D
Ian
Johnstone's
Izidenge
I-Crusade: iYugoslavia, i-NATO kunye ne-Wester
n Iinkohliso
(Nyanga zonke
Uphononongo lwePress, 2002) lubalulekile ufundo kuye nabani na ofuna
baqonde oonobangela, iziphumo, kunye namalungelo kunye nokungalunganga kweBalkan
Iimfazwe zeminyaka elishumi elinesibini edlulileyo. Incwadi kufuneka ibe yeyona nto iphambili kukufunda
kwabashiyekileyo, uninzi lwabo luthwalwe ngamandla eNATO
Uluhlu lweqela kunye ne-propaganda, ekholelwa ukuba le yimeko enye
apho ukungenelela kweNtshona kwakuneenjongo ezintle kwaye kunenzuzo
iziphumo. Inkcazo evela kule ngcamango iphosakeleyo, ngokuthi "i-cruise missile
abasekhohloโ kunye nabanye, kukuba impiriyali inokwakha
kwaye uqikelelo lwalo lombane kufuneka luvavanywe ngokokufaneleka kwalo, kwimeko
ngetyala.
It
kuyonwabisa ukubukela uJohnstone echitha amabango kwaye ebhenca
iindlela zikaDavid Rieff, othanda iincwadi kunye nemidiya, ngokunjalo
njengoko Roy Gutman, John Burns, no David Rohde, iintatheli ezintathu kabani
ukubambelela ngokusondeleyo kumgca weqela eBosnia wawongwa nge
Ibhaso lePulitzerโkonke kuphembelela โukuqhushumba kwabantuโ
iqela leqela. Ngelixa abagxeki bomgca weqela besengozini yokugxothwa
njengabaxoleli bamaSerbs, nkqu nelona qela lizimiseleyo
ilungele "iBosnia" kunye nomkhankaseli wokungenelela emkhosini we-NATO,
njengoRieff, okanye intatheli ye-novice Rohde, owabhala kwi-Srebrenica
kwimo semi-fictional, kunye nesikhokelo US intelligence, babe
akuzange kudingeke ukuba oyike ukugxekwa njengabaxoleli bamaSilamsi
okanye i-NATO.
The
ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi konxibelelwano olusemthethweni, ukwazisa okuvulelekileyo,
kunye nokuthambekela okumangalisayo okuboniswe ngaba babhali kuxhomekeke ngokuyinxenye
amajelo osasazo aqhelekileyo kunye nokuthotyelwa koluntu ngokwengqondo kumagosa
izikhundla zomgaqo-nkqubo, kodwa ibe sisiphumo sokukhawulezisa nokucokisekileyo
ukwenza iidemon kumaSerbs "njengamaNazi amatsha" okanye "okugqibela
yamaKomanisi.โ Ngenxa yokuba i-NATO yayilungile, ilwa nobubi,
ubudlelwane obusondeleyo namagosa abubonwa njengobandakanya nayiphi na
ukungqubana kwemidla okanye ukuthomalalisana ngeenjongo; babe bonke
โkwiqelaโ elinyeโigqudu elifuna okusesikweni.
On
kwelinye icala, naliphi na ilinge lokuchasana negosa/leqela leendaba
Amabango kunye nobungqina obucingelwa ukuba bubonwa ngokukhawuleza njengento yokuxolisa. Oku
ayikho ntsha. Kwi-US nganye abagxeki bemfazwe yomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US bahlawuliswa
ngokuba ngabathetheleli botshaba oluneedemonโuHo Chi Minh no
ubukomanisi; Pol Pot; uSaddam Hussein; UBin Laden, njl. Idemoni
kaMilosevic yayihambelana nokusebenza ixesha elide, kunye nentlawulo
womxolisi ngokucela umngeni kumgca osemthethweni kwidemon yaba
akunakuphepheka kumceli mngeni onamandla. Yintoni mhlawumbi ekhethekileyo
ibe kukwamkelwa ngokubanzi komgca weqela phakathi kwabantu
kucingelwa ukuba ngasekhohlo, kunye, phakathi kwabanye, uChristopher Hitchens,
Ian Williams, kunye nabahleli be
Wesizwe
ekubambeni kwayo.
Ngale maxesha
iyaliwe ingxelo evela eKosovo
nguJohnstone, umhleli wabo wexesha elide waseYurophu, xa yahlukana nayo
umgca womnxibelelanisi wabo wakutshanje, uPaul Hockenos, ogama lakhe
unxibelelwano kunye nokusekwa lubandakanya isigxina njengosasazo
igosa le-OSCE ehlala amagunya emantla eBosnia-Herzegovina,
kunye nobudlelwane neAmerican Academy eBerlin, osihlalo wayo
kunye nosihlalo-kuba nguRichard Holbrooke kunye noHenry Kissinger. Intoni
yenza umgangatho ophindwe kabini kunyango lukaJohnstone kunye โneentatheli
yokuncamathelaโ ingakumbi ehlekisayo kukuba uJohnstone ngu
intatheli yophando enzulu, enolwazi kakhulu ngeBalkan
imbali kunye nezopolitiko, umsebenzi wabo
I-Crusade yezidenge
Isethi
umgangatho kuviwo olupholileyo lwemiba enamabanga amaninzi
iphezulu kunaleyo iseRieff, iGutman, iRohde, iBurns (okanye i-Ignatieff, iHitchens,
Williams, kunye noHockenos). Kwimiba emva komcimbi uzixoxa zombini
ubungqina kunye nobungqina obuphikisayo, buzilinganisa, bubanika imbali
kunye nomxholo wezopolitiko, kwaye luza kuvavanyo, oluthi ngamanye amaxesha
ukuba ubungqina obunokuqinisekiswa abuxhasi isigqibo esicacileyo.
kuba
Umzekelo, uJohnstone uxoxa ngomsebenzi kaNasir Oric, indoda engachazwanga
nguRieff, abeendaba, okanye iNkundla yamaTyala. UArkan ligama eliqhelekileyo-a
Inkokeli yomkhosi waseSerb, ekugqibeleni yamangalelwa yiNkundla yamaTyala. Nasir
U-Oric wayeligosa lamaSilamsi eBosnia elisebenza ngaphandle kweSrebrenica, ukusuka
leyo โindawo ekhuselekileyoโ uOric wazama ukuhlasela kufutshane
Iilali zaseSerb, zitshisa amakhaya kwaye zabulala amaSerb angaphezu kwe-1,000 phakathi
NgoMeyi 1992 nangoJanuwari 1994. UOric wada wamema iintatheli zaseNtshona
indlu yakhe ukuze abone โiimbasa zakhe zemfazweโ: iikhasethi zevidiyo
ebonisa iintloko zamaSerb ezinqunyulwe, izindlu ezitshisiweyo, nemfumba yezidumbu.
wena
Wayecinga ukuba iSrebrenica โyindawo ekhuselekileyoโ yabemi kuphela
kwaye ayinakuba sisigqubuthelo se-UN kumkhosi wamaSilamsi aseBosnia
imisebenzi? Awuchazelwanga kakuhle (Johnstone, 110). Ubungenayo
ndeva ngo-1992 ukutyhala ngaphandle kwamaSerbs ukusuka eSrebrenica nakwiminyaka emininzi
ukuhlaselwa kweedolophu ezikufuphi zaseSerb kunye nokubulawa kwabantu okwandulela iSrebrenica
imbubhiso? Kungenxa yokuba ibingumthetho opheleleyo weRieff
et al./media ingxelo ngengxabano yaseBosnia ukubonisa ubungqina
yobundlobongela baseSerb kwi-vacuo, ukucinezela ubungqina bobundlobongela bangaphambili
nxamnye namaSerb, ngaloo ndlela bexoka besithi amaSerb akazange
ukuphendula, kodwa kuqala ubundlobongela (oku kusebenza kuVukovar,
Mostar, Gorazde, kunye nezinye iidolophu ezininzi). Ikwalithethelela ibango
ukuba izenzo zamaSerb, ekucingelwa ukuba azizange zishukunyiswe ngumnqweno wokuziphindezela,
ngeenjongo zokutshabalalisa uhlanga.
wena
Khange ndive ngoNasir Oric kwaye akasiqondi isizathu sokuba enze njalo
akazange agwetywe yiNkundla yamaTyala ngokwenza uhlobo olufanayo
yento njengeArkan, kodwa mhlawumbi kwinqanaba elikhulu. Yi
Ayimangalisi kwaphela ukuba uyaqonda ukuba "i-phalanx"
Ndikhankanyile ngasentla, ebandakanya uRieff et al., Imidiya, kunye ne
Inkundla, ikwabandakanya amagunya e-NATO kwaye isebenzela iinjongo zayo,
eyayingabandakanyi ubulungisa.
UJohnstone
inikeza imizekelo emininzi yendlela iphalanx ejije ngayo iinyani kwezopolitiko
iziphelo, kubandakanywa uhlalutyo olubanzi nolunyanzelisayo lwezinto ezahlukeneyo
non-ubungqina "bodlwengulo olucwangcisiweyo" njengomgaqo-nkqubo wamaSerb (1978-1990).
Kodwa eyona nxalenye ibalaseleyo ibonisa indlela inkqubo yepropaganda esebenza ngayo
โInkampu yokufaโ yohlobo lwamaNazi kunye nomfanekiso wayo
โindoda ebhityileyoโ uFikret Alic emva kocingo oluhlabayo. Njengoko uJohnstone
amanqaku, amaSilamsi aseBosnia kunye namaCroatia nawo ayeneenkampu zentolongo ngexesha
Iimfazwe zaseBosnia, kodwa uKaradzic, โummangalelwa wemfazwe,โ
wayengekho krelekrele njengaboโwawavumela amajelo eendaba aseNtshona
ukutyelela iinkampu zakhe.
It
ngoku isekwe njengenyaniso, ukuba ayivumelekanga ukuba ivele ngaphakathi
amajelo osasazo aqhelekileyo, ukuba: (1) indoda ebhityileyo yayingekho ngasemva kwebarbed
ucingoโucingo oluhlabayo lwalujikeleze ikhompawundi encinane engasetyenziswanga ukusuka kuyo
apho abafoti abavela kwi-Independent Television yaseBritani
Inethiwekhi yathatha imifanekiso yabo; (2) wayengekho nakwinkampu yentolongo,
Iyeke inkampu yokufa, kodwa yayidlula kwiziko leembacu,
endleleni eya elubhacweni eScandinavia; (3) ukubhitya kweFikret Alic
yayingengomntu uqhelekileyo enkampini, kodwa yagxininiswa ukuze ilingane
umfanekiso we "Auschwitz".
Nangona kunjalo,
โNgoAgasti 1992, 'indoda ebhityileyo emva kocingo oluhlabayo'
Iifoto zenze ukhenketho kumaphepha angaphambili kuzo zonke iithebhu
iphephandaba kumazwe aseNtshona kwaye yavela kuqweqwe lwe
ixesha
,
Newsweek
, namanye amaphephancwadi asasazwa ngobuninzi.โ I
Isindululo sase-US senkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe silandelwe kwangale nyanga inye
ngamabango axhaphakileyo okuba umfanekiso โwendoda ebhityileyoโ ungqine
Injongo yokubulala uhlanga lwaseSerb. Le yayiyenye kuphela ubuqhetseba obuninzi obusekwe
I-disinformation, kodwa yayiyeyona nto iphambili, inceda ukwenza amaSerbs-as-Nazis
inikwe iphalanx kunye noluntu oluninzi lwaseNtshona.
UMilosevic Wayiqala Yonke
C
ukungena
kumgca weqela le-NATO kunye ne-phalanx ibe ngumxholo wokuba
UMilosevic yidemon eyaqala yonke into ngokufuna kwakhe ubuzwe
"kwiSerbia Enkulu" kunye nembono yakhe (kunye neSerbia).
ukuba abantu abangengawo amaSerb โbabengenandawo kwilizwe labo, yaye kwakunjalo
ilungelo lokuphilaโ (uClinton). Ngokutsho kukaDavid Rieff, uMilosevic
"Ichazwe ngokuchanekileyo ngamagosa ase-US ... njengoko
umyili wentlekele,โ yaye uTim Judah wabhekisela kuye
Uxanduva lukaMilosevic kwiimfazwe โeSlovenia, eCroatia,
EBosnia, eKosovo: iimfazwe ezine ukususela ngo-1991 kunye nesiphumo sezi zibi
Iingxwabangxwaba, ezaqala ngesilogeni esithi 'Zonke iiSerbs kwiLizwe elinye'
yeyona nto ikhohlakeleyo. " Ebusweni bayo le mbono ibonakala
ingqondo elula kwaye ide ibhekiselele kumhlalutyi ochubekileyo
kunoRieff okanye uJudah, uLenard Cohen, ngokuhlekisayo, โnjengeparadesi
iinkokeli ezilahlekileyo/ezizothekileyoโ ngembali. Johnstone's
incwadi utshabalalisa lo mgca weqela ngokuphonononga ngononophelo amandla
yongquzulwano olubonakalayo kwizenzo nakwimidla yabo bonke
amaqela abandakanyekayo.
In
isahluko sakhe esikhanyisayo ngeJamani, uJohnstone uchaza ubutshaba bayo
ukuya eSerbia kunye noqhagamshelwano namaqela emigre Croatian kudala ngaphambi kokuba
ukufika kukaMilosevic. IJamani yayihlasele iSerbia ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi
Mna kwaye kwakhona phantsi kwamaNazi; kanti amaCroatia naseKosovo
Abantu baseAlbania babengamahlakani eJamani. IJamani phantsi kwamaNazi yaba rhoqo
wasebenzisa i-gambit ye-siding kunye "nezizwe ezincinci" njenge
indlela yokwenza buthathaka imbangi okanye amazwe ekujoliswe kuwo kunye nokufa kwe
iSoviet Union kunye nokuphela kwenkxaso yaseNtshona yomanyano kunye
iYugoslavia ezimeleyo, kunye nomanyano lwaseJamani, iJamani yahlaziywa
loo gambit njengoko yayijolise ekuhlanganiseni amandla ayo eMpuma Yurophu.
IJamani ikhuthaze ukwahlukana kweSlovenia kunye neCroatia
kwaye yacinezela amahlakani ayo eMaastricht ukuba ahambisane nenkxaso
oku kuhlukana, nangona bekungaxoxiswana kwaye kwaphulwa
umthetho wamazwe.
At
ngaxeshanye njengoko abaseYurophu bakhuthaza ezi qhekeko, kwaye
iUnited States yasongela iYugoslavia ukuba izama ukuyigcina
imida yayo ngokusebenzisa umkhosi wayo, umfelandawonye we-NATO awuphumelelanga ukujongana
ngesoyikiso kubantu abambalwa abavaleleke kwiindawo ezizimele geqe.
Ikomishoni ye-Badinter enyulwe yi-EU yabhengezwa ngoNovemba 1991
ukuba iYugoslavia โyayikwinkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa,โ nto leyo
yanceda ukukhawulezisa ukupheliswa; nangokunika ingqalelo
imida eyenziweyo โyeRiphabliki,โ ngoxa isala
ukuthathela ingqalelo iimfuno zamaqela amakhulu akwezo Riphabliki
owayefuna ukuhlala eYugoslavia, uBadinter wanikezela ngefomula efanelekileyo
ukuvelisa imfazwe yobuhlanga. Le yayingengoMilosevic ebangela ingxaki,
yayingamaJamani kunye namanye amagunya e-NATO awayekhuthaza ukuchithwa
ngaphandle kokubonelela nasiphi na isisombululo esakhayo kwiimfuno ezimbalwa.
zabo
Utyekelo olucacileyo oluchasene namaSerbs, kunye nenkuthazo kwisizwe
amaqela achasene namaSerbs, nawo awandisa isoyikiso soxolo,
njengoko yenza ukuba amaSerbs akrokre ngokufanelekileyo ngeenjongo ze-NATO kwaye akhuthaze
amanye amaqela ukuba axhathise isivumelwano sothethathethwano kwaye axhokonxe
I-Serbs kwizenzo eziya kwandisa ungenelelo lwe-NATO kubo
egameni. Oku kwabonakala ngokuphawulekayo eBosnia, apho abantu baseYurophu
amagunya alungiselelwe ivoti yokuzimela ngo-1992, nangona kunjalo
ukuba umgaqo-siseko waseBosnia-Herzegovina wawufuna ukuba kuvotwe ngolo hlobo
kuthatyathwe kuphela ngesivumelwano phakathi kwamalungu amathathu eriphabliki
izizweโ (amaSilamsi, amaCroat namaSerb). AmaSerb aseBosnia agwayimbela
olu lonyulo, kunye nokudalwa kolu buchule nolwahlulo olubi
Imfazwe karhulumente eqinisekisiweyo kunye nokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga. Oku kwakhona kwaba yintlekele
isigqibo esenziwe ngamagunya e-NATO, hayi uMilosevic.
UJohnstone
ichaza imvelaphi yembali ekhohlakeleyo yaseBosnia-Herzegovina
(kunye neCroatia), eyayiyindawo yolwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu phakathi kwamaqela
ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukwabonisa ukuba iBosnia yayingeyontlanga ezininzi
iparadesi ecatshukiswe lugonyamelo lwamaSerb, kwintsomi eyenziwa nguRieff
okqhubekayo. kunye namajelo eendaba eNATO. UJohnstone ubonisa ukuba kwasekuqaleni
njengoDisemba 1990, kunyulo lwaseBosnia amaqela esizwe
iphumelele ngokulula, ibamba iivoti ezingama-90 ekhulwini, icebisa into ethile
ngaphandle koluntu olungakhethi zwe. Ukwabonelela ngokuqinileyo
ubungqina bokuba uAlija Izetbegovic, inkokeli yamaSilamsi eBosnia
kwiminyaka yemfazwe, wayekholelwa kwiSilamsi esizinikeleyoโhayi
Iintlanga ezininzi, kunye nomntu ojonga iTurkey njengaye
phambili kunye nanamhlanje, ekhetha iPakistan njengomzekelo wakhe wamaSilamsi.
Amawakawaka abalweli be-Mujahidden, kuquka namajoni e-al Qaeda,
ukuba wamkele ukulwela injongo yakhe kunye noncedo olukhulu alunikiweyo
kuye yi-Saudi Arabia ayizange ibonelelwe ngenxa yezizwe ezininzi.
UJohnstone
ibonisa ukuba ngoncedo kunye nenkuthazo US Izetbegovic walwa nayiphi na
ukuzinza okuya kubangela ukuzimela kwelizwe eliphambili
amaqela. Yena, njenge-KLA, waqonda ukuba unokulandela i-maximalist
isicwangciso ngokufumana i-United States ezimisele ngakumbi ukuxhasa
naye zombini ngokwezopolitiko kwaye, ngokwandayo, ngeendlela zomkhosi. Milosevic,
yaye ukusa kumlinganiselo omncinane amaSerb aseBosnia, ayezimisele ngokuphindaphindiweyo
ukusayina izivumelwano zokulalanisa, kodwa u-Izetbegovic wala ngokuphindaphindiweyo,
ngenkxaso yase-US-ibaluleke kakhulu, kwimeko yeLisbon
Isivumelwano sikaMatshi 1992, esatyikitywa ngawo omathathu amaqela, kodwa
apho u-Izetbegovic warhoxa, ngeengcebiso zase-US. Milosevic naye
ixhase isicwangciso sika-Owen-Vance sika-1992, sivalwe ngama-Serbs aseBosnia,
ukucaphuka kukaMilosevic. Le mbali yozakuzo ibhalwe kakuhle
kwinkumbulo yeNkosi uDavid Owen,
Balkan Odyssey
, oko ikukuthi
kutheni umsebenzi lo Britisher ayijongwa kakuhle liqela
Iinqanawa.
Johnstone's
akhawunti eneenkcukacha Croatia igxininisa ukuziphatha kwembubhiso
amaCroats ngakumaSerb kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II; ukuxhasa ixesha elide
yentshukumo yobuzwe eCroatia yiJamani, iOstriya, kunye
iVatican; ukubaluleka kwendawo yokusebenzela yaseCroatia eUnited
States nakwezinye iindawo ekuhlanganiseni inkxaso ukuba bahlukane
iYugoslavia; kunye neenzame zepropaganda zezakhono zaseCroatia, zanceda
kunye nokuqeshwa kwabo kwifemu yobudlelwane boluntu iRuder Finn. โIindabaโ
malunga neCroatia kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwayo yiSerbia kwaphuma eZagreb
kunye noRuder Finn. Ngokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo kuMilosevic i-Croatian nationalists,
ikhokelwa nguFranjo Tudjman osuka kwi-1990, ngokucacileyo yayijolise โenkulu
Croatiaโ eya kubandakanya inxalenye yeBosnia, kunye ne
Indawo yaseKrajina ehlala eSerb. Njengoko uJohnstone ephikisana ngokuqinisekileyo,
yayiyipropaganda esebenzayo eyenziwa yiCroatia
imfazwe eBosnia kunye nokugxothwa kwekota yesigidi samaSerbs eKrajina
(ngoncedo olusebenzayo lwase-US) yaboniswa eNtshona ingeyiyo inxalenye
yokufuna iCroatia enkulu, kodwa njengokuchasa kukaMilosevic
sizama ukufumana iSerbia Enkulu.
Ngokutsho
ukuya kuClinton kunye nenkcazo eqhelekileyo, ukuqhuba kukaMilosevic
a Greater Serbia kunye nobuzwe kwabonakaliswa ukudumba kwakhe
iintetho zobuzwe zika-1987 no-1989. Lo ngumzekeliso ogqibeleleyo
ngendima enzulu yokungachazi kwiinkqubo zobudemon.
Iintetho ezimbini ezidumileyo zigxeka ubuzwe: uMilosevic ngokwenene
wathi, โIYugoslavia libutho labantu bezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye inako
kusinda kuphela kwimeko yokulingana okupheleleyo kwazo zonke izizwe ezihlalayo
kuyo." Akukho nto kwezi ntetho zimbini iphikisana nolu luvo.
In
Ukuchitha "intsomi" kaMilosevic, uJohnstone akayibekanga
yena phezu kwesiseko. Wayengusopolitiki othanda amathuba, โowakhe
'ukungacacanga' kwamvumela ukuba aphumelele unyulo, kodwa hayi ukumanyana
amaSerbia.โ UMilosevic wafumana udumo ngokugweba zombini
Ubuzwe baseSerbia kunye ne-bureaucracy yamakomanisi kunye nokuthembisa kwezoqoqosho
iinguqu ezihambelana neemfuno zoluntu lwezezimali lwaseNtshona.
Ngokombono kaJohnstone, uMilosevic unokuthathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho
"ukuba usebenzisa izaphuli-mthetho ukwenza imisebenzi emdaka kumenza abe sisikrelemnqa,"
kodwa kolu balo โwayengasekho [enetyala] (okanye ngaphantsi)
kunomongameli ongasekhoyo uTudjman waseCroatia okanye uMongameli uAlija Izetbegovic
yaseBosnia, egqalwa ngokubanzi njengengcwele.โ Wayengenabuzwe obungaphantsi
kuno-Tudjman no-Izetbegovic, kwaye uthi โubethobile
iinkolelo" kunye "neprojekthi yokuphelisa" ithathwa
kwilaphu lonke.
I-Milosevic's
Isityholo sokusukela i-Greater Serbia nayo yayiyimpazamo yakhe
eyona migaqo-nkqubo, okokuqala, eyayikukuthintela ukuqhekeka
yaseYugoslavia yaye, okwesibini, njengoko kwabakho oko kuqhekeka, ukukhusela
amaSerb amancinci kumazwe amatsha kwaye ubavumele ukuba bahlale
eYugoslavia okanye ufumane ukuzimela kumazwe amatsha aserump. Ebe
kuqwalaselwa ngamaxhoba e-Bosnia Serbs kunye neKrajina ye-Operation
Uqhwithela ukuba abe ngothengisayo, olangazelela ukurhweba ngemidla yabo
ukutshintshiselana ngokususwa kwesohlwayo kwiYugoslavia. Wenze
xhasa amaSerb aseBosnia, ngamaxesha athile, kodwa ayifane ikhankanywe
ukuba amagunya e-NATO kunye ne-Saudia Arabia kunye ne-al Qaeda babexhasa
amaSilamsi aseBosnia (yaye iCroatia yayixhasa amahlakani ayo eBosnia).
So
UMilosevic wayenetyala lokulandela iSerbia enkulu ngokuzama ukuthintela
Ukubhanga kweYugoslavia kwaye ifuna ukunikezela
kwaye isongela ukhuseleko lwabantu baseSerb. "Imfazwe" yakhe
nxamnye neSloveniaโenye yezo โmfazwe zimbiโ
UTim Juda ubonisa uMilosevic-wayenentliziyo enesiqingatha seentsuku ezilishumi
iinzame zokuthintela ukwahlulwa ngokungekho mthethweni kweRiphabliki, ngokukhawuleza
kupheliswe ngamangxwelerha amancinci (kwaye ubukhulu becala amajoni aseYugoslavia). Okwangoku,
Tudjman, ngokuphandle efuna iCroatia enkulu, kunye no-Izetbegovic,
ukuzama ukonyusa i-US kunye nobunye ubutshaba be-NATO eYugoslavia
indlela yokunyanzelisa ulawulo lwamaSilamsi oluKhulu olungafunwayo eBosnia, babe
amaxhoba nje omntu ombi.
The
kukwanjalo nangomzabalazo waseKosovo. Akukho mbuzo ngaphandle koko
Ukuqhekeka kukaMilosevic ngo-1989 kwakunoburhalarhume kwaye ukuba amapolisa kunye
izenzo zomkhosi ngokuchasene ne-KLA kwiminyaka kamva zazingenalusini,
kodwa i-phalanx ayihoyi inani leenyani eziphambili. Enye yiKosovo
yayiqhutywa ikakhulu ngama-Albanias ngaphambi kowe-1989 kunye nethagethi yokuqala ye
ukuqhekeka kuka-1989 yayiligunya elidala elaliqhutywa ngamakomanisi ase-Albania.
Okwesibini, phantsi kolawulo lwabo yayingamaSerb awayecalulwa
kwaye wagxothwa eKosovo. Kwiminyaka ye-1980 nangaphambili, i-Kosovo Albanian
abalandeli besizwe babebandakanyeka ngokuphandle โkuhlambululo lobuhlangaโ
kumdla welizwe laseAlbania elifana nelinye. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990
Intshukumo engajoliswanga kuhlaziyo, kodwa ukuphuma eYugoslavia.
Iinkokeli zalo mbutho nazo bezinomdla ngakumbi
โIAlbania Enkulu.โ Njengakwimeko ye-Izetbegovic
iqela lamaSilamsi aseBosnia, i-KLA yakhawuleza yabona oko ngokuxhokonxa
kunye nepropaganda esebenzayo inokwenzeka ukuba i-NATO isebenze
njengengalo yayo yomkhosi.
UJohnstone
ichaza iinzame zaseYugoslavia zokulalanisa kunye nokunika abantu baseAlbania
ukuzimela okukhulu kwaye uqaphela ukusilela ngokupheleleyo kwe-NATO
amagunya okufuna naluphi na uhlobo lwesisombululo esilamlayo (kuquka ulwahlulo
kummandla waseKosovo). Imfazwe eyenziwe yi-KLA kunye ne-United
Kwandula ke kwalandela amazwe, oko kwaba nemiphumo eyintlekele. EKosovo yavelisa
intshabalalo enkulu, ukusaba okukhulu kweembacu, ngamawaka
yamaxhoba kunye inaliti entsha yentiyo macala onke ukuba
yachasana nenjongo ye-NATO yokuvelisa iintlanga ezininzi zokwenene
uluntu. Oku kwalandelwa kukuhlanjululwa okukhulu kohlanga lwamaSerbs,
Roma, Turks, kunye namaYuda yi-KLA exhaswa yi-NATO, kunye neKosovo yayi
ushiye โngaphandle kwenkqubo yezomthetho, elawulwa ngamacandelo angekho mthethweni we
iKosovo Liberation Army kwaye rhoqo ngokukhuphisana namafiyaโ
(ecaphula uJiri Dienstbier, unobhala weZizwe eziManyeneyo wamalungelo oluntu eKosovo).
Ngaphantsi kwe-NATO, kwaye incediswe ziinkokeli zaseAlbania, entsha
kwenziwa ngenjongo โyeAlbania Enkuluโ
eMakedoni nakwezinye iindawo. Ekugqibeleni, iSerbia yayimbi kakhulu
yonakaliswe yimfazwe, yancitshiswa yaba yindlala kunye nokuxhomekeka, ukungquzulana,
kunye nedemokhrasi yobuxoki endaweni.
UJohnstone
unengxelo embi ngomsebenzi we-International Criminal
INkundla yeYugoslavia yangaphambili (ICTY), ebonisa imvelaphi yayo kwezopolitiko,
injongo, kunye nenkonzo, kunye nokunyhashwa kwayo yonke inkundla yaseNtshona
izithethe (kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa โkwezityholoโ ukugweba kunye
ukulahlwa ngaphandle kwetyala). Phakathi kwezinye iingongoma ezininzi ezibonakalisiweyo yi
Inyaniso yokuba iSigqeba sifuna kuphela ukuseka uxanduva
phezulu kumaSerb, hayi iinkokeli zamaSilamsi zaseCroatia okanye zaseBosnia.
UJohnstone ukwaphawula ukungafuni ukumangalela nabani na abasebenzi be-NATO
okanye amagosa olwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe olubhalwe lula. Naye ukhomba
ngaphandle kokuba ityala likaMilosevic ngoMeyi 27, 1999, lisekelwe kwityala elingangqinisiswanga.
ulwazi olunikwe ngabezobuntlola base-US ngenye imini ngaphambili, lwalufuneka
yi-NATO ukugubungela ukuqhuma kwayo ibhombu yabantu baseSerbia
iisayithi, ngokwaphula ngokuthe ngqo umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Njengoko uClinton
wathi, "Isimangalo siqinisekisa ukuba imfazwe yethu ilungile,"
kodwa yaqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iNkundla yaMatyala yezopolitiko,
hayi iziko lenkundla.
UJohnstone
umi ngelithi iUnited States yayithatha inxaxheba kwiBalkan
iimfazwe ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, kuquka umnqweno ukuyigcina
indima njengenkokeli ye-NATO kunye nokunceda ukubonelela nge-NATO ngomsebenzi
kunyaka wayo wokubhiyozela iminyaka engama-50 (ibhiyozelwa phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-78
imfazwe yeziqhushumbisi ngoAprili 1999); ukuba iJamani kunye nabanye babeza
ngenelela eYugoslavia, iUnited States kuya kufuneka ingene kwaye
idlale indima yayo kwaye ibonise ukuba ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla
ebeseyintshatsheli. IUnited States nayo yayisebenzisa iBosnia yayo
ungenelelo ukubonisa ukuzimisela kwayo ukunceda amaSilamsi, ephikisana
umfanekiso wayo njenge-anti-Muslim kunye nokuqinisa ubudlelwane bayo neTurkey
kunye namanye amazwe amaSilamsi ancedisa kwimfazwe yaseBosnia. Kwaba njalo
ukuzibeka kwindawo yokuqhubela phambili kwingingqi ngenkulu
isiseko somkhosi eKosovo kunye nabathengi abatsha kwindawo yokwanda
umdla kunye namakhonkco kwisitya seCaspian. Injongo yobuntu
yachaswa kukungenzeki okungokwemvelo kunye nendalo kunye
iziphumo ezingenabuntu zokungenelela kwe-US kunye ne-NATO.
Konke kwinto enye
iUnited States yenza kakuhle ngokungenelela kwayo, kodwa abantu
lendawo yenza kakubi. Imigaqo-nkqubo yayo kunye namahlakani ayo aseYurophu
yayingoonobangela abaphambili bokuqhekeka kweYugoslavia kunye nokusilela
ukulawula naluphi na ukwahlukana ngoxolo. Ungenelelo lwabo aluzange lube โnalo
emva kwexesha,โ kodwa kwangethuba, etshabalalisayo, yaye eyilelwe kakuhle ukukhuthaza
intshabalalo yohlanga eyalandelayo. Emva koko, basilela
ukulamla ungquzulwano eKosovo kwaye usebenzisane ne-KLA kwi
ukuvelisa imfazwe eyonakalisayo, elandelwa ngumsebenzi
apho ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga ngokwenene kwenzeka, kunye nokwamkelwa kwe-NATO kunye
nokuba intsebenziswano. IBosnia kunye neKosovo ziphantsi kobukoloniyali.
Intsalela yaseYugoslavia, eyayikhe yaba lilizwe elidlamkileyo nelinezizwe ezininzi
amahlwempu, azele ziimbacu, axhomekeke kwiNtshona, enongquzulwano,
kwaye ndingenamphini. IiBalkans azinzanga yaye azikhululekanga; ikamva labo
njengoko abathengi be-NATO bengabonakali bethembisa.
Diana
UJohnstone ulibhale eli bali ngendlela efundekayo, efundekayo, kwaye ekholisayo
indlela endikwazile ngayo ukushwankathela konke ngokufutshane apha. Yi
incwadi ebalulekileyo, ngokukodwa kwikhohlo eliye ladideka
ngokuphalazwa kwenkqubo yepropaganda enamandla kakhulu.
Edward
S. Herman yingcali yezoqoqosho, umbhali, kunye nomhlalutyi weendaba. A eneenkcukacha ngakumbi
kunye noshicilelo olusezantsi lwenqaku lophononongo lunokubonwa apha: www.monthlyreview.org/comment.htm.