A
s
Ngo-2003 waqala, ushicilelo oluqhelekileyo lwalujijisana ne-cloning hoax.
NgeyoMqungu, isungule usasazo olwandisiweyo lwesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50
yokuchongwa kolwakhiwo lweDNA. Zombini iziganeko zinikezelwe
amathuba egolide ukwenza nzulu ukuqonda koluntu ekuhlaleni
kunye nefuthe lezopolitiko kwimfuza entsha yomntu kunye nokuzala
ubuchwephesha.
Ngelishwa,
amajelo eendaba adla ngokuwakhupha la mathuba. Ukhuseleko
yamabango e-cloning e-Raelians afihliweyo kunokuba akhanyiselwe
imiba ebalulekileyo. Iimpawu zakwangoko kwithuba lesibini leendaba-a
uthotho lwemibhiyozo ecwangcisiweyo ngononophelo kuyo yonke intwasahlobo-zi
akukho namnye uthembisayo kakhulu. Ngethamsanqa, impendulo yoluntu kwingozi
ubugcisa obutsha bemfuzo yabantu kunye nokuzala buyavela ku
inani lamazwe, njengoko kungqinwe kwiWorld Social kaJanuwari
Iqonga eBrazil.
The
Ibhayoloji yebhayoloji yomntu yokuqala yaqala ukuxakeka kumajelo eendaba
ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2002, xa ukuleqana kwangaphandle okufihlakeleyo ngaphambili
ihlelo labhengeza ukuba izazinzulu zalo ziye zavelisa ihlabathi
clone yokuqala yomntu. Impendulo yeendaba yokuqala igxininise ngokufanelekileyo
ukuba ingaba ibango liyinyaniso na. Kodwa ngexesha iRaelians '
izizathu zokuba kutheni bengakwazi ukubonisa umntwana owenziweyo waba
Ngokucacileyo, amajelo eendaba aye adlulela kumjikelo wawo weendaba olandelayo.
Isiphumo kukuba abafundi abaninzi bakholelwa ngobuxoki ukuba i-clone yomntu
iye yaveliswa. Abaninzi ngakumbi basala becinga ukuba kuyingozi
itekhnoloji yemfuzo yabantu liphondo lamahlelo angaqhelekanga.
Zininzi
Iziganeko ezijoliswe kumajelo eendaba zicwangciselwe ukuncoma ukufunyanwa kwe
Ulwakhiwo oluphindwe kabini lwe-DNA. Ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, indumiso injalo
ilungisiwe: ukufunyanwa kwaba sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwibhayoloji, kwaye ikhokelele
kwinkqubela phambili kwimfuza yezonyango ngendlela yobuchule bokunyanga
kwanokuthintela izifo. Ulahlekile kwimibhiyozo, nangona kunjalo,
yingxoxo enentsingiselo malunga nobudlelwane bangaphambili benzululwazi yemfuza
(uphononongo lokuthetha kunye neendlela zeempawu zofuzo) ukuya
i-eugenics movement (imigudu yenkulungwane yama-20 โyokuphucula i
imfuza yabantuโ ngemigaqo-nkqubo yokuzala). Kwakhona ungekho
yeyona ngxelo ibalulekileyo yothethelelo lwangoku ngabaninzi abanempembelelo
amanani entsha yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, i-eugenics eqhutywa yimarike.
abaninzi
Abantu baseMelika abazi ukuba intshukumo ye-eugenics yayikhona ngaphambili kwaye
ngaphandle kweJamani yamaNazi. Enyanisweni, iinkolelo ze-eugenic zazithandwa ngokubanzi
inkxaso phakathi kwabakhululekileyo kunye nabalondolozi ngokufanayo, ukubhala phantsi kwentlalo
intshukumo kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente ezikhuthaza "ukufaneleka"
ukuba nabantwana abaninzi kwaye akukhuthazi ukuzala abantwana kumahlwempu;
isaphuli-mthetho, kunye โnabanengqondo ebuthathaka.โ EUnited States,
I-eugenics yanceda ukubumba umgaqo-nkqubo wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kumashumi eminyaka yokuqala
yeminyaka yoo-1900 kwaye yathethelela ukuvala inzala ngenkani kwamashumi amawaka
oko kwafikelela kwiminyaka yee-1970.
Of
abo baziyo ngale mbali, uninzi lukholelwa ukuba ukuthethelelwa kwe
I-eugenics yafa xa amaNazi ehambisa iingcamango kwindawo engenakucingelwa
ngokugqithisileyo. Oku akunjalo. Inkxaso ye-eugenics iqhubekile ngokuzolileyo
phakathi kwezinye izazinzulu kunye neengqondi eUnited States, ngakumbi
ezo zinxulumene nophuhliso lwenzululwazi yemfuza yabantu yanamhlanje.
Umbhali-mbali wenzululwazi uDiane Paul uthi, โKwasekuqaleni, umntu
imizila yemfuza yayinxibeleleneโyaye maxa wambi yayingacaci
ukusuka kwi-eugenics. UPawulos uphawula ukuba ezintlanu kwezintandathu zokuqala
oomongameli beAmerican Society of Human Genetics, esekwe kwi
Ngowe-1948, wakhonza ngaxeshanye kwibhodi ye-American Eugenics
Umbutho.
Emva kweHlabathi
I-War II eugenistists yenza iinzame zokususa ubuhlanga kunye nodidi olucacileyo
ukungakhethi cala kwiipolisi zabo. Njengoko imigangatho yentlalontle yavela, yahlaziywa
isigama kunye nobuchule abazikhethileyo. Ngowe-1968, umongameli we-AES
UFrederick Osborn uthe, "[e]injongo ezicacileyo zezona zinokwenzeka
ukuba kufunyanwe phantsi kwegama elingelilo i-eugenics.โ
The
unxibelelwano lwembali phakathi kwabaphandi bezofuzo kunye ne-eugenics
akuthethi ukuba inzululwazi yemfuza yabantu ikrokrelwa ngokuzenzekelayo.
Kodwa ukungazi ngale mbali ngokuqinisekileyo kuyaxhalabisa. Ukunqongophala
Ukunika ingxelo ebalulekileyo malunga nobhengezo lwe-eugenics entsha kuyaphazamisa kakhulu.
Xa iintatheli zithetha ngesihloko se-eugenics konke konke, kunokwenzeka ukuba
ukuchasanisa izazinzulu ezilahlekisayo zexesha elidlulileyo, ezazixhasa
ungenelelo lukarhulumente ekuveliseni, kunye neenzululwazi ezikhanyisiweyo
yanamhlanje-kubandakanywa nabo baxhasa ubugcisa obuphezulu, obuqhutywa yimarike
eugenics.
ezilahlekileyo
phakathi kokuthotywa kwempatho-mbi kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukugxothwa kweempazamo zonqulo
ezenza izazinzulu, kunye nendumiso emfamekileyo yoovulindlela benzululwazi, kunjalo
uhlalutyo olunzulu lweengozi ezisemnyango. Namhlanje, inani
yababhali abahlonitshwayo, izifundiswa, kunye nabaphandi mhlawumbi ngokucacileyo
ukuxhasa okanye ukwala ukucela umngeni kuphuhliso lobuchwephesha
oko kungasibeka kwindlela yethu eya kwi-eugenics entsha. Indlela eya
ii-clones zabantu kunye neentsana eziyiliweyo zakhiwa hayi ngokugxothwa ngokulula
kodwa ngabathile abakhokelayo be-bioethicists kunye nee-biotechnologists. Nangona
phantse zonke izazinzulu ziyakuchasa ukuzala kwabantu, abaninzi bayakwenza oko
ngoko ke kwimihlaba ecaciswe mxinwa yokhuseleko. Abanye baphuma endleleni yabo
ukutsho ukuba ukudalwa kwe-cloned okanye i-genetically redesigned
abantwana baboniswa ukuba bakhuselekile, kufuneka baxhaswe. Abanye bathi
ukuba ukuphuhliswa kobu buchwepheshe akunakuthintelwa.
Ibi kakhulu
ukanti luthungelwano oluxengaxengayo lweengcali zekamva nezazinzulu ezithethelelayo
ikamva "post-human" apho cloning kunye nelifa
ubunjineli bemfuza "buphucula" abo banelungelo, bemka
abantu abaninzi ngasemva njenge mfuzo pariah caste. Ayikho enye ngaphandle kwe
I-mega-hero yesikhumbuzo se-DNA, uJames Watson, uthe iminyaka embalwa
kudala ukuba โ[i] ukuba besinokwenza abantu abangcono ngokwazi
indlela yokongeza imfuza, kutheni singafanele? Yintoni engalunganga
Ngaba?โฆ Indaleko inokuba bubukhohlakali obukhulu, kwaye sitsho ukuba siyenzile
unayo igenome egqibeleleyo kwaye kukho ubungcwele? Ndingathanda
ukwazi ukuba ivela phi loo mbono, kuba ibubudenge obupheleleyo.โ
UJohn Robertson, isifundiswa sezomthetho esinempembelelo kunye ne-bioethicist, uye
wagqabaza ukuba uphuculo lwemfuza โyenye nje imizekelo
apho ubutyebi busizisa iingenelo.
Ngethamsanqa,
amazwi oluntu ayaqala ukuthetha, njengoko kungqinwe ngu
IForam yeHlabathi yezeNtlalo kaJanuwari. Iworkshop enesihloko esithi โGenetics
kunye noBulungisa beNtlalo: i-Global Politics ye-New Human Genetic
kunye neTechnologies zokuzalaโ yayiququzelelwe liZiko
yeGenetics kunye noMbutho (www.genetics-and-society.org) kunye neSer
UMulher, umbutho waseBrazil wabasetyhini (www.sermulher. org.br).
Izithethi ezisuka eBrazil, ePeru naseUnited States zahlaba ikhwelo kuluntu
ingxoxo kunye nentshukumo yezopolitiko kwizigqibo malunga nolawulo lwe
i-biotechnologies yabantu.
Yiba
Umnxibelelanisi we-Mulher u-Alejandra Rotania uthethe ngokukodwa
Iingozi ezibangelwa bubugcisa obutsha โkubafazi ngokubanzi
kwaye ngakumbi kubafazi behlabathi lesithathu kwimeko yehlabathi
ezopolitiko ezinzulu.โ "[C]inzululwazi yehlabathi kunye
Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji luguqula ubomi, indalo, abantu kunye nemizimba yabo
imisebenzi kunye namacandelo, ubume bawo obusondeleyo-kwizinto
zobunjineli kunye neemveliso zentengiso,โ utshilo uRotania.
Kwinkcazo-ntetho
enesihloko esithi, โOkokwam yeyam kwaye Okukokwakho yeyam
Eyam,โ uMarsha Darling, umlawuli weZiko le-African-American
kunye neeNkqubo zeZifundo zoBuzwe kwiYunivesithi yaseAdelphi, zaphonononga i
iindlela ethi imithetho yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye namanye amabango โkwipropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda
amalungeloโ akhuthaza i-biopiracy โkwiminyaka yemfuzo.โ
โ[G] ii-enes sele zezezinto eziphilayo kwaye azikwazi
kufuneka ibangwe njengempahla yomnye umntu,โ waxoxa ngelo uDarling.
โBesikhona ngaphambili, ngobunini babantu
imizimba.โ
jurema
Werneck, umlawuli weqela labasetyhini baseBrazil iCRIOLA (www.
criola.ong. org), beka ithemba lokuqulunqwa kunye nokwenziwa ngokutsha ngokwemfuza
abantu kumxholo wocalucalulo lobuhlanga oluqhubekayo
ngokuchasene nabantu baseBrazil abayinzalelwane yaseAfrika. Walumkisa ngethemba
yeendlela ezintsha zocalulo kunye ne-eugenics ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu
ilinganiswa ngobugcisa bebhayoloji bale mihla. Sijongene neetekhnoloji ezintsha,
Werneck waqukumbela ngelithi, โukuze abanye abantu bangabikho
siphathwe ngendlela thina baNtsundu ebesiphathwa ngayo kule minyaka ingama-500 idluleyo.โ
Rosario
U-Isasi, igqwetha lamalungelo oluntu lasePeru kunye ne-bioethicist esebenza kwa
iYunivesithi yaseToronto iJoint Centre for Bioethics, echazwe
kwaye yahlalutya imeko yomgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo ngoku malunga nokuhlanganiswa kwabantu
kunye nokuguqulwa kofuzo olunokuzuzwa, kuzwelonke nakumazwe ngamazwe
imizimba. U-Isasi ugxininise ngakumbi kwisiphakamiso sesiFrentshi-esiJamani
Isivumelwano seZizwe eziManyeneyo sokuvala ukuzala kwabantu. โOku
ukuvinjelwa bekungayi kubaluleka kuphela ngokwayo, kodwa kuya kuphawula kwakhona
okokuqala ihlabathi lisebenza kunye ukulawula i-biotechnology, "
Utshilo uIsasi.
In
Iphaneli eyahlukileyo, eququzelelwe ngoogqirha bezofuzo kwiSibhedlele
de Clinicas ePorto Alegre, u-Alda Sousa, i-geneticist kwiYunivesithi
yasePorto ePortugal, yaqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwimizila yemfuza kunye namaqhekeza emfuza
ngokwenene bathoba isantya sophando lwezonyango, kwaye benza amayeza amatsha
zibiza kakhulu kumahlwempu ehlabathi. USousa wayiqukumbela intetho yakhe
ngesishwankathelo seForam yeHlabathi yezeNtlalo eyaziwa kakhulu ephindayo:
"Ihlabathi elingenalo ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wobomi aliyimfuneko nje,"
wathi, "kodwa kunokwenzeka."
A
Iphaneli yesithathu ye-WSF yathetha ngemfuzo yomntu omtsha kunye nokuzala
itekhnoloji ngaphakathi kugxininiso olubanzi "kwi-Ecology kunye noZinzo"
njengenxalenye
Iimagazini zeZ
Ubomi Emva kobuKhapitali โinkomfa
ngaphakathi kwenkomfaโ (www.zmag.org/lacsite). UMarcy Darnovsky,
leZiko leGenetics noMbutho, lichaze izindululo ngokwahlukileyo
Izazinzulu zase-US zekamva "emva komntu" kubaphulaphuli
eyayiquka amatshantliziyo amaninzi asuka kumaphandle aseLatin America
uluntu. Ukugxininisa ukuba ithemba le-clones yabantu kunye nomyili
Iintsana azisenakuthathwa njengentsomi yesayensi, ukhuthaze oko
ivavanywa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifanayo zohlalutyo olubalulekileyo lwezopolitiko
esisisebenzisayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente neyeshishini. โI
ubugcisa obusakhulayo bemfuza bomntu buyinguqu enkulu,โ uDarnovsky
walumkisa. "Ngaphandle kokuba sisebenzise ubukrelekrele bethu bokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko
ukuthanda ukuzibumba, ziya kuhambelana nezantlukwano ezikhoyo ngokwentlalo
kunye nokusilela kwedemokhrasi yethu, kwaye ziya kuqatsela
zombini. โ
Inkqubela phambili
imivimbo emininziโizazi ngendalo, amagqwetha amabhinqa,
abakhankaseli bamalungelo oluntu, abalweli bamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo, nabanyeโbanjalo
ngokuqonda ngakumbi ukuba itekhnoloji efana ne-cloning yabantu kunye
ukuyilwa ngokutsha kwemfuza kunefuthe kubudlelwane boluntu kunye namalungiselelo amagunya
ubuncinane njengoko kwenza imithetho okanye amagosa anyuliweyo, kwaye njengabo
kufuneka ibe phantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi olunentsingiselo.
kaYese
UReynolds ukubasebenzi beZiko leGenetics kunye noMbutho. 'Yabona
www.genetics-and-society.org.