhala weSebe lezeMali wahamba phantse ngokupheleleyo. , wenza isenzo sobuqhophololo."
Umgqatswa kaMongameli weGreen Party uRalph Nader ukwavakalise inkcaso kwibheyile yaseMexico, eneneni yayisisipho seebhiliyoni zeedola kwiibhanki zaseMelika apho iMexico yayityala ityala layo: โUqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwaseMexico alunamthetho, lulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhutywa ngurhulumente onguzwilakhe. kwi-cahoots kunye nee-oligarchs eziqhubeka zizityebi ngokuthengisa izinto zabucala kunye nokunye ukudluliselwa kobutyebi boluntu Ilungelo labucala liba ngumgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ngorhulumente oyimfihlo ongaphendulekiyo kwaye uchatshazelwa kukungquzulana komdla kwiziko okwenziwa ngamagosa kaRhulumente kwikhefu kwizithuba zabo zezimali eNew York."
Ummeli wokupheliswa komthetho ngoku wayefuna ukuba urhulumente akhuphe ibheyile kumazwe angalawulekiyo kunye nemibutho yezemali-isenzo esihle sohanahaniso oluzayo.
I-Indonesia kunye ne-Neoliberalism
Ukungenelela koqoqosho oluphezulu, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo, kunye nemfazwe bekusoloko kuluphawu lobukapitali. Abasehlotyeni babekuqonda kakuhle oku kuphela. Waba yingcali yezoqoqosho ebumba uncedo lwezemali lwase-US kurhulumente wase-Indonesia. Njengoko umlilo omkhulu watshisa amahlathi e-Indonesia kwaye wavelisa amafu angaphefumliyo omsi owajinga kwiikhilomitha ezili-1,000 kulo mmandla kangangeenyanga ezininzi, kwaye njengoko umkhosi wase-Indonesia wawulungiselela ukuphinda uhlasele kwaye ubulale abantu abaninzi e-East Timor nanjengoo-anti-impiriyali kunye nabalweli be-enviro kulo lonke ilizwe. Ihlabathi liqhankqalazele uncedo lwezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi wase-US kwi-junta yase-Indonesia ebulalayo, u-Summers uthe: "Siyasamkela isibhengezo e-Jakarta namhlanje ukuba i-International Monetary Fund kunye noRhulumente wase-Indonesia baye bafikelela kwisivumelwano ngenkqubo yezoqoqosho ehlaziyiweyo eyenzelwe ukuzinzisa i-Indonesian. I-United States inomdla oqinileyo wezoqoqosho kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe ekuboneni i-Indonesia iphumelela kwezi nzame, nto leyo eya kuxhomekeka kumandla ayo okugcina uhlaziyo lwezoqoqosho nezopolitikoโฆ. kwakunye nezo zisuka kwiBhanki yeHlabathi.
"Siyakwamkela kwakhona isibhengezo seBhanki yoPhuhliso lwase-Asia ukuba ivume imali-mboleko enkulu yokuphucula ulawulo lwecandelo lezemali e-Indonesia. Le mboleko iya kuxhasa iinzame zokuqinisa inkqubo yebhanki yase-Indonesia kwaye ibalulekile ekubuyiseleni uzinzo kunye nokukhula kwemali."
Ukusondela ekupheleni kwekota yakhe yesibini, uMongameli uClinton waphucula i-Summers ethathe indawo kaRobert Rubin owayedla umhlala-phantsi. Kumatyala akhe okuqinisekisa ngo-1999, akukho namnye uSenator wase-US owayezikhathaza ngokubuza u-Summers ukuba useyifumene na "ingqiqo yezoqoqosho emva kokulahla umthwalo wenkunkuma enetyhefu kwelona lizwe linemivuzo ephantsi" ukuba "ilungile."
I-Summers ibonelele ngolungelelwaniso lweengcinga kwiindlela ezintsha zeniyoliberalism, esona sicwangciso siphambili sobungxowankulu behlabathi kunye nolungelelwaniso lwabo olutsha lwehlabathi:
ยท ukukhuthaza ukucuthwa kuzo zonke iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ngelixa "kuvala" (ukuthengisa) imihlaba, izibonelelo, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo ebezihlala kwindawo kawonke-wonke kwaye ngaphambili bezisetyenziswa ngokufanayo (amanzi, amahlathi, umoya, ezothutho, unyango, njl.), ngamanye amaxesha kusetyenziswa. Isizathu esisemthethweni se "domain eminent" ekhaya, amandla ezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi phesheya
ยท ukwenza ipatent oko kwakwaziwa ngokuba "ngamalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda" (ubunini beshishini bolandelelwano lwemfuza ebantwini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo)
ยท ukuseka imarike entsha kunye "nestock exchange" yorhwebo kwi "polution credits"
ยท abahlwempuzekileyo nabahlali basemaphandleni, beqhuba umsebenzi kunye nendalo phantsi kolawulo lweendlela ezintsha zokuxhaphaza kunye nokuhluthwa.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, abachasi bemigaqo-nkqubo yase-US bagxile kwizinto ezothusayo zokuqhushumba kwebhombu eKuwait/Iraq, emva koko eYugoslavia. Kodwa ngokubanzi basilele ukujonga ngokupheleleyo iinjongo zoqoqosho zexesha elide eziye zaphunyezwa uqhushululu kunye nokupheliswa kolwakhiwo lwenzelwe ukufezekiswa. Ngendlela efanayo, "imfazwe yoloyiko" kaBush kunye no-Obama isetyenziswa namhlanje njengesigqubuthelo sokumelana nokwanda kobukumkani. Abaphangi baseSomalia, umzekelo, baye baba yenye yeendlela ezibonakala ngakumbi zokuchasa ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi kunxweme olusemntla-mpuma we-Afrika-isiphumo seprojekthi ye-neoliberal yaseSummers. Kukho ukuqonda okukhulayo ukuba "akukho migaqo karhulumente okanye imarike yongxowankulu ekwaziyo ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olwaneleyo lwendalo yendalo okanye uluntu oluchatshazelwa lungcoliseko lwendalo," kwaye ke amanye amaxhoba eniyoliberalism athatha imicimbi ezandleni zawo ngokuchasene nokutyhefwa kweenkampani. bona.
Ukusuka eBush ukuya ku-Obama
Kanye njengoko wayethethe ngokunciphisa urhwebo kwinkunkuma enetyhefu, iSummers yangqina phambi kweNkongolo ukuba iibhanki kunye namaziko emali ayakwazi ukuzilawula. Wayengoyena mchasi ophambili we-Glass-Steagall Act ka-1933 owawunqanda oko iibhanki zivunyelwe ukuba zenze. ICongress yawubhukuqa uMthetho we-Glass-Steagall, okhokelele kubunzima bezoqoqosho obuthe ihlabathi ligqunywe kulo kule minyaka mine idlulileyo. Owayesakuba nguMongameli uClinton ngokwakhe uye waba neengcinga zesibini malunga nendima ye-Summers apha, esithi i-Summers yayingalunganga kwiingcebiso awamnika zona ngokuchasene nokulawula izinto eziphuma kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, uMongameli u-Obama ubonakala engenazo ingcinga zimbini ngokuchonga i-Summers njengomlawuli we-White House's National Economic Council.
Ngokwindla ka-2006, i-Summers yaba ngumlawuli olawulayo wexeshana wotyalo-mali kunye nefemu yophuhliso lobuchwepheshe i-D.E. U-Shaw & Co. Wahlawulwa i-$ 5.2 yezigidi kwisibini sakhe seminyaka emibini esebenza apho, ngelixa esebenza usuku olunye ngeveki. Kwangaxeshanye, waqokelela i-2.7 yezigidi zeerandi kwimirhumo yokuthetha evela kumaqumrhu afanayo awathi uSummers kamva abele imali yebheyile karhulumente.
Xa iqhawe le-Summers, ingcali yezoqoqosho yasekunene uMilton Friedman, yasweleka ngo-2006, uSummers wabhala i-op-ed ENew York Times enesihloko esithi "Umkhululi Omkhulu." Kuyo, waxoxa wathi, "Nayiphi na iDemocrat enyanisekileyo iya kuvuma ukuba sonke ngoku singamaFriedmanites" kwaye uFriedman wenze igalelo lokwenyani kumgaqo-mali. Kodwa igalelo lakhe lokwenyani, u-Summers wachaza, "ekuqinisekiseni abantu ngokubaluleka kokuvumela iimarike zamahhala ukuba zisebenze."
Phantsi kweSummers namanye amagosa eBhanki yeHlabathi, i-International Monetary Fund, kunye neWorld Trade Organisation, โurhwebo lwehlabathiโฆ luye lwaba nemithwalo engalungelelananga: izibulali-zinambuzane ezivaliweyo, ipetroli enelothe, iiCFC, iasbestos nezinye iimveliso ezibekelwe umda eMntla [kodwa] ithengiswe eMzantsi,โ ngokutsho kukaJim Vallette, owayesakuba yiGreenpeace. "Amaplanga atshatyalaliswayo, ioyile, amalahle kunye nezinye izinto zendalo zihamba zisuka eMzantsi zisiya eMantla zinenzuzo encinci okanye zingabikho kwaphela kuluntu lwalapho; kwaye ngelixa imimiselo iqinisa amalahle amdaka kunye nezixhobo zamandla enyukliya eziyingozi eMntla, ziyanda eAsia, eAfrika. , iMpuma Yurophu, kunye neLatin America, apho ziphantsi kwaye ziqhutywa yimibutho yaseMntla.
โOlu rhwebo luye lwaququzelelwa ngamashumi eebhiliyoni zeerandi zenkxaso-mali yiBhanki yehlabathi, iU.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation, kunye neU.S. Export Import Bank, [amaziko] karhulumente apho uMnu. Summers ebesebenzisa ingqiqo yakhe kwezoqoqosho. Imemo yakhe yowe-1991 inokuthathwa njengethisisi esebenzayo emva kwale minyaka ilishumi yemigaqo-nkqubo yoqoqosho yehlabathi."
Xa uMongameli uBarack Obama wabhengeza ukuqeshwa kwakhe kweSummers, ugxa wakhe owayengumfundi waseHarvard, njengomlawuli weBhunga lakhe leSizwe lezoQoqosho, u-Obama walugatya ngokupheleleyo uxanduva lukaSummers ekubangeleni okanye ekwandiseni iingxaki zemali zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokubandezeleka okukhulu abakwenzileyo. Endaweni yoko, u-Obama wancoma i-Summers, engayikhathalelanga impembelelo (okanye mhlawumbi ekuxhaseni) yokutshatyalaliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-Summers eyenziwe egameni le-capital: "NjengoNobhala, uSekela Nobhala, kunye noNobhala we-Nondyebo, i-Summers yasinceda ukuba sisikhokele kwiindawo ezininzi. Iingxaki ezinkulu zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe-kwaye wayengumyili ophambili wemigaqo-nkqubo eyakhokelela ekwandeni koqoqosho olude kwimbali yaseMelika, kunye neengxelo ezingaphezulu, ukunyuka kwemivuzo yosapho kunye nemisebenzi emitsha engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 .... Ndiyavuya ukuba uya kuba secaleni kwam, idlala indima ebalulekileyo yokulungelelanisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho woLawulo lwam kwi-White House-kwaye ndiya kuthembela kakhulu kwiingcebiso zakhe njengoko sihamba emanzini angazange achazwe kule ngxaki yezoqoqosho."
Kakhulu kwisiqubulo sika-Obama esithi "utshintsho." Umfi waphoswa ngaphambi kokuba angene kwi-White House.
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UMitchel Cohen yimbongi kunye nelungu leBrooklyn Greens/Green Party, usihlalo weBhodi yesiKhululo seNgingqi yeWBAI, kunye nomphathi we "Steal this Radio" kwi-NYTalkRadio.net. Ukwabhale iincwadi ezimbini zemibongoโICarnival esisigxina kwaye Iliso elinye Ikati Ithatha Inqwelomoya ([imeyile ikhuselwe]).