UMichael Steinberg
Ingxelo yakutshanje
IGreenpeace, ebhalwe emva kwe-9-11, yaqinisekisa "ulawulo lwe-NRC
ishishini lenyukliya sele lililizeโ kwaye libize โinqanaba lokuphuma [e-US]
izixhobo zenyukliyaโ ukuze โziphephe intlekele.โ
NgoNovemba wayo
I-14 ixela iqela lehlabathi jikelele lokusingqongileyo libize izikhululo zamandla enyukliya ezili-14 ezinama-25
iinukes njenge "reactors ezibangela umngcipheko omkhulu" kwaye wabiza ukuba babe
vala kuqala. Phakathi kwazo kukho i-Indian Point 2 enenkathazo yezityalo eziziikhilomitha ezingama-24 kuphela
kumantla eSixeko saseNew York. Le ngxelo yakhankanya amanani karhulumente wobumbano
ebonisa ukuba ingozi enkulu e-Indian Point inokubangela amakhulukhulu
amawaka okufa kunye nokulimala ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezingama-50 ukusuka kwisityalo, kunye nesiphumo
kumakhulu eebhiliyoni zeerandi kumonakalo wezoqoqosho.
Ngokufanayo nzima
Amanani avela kwaloo mthombo karhulumente wesinye isizwe esisebenza
amaziko amandla enyukliya aqukiwe kwingxelo.
Kukho i-103
izixhobo zenyukliya zorhwebo ezisebenza kwiindawo ezingama-64 kumaphondo angama-31 kulo lonke
sizwe.
IGreenpeace
ingxelo (โIshishini elisemngciphekweni: Ukunokwenzeka kunye neziphumo zeNyukliya
Ingoziโ) yathi, โNjengoko iziganeko ze-11 kaSeptemba zabonisa kabuhlungu, i
Umngcipheko wokunyibilika kwesixhobo senyukliya kufuneka ubandakanye hayi kuphela ukubanakho kwe
ingozi kodwa nokwenzeka ukutshatyalaliswa. Urhulumente wase-US uyazi
ukususela phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1990 ukuba abanqolobi babejolise amandla enyukliya
izityalo.โ
Ukuxhasa oku
Ibango le ngxelo icaphula oku kulandelayo kwi-Associated ye-24 ka-Oktobha 2001
Ibali leendaba: โURamzi Yousef, owabanjwa enetyala le-World Trade Trade 1993
Ukuqhushumba kwiziko, kwakhuthaza abalandeli ngo-1994 ukuba babethe isityalo esinjalo, amagosa
yithi. Ummeli we-FBI uye wangqina enkundleni ukuba omnye wabalandeli bakaYousef wamxelela
ngowe-1995 amacebo okuqhushumba kwiziko lenyukliya. Kwaye kwi-1999 i-NRC yavuma ukuba
ICongress ukuba ifumene isoyikiso esithembekileyo sohlaselo lwabanqolobi ngokuchasene ne
indawo yamandla enyukliya.โ
NgoSeptemba ka-21
Ukukhutshwa kweendaba, iKhomishini yoLawulo lweNyukliya yase-US yathi "i-NRC ayizange
qwalasela ngokuthe ngqo ukuhlaselwa kweenqwelomoya ezifana ne-Boeing 757 kunye ne-767 kunye
izixhobo zenyukliya zazingenzelwanga ukuba zimelane nokuntlitheka okunjalo.โ
Inyukliya
Ukunyibilika kunokuthi kwenzeke kwisixhobo sokwenza izinto zenyukliya okanye kwichibi lamafutha elichithiweyo. I
pool igcina iradiated fuel rods emva kokuba "ichithwe" kurhwebo kwaye baba
inkunkuma yenyukliya ekwinqanaba eliphezulu. Uhlaza- uxolo lucaphule amaxwebhu e-NRC kunye namagosa ukuba
bonisa ukuba izakhiwo zokuqulatha zezityalo zenyukliya zase-US zinokusilela
ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Uxwebhu lwe-NRC lwango-1988 olukhankanyiweyo lwathi, "Zonke ezintlanu eziphambili
iintlobo zesithintelo zafunyaniswa ziphantsi kokusilela kwiingozi ezinjalo, kuba
ezingazange ziyilwe.โ
I-NRC ayizange
ukuzithemba okuphefumlelweyo ekuhloleni ukuba nokwenzeka kwentlekele enjalo
ingozi. Ingxelo yeGreenpeace yalatha kuxwebhu olunye lwe-NRC luka-1979 oluthi
amathuba okuba kwehla kwi-nuke yase-US ayemancinci. Ngaphantsi kwenyanga emva koko
ukukhululwa koxwebhu, Three Mile Island 2 isityalo yenyukliya e Pennsylvania
wafumana ukunyibilika kancinci. Kude kube semva kwentlekele yenyukliya yaseChernobyl
I-1986 ingaba uMkomishinala we-NRC uJames Asselstine wavuma kwikomiti yeCongressional "
โฆ ngenxa yenqanaba langoku lokhuseleko eliphunyezwa yinyukliya esebenzayo
amaziko ombane kweli lizwe, sinokulindela ukubona ingozi engundoqo yokunyibilika
kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayo.โ
Ngeminyaka emihlanu
ekhohlo ukuzalisekisa ingqikelelo ka-Asselstine, sinokuthemba kuphela ukuba nale nayo
ingqina ukuba ayiyonyani.
Yintoni enzima ngakumbi
Ukhuphiswano, lunikwe isiphumo saseChernobyl, yingxelo yeGreenpeace ethi โUkuba
Ukunyibilika bekuya kwenzeka nokuba kwi-reactor okanye kwichibi lamafutha elichithiweyo, kwi
ingozi inokubulala ize yenzakalisa amashumi amawaka abantu, ixabisa amawaka ezigidi
iidola kumonakalo, kwaye ishiya imimandla emikhulu ingenamntu. โ
Ingxelo ikhankanyiwe
ibali likaAprili 2000 leAssociated Press elacaphula lo rhulumente waseUkraine
amanani: Abasebenzi bohlangulo abangama-4,000 babulawa yityhefu yemitha emva kweChernobyl
intlekele; abanye abantu abangama-70,000 apho baye bakhubazeka ngenxa yemitha.
Ibali leAP lathi: โLilonke, malunga ne-3.4 yezigidi kuma-50 ezigidi zaseUkraine
abantu, kuquka i-1.26 yezigidi zabantwana, bathathwa njengabachatshazelwa yiChernobyl,
kwaye uninzi lusenokungabonakalisi impembelelo kangangeminyaka.โ Ngokutsho kweGreenpeace, "i
Ingozi yaseChernobyl yosulele malunga ne-12,400 yeemayile zesikwereโฆ kwaye ngaphakathi
1990โฆumhlaba owosulelekileyo wawuthathwa njengelahleko iyonke ubuncinane emibini
izizukulwana.โ
Iziphumo
ye Meltdowns
IGreenpeace
ingxelo ekubhekiswa kuyo ekuqaleni 1980 amaxwebhu NRC egunyaziswe federal
karhulumente Sandia National Laboratory ukubala iziphumo ze
iingozi ezimandundu (ezifana nokudilika) kwimizi-mveliso yenyukliya yase-US, ekhokelela ekubeni
ukukhutshwa kwezixa ezikhulu zemitha kokusingqongileyo. Ingxelo
uthe, โEsi ibingesosihlandlo sokuqala urhulumente ejonga le
iziphumo zengozi yenyukliya; nangona kunjalo, ibiyeyokugqibelaโฆโ Ulwazi
ayizange ijongwe ukuba yenziwe esidlangalaleni, kwaye yaphuma kuphela ngokunyanzeliswa
yeMassachusetts Congressman Edward Markey.
USandia
uhlolisiso lwahlulahlula imiphumo yengozi enjalo yaba ziinxalenye ezine.
โIncopho yokufa kwangethubaโ kubangelwa kukuvezwa kwimitha kwisithuba sonyaka wokuqala emva koko
ingozi. "Incopho yokwenzakala kwangoko," ngokutsho kweGreenpeace, "imitha
ukwenzakala okunxulumeneyo okwenzeka kunyaka omnye wengozi efuna
ukulaliswa esibhedlele okanye olunye unyango. Ukwenzakala kwangoko kubandakanya iimeko
njengokungazali, amaqhuqhuva edlala lengqula, ukugabha kunye norhatyazo.โ
โUmhlaza
ukufaโ โkuqikelelwa ukuba kuya kwenzeka ebudeni bexesha lokuphila kwabantu ababhengezwe kubo
ukukhutshwa kweradioactive.โ
โAmaxabiso anyusiweyo,โ
Ingxelo yachaza, โkuquka uqikelelo lwemivuzo elahlekileyo, iindleko zokufuduka,
iindleko zokucoca, ipropati elahlekileyo kunye neendleko zothintelo lwepropati
kunye nomhlaba weefama. 'Ukukalwa' kuthetha ukuba iindleko zilungelelaniselwe ubungakanani be
ireactor.โ
USandia
izifundo zibalwe incopho yokufa kwangethuba kwi-Indian Point (IP) 2 kunye ne-3 njenge
46,000 kunye 50,000, ngokulandelanayo. Incopho yokonzakala kwangoko ibonwe kwi-141,000 ye
Iyunithi 2 kunye ne-167,000 kwiyunithi yesi-3. Kwincopho yokusweleka ngumhlaza inani laliyi-13,000
ye IP2 kunye ne 14,000 ye IP3. Izifundo zibalwe iindleko ezilinganisiweyo, kwi-1980
iidola, njenge-274 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiyunithi yesi-2 kunye ne-314 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiyunithi yesi-3.
Inqaku loku-1 laseIndiya
I-reactor ivaliwe ngokusisigxina ukususela ngo-1974, emva kokusebenza kuphela i-12
iminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ichibi lamafutha elichithiweyo lisagcwele inkunkuma yenyukliya ekwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Le meko ikhona kwezinye iindawo ezivaliweyo kwiziko lamandla enyukliya. Abanye
abahlalutyi benyukliya abanjengoDavid Lochbaum weManyano yeeNzululwazi eziZixhalabileyo, a
Igqala le-17 leminyaka kushishino lwenyukliya, cinga ukuba ingozi enkulu kwi
ichibi lesibaso elichithiweyo lingakhupha imitha eninzi okanye ngaphezulu kokusingqongileyo
ingozi enkulu ye-reactor.
INew Orleans ina 25
iimayile empuma, kunye nokwehla komoya, kwiziko lamandla enyukliya iWaterford 3. USandia
Amanani e-Waterford yi-96,000 yencopho yokusweleka kwangoko, 279,000 incopho kwangethuba.
Ukwenzakala, incopho yama-9,000 131 yokufa ngumhlaza, kunye ne-1980 lamawaka ezigidi zeedola kwi-XNUMX yeedola.
iindleko.
ILimerick 1
kunye ne-2 i-reactors yenyukliya i-21 yeemayile kumntla-ntshona we-Philadelphia. Ukubulala kwabo
amanani, kwi-reactor nganye, yi-74,000 incopho yokufa kwangoko, 610,000 incopho kwangethuba.
ukwenzakala, kunye ne-34,000 incopho yokufa ngumhlaza. Iindleko ezilinganisiweyo kwiidola ze-1980 zabekwa
kwi-213 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiyunithi yoku-1 kunye ne-197 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiyunithi yesi-2.
Iindaba zilungile
njengembi kulo lonke uluhlu lweGreenpeaces lwezona nukes ziyingozi. Catawba 1 kunye
Ezi-2 ziikhilomitha ezingama-20 empuma yeCharlotte, NC. Ngelo xesha ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980 uSandia
Iingxelo zamanani abo, kwi-reactor nganye, i-42,000 yencopho yokufa kwangaphambili,
Ngama-88,000 encopho yokonzakala kwangoko, kunye nama-5,800 encopho yokusweleka ngumhlaza. Iindleko ezilinganisiweyo, kwakhona ngaphakathi
I-1980 yeedola, zabalwa kwi-101 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiyunithi 1 kunye ne-93.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola
unit 2. labemi Charlotte kunye noqoqosho ziye mushroomed ukususela ekuqaleni
1980s, okuthetha ukuba onke la manani anokuba phezulu kakhulu ukuba a
intlekele yenyukliya yenzeke apho ngoku.
A lusizi ngokufanayo
Ibali livela kwizibalo zobubi obubizwa ngokuba yiTurkey Point
ii-reactors ezingamawele, iikhilomitha ezingama-25 ukuya phezulu eMiami, kunye nezinye ii-nukes eSandia
zifundo.
USandia
Izifundo ziphinde zabala i-US ii-nukes 'peak faality radii kunye nokwenzakala okuphezulu
radii. Umzekelo, iDresden 2 kunye ne-3 e-Illinois zineradiyo yokufa kwencopho ye
Iimayile ezili-15. Incopho yabo yokulimala iradius yi-60 miles, kwaye ke ibandakanya iChicago kunye
UGary, eIndiana. I-nukes ye-Millstone e-Connecticut ine-radius yokufa kwencopho ye
Iimayile ezingama-20, kunye neradiyasi yokulimala ephezulu yeemayile ezingama-65. Indawo yokugqibela ibandakanya uninzi lwe
i Nutmeg state, yonke Rhode Island, empuma Long Island eNew York, kunye
iindawo ezisentshona nakumazantsi eMassachusetts.
Inqaku laseIndiya
Umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-50 kwincopho yokulimala kweradius ibandakanya iNYC kunye neNewark, kunye neStamford,
IBridgeport kunye neDanbury, Connecticut.
Siyazi kwi
Intlekele yaseChernobyl, nangona kunjalo, loo mibhobho ye-radioactive eye yabalekela kwi
imeko-bume apho yahamba amawaka eekhilomitha, yaqhekeka yaza yahlukana, yaye
ivuthuze kumacala amaninzi ngemimoya eguqukayo.
Enye inyukliya
izityalo, ngaphandle kwezo sele zikhankanyiwe, kuluhlu lweGreepeace lwesizwe
uninzi lweenukes ezinobungozi zezi: Surry 1 kunye 2 eVirginia; ISalem 1 kunye ne-2 kunye neHope Creek 1
eNew Jersey; Susquehanna 1 kunye 2 kunye Three Mile Island 1 e Pennsylvania;
Peach Phantsi 2 kunye 3 e Maryland; kunye neSequoyah 1 kunye ne-2 eTennessee.
KaZwelonke
Usongelo loKhuseleko
UJim Riccio, umbhali
yengxelo yeGreenpeace, kwingxelo yeendaba ekhapha upapasho lwe
Ishishini elinobungozi, yathi, โIUnited States ayinakuhlala iphaphe kakhulu ngelo xesha
ungahoyi esona soyikiso sikhulu sihleli ngaphakathi kwemida yayoโฆ. Indlela kuphela yokuba
sikhusele izityalo zethu zenyukliya kwimbubhiso yenyukliya okanye ingozi iza ngokukhawuleza
phumeza isicwangciso senqanaba likaxakeka kuzo zonke ii-reactorsโฆ. Izityalo zenyukliya ngoku
kukwenza isoyikiso kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokusebenza kwabo okuqhubekayo
engamkelekanga.โ
Ingxelo nayo
yaqinisekisa ukuba i-NRC "akufunekanga yandise iilayisensi zezixhobo zenyukliya" kunye
kufuneka "zirhoxise ezo layisenisi esele zihlaziywe." Kwakhona yathi
"Ukwakhiwa okutsha kwezixhobo zenyukliya e-United States kufuneka kungavunyelwa."
NgoNovemba 30,
IiSenenja ezintlanu zeDemokhrasi kunye nabantu beCongress (Senators uHillary Clinton, uJoseph
ULieberman noHarry Reid, kunye noNita Lowey no-Edward Markey beNdlu
yaBameli) yazisa ngokukrokra umthetho wokuqinisa
ukhuseleko kwimizi-mveliso yenyukliya yase-US.
Umthetho
wabiza amagosa okhuseleko asisigxina kwizityalo, ukuvavanya kwakhona
uyilo lwe-nukes ukuba luninzi ukuze lumelane nokubetha ngokuthe ngqo kwangoku
iijethi ezinkulu, ukugcina i-potassium iodide (enokuthi ithintele umhlaza wedlala lengqula).
uluntu ngaphakathi kweekhilomitha ze-50 zezityalo zenyukliya, kunye nokunika amandla e-NRC ukuba
cebisa kwiirhuluneli zombuso ukusetyenziswa koMkhosi weSizwe kunye noKhuseleko loNxweme kwi
amaxesha obunzima.
Nangona
amajelo eendaba, ishishini lenyukliya, kunye ne-NRC ngokungakhathaliyo ayihoyanga
Ingxelo yeGreepeace, loo maqumrhu akakwazanga ukukhupha nje ukuthanda kukaLieberman
kunye nenkampani. Aba babini bokugqibela baphendule ngokukhawuleza.
Inyukliya
ishishini lagxothwa kuqala, kwangolo suku lunye lo mthetho waziswa. UJoe
Colvin, inja ephezulu kwiziko leNyukliya laMandla, ukuphembelela ishishini kunye
iziko lobudlelwane boluntu, eliwubiza umthetho ngokuthi โuneenjongo ezintle kodwa unempazamo.
Lo mthetho uyilwayo yimpendulo yezopolitiko kwingxaki engekhoyo. โ
I-NRC, leyo
abahlalutyi babiza i-lapdog yeshishini lenyukliya endaweni yokuba ngumlindi walo, ngokukhawuleza
wawa emgceni. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, kwileta eya kuSenator Reid, uNRC oyiNtloko uRichard
UMerserve uthe, โIkomishoni ikuchasa ngamandla ukuwiswa komthetho njenge
ibhaliwe.โ Ngolwimi oluphantse lufane nokaColvin, uMerserve uthe
isindululo sokudala umkhosi wokhuselo lwenyukliya โulungisa into engekhoyo
ingxaki.โ
Njengesiqhelo, zombini
amacala ayiphosa ingongoma. Okanye mhlawumbi ukufihla imfuneko yokuphelisa
ii-nukes njengesisombululo kwisoyikiso sokhuseleko lwesizwe abasenzayo siyinto eqhelekileyo
inqaku. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uxolo lweGreen lukhangele kwizicombululo ezisebenzisekayo ezazinokuba njalo
ngokuqinisekileyo sitshintshe inyaniso yethu eyintlekele yenyukliya.
IGreenpeace
Ingxelo ikwalathe kuphononongo lukaNovemba 2000 olwenzelwe iSebe lase-US
zaMandla ngeelabhoratri zamandla zomanyano ezintlanu. Olu phononongo, ngokutsho
Greenpeace, โkwafumaniseka ukuba amandla ahlaziyiweyo anokubonelela ubuncinane nge-7.5% yase-US
umbane ngo-2010,โฆokwaneleyo ukuvumela isigaba sokuphuma kwezona ziyingozi kakhulu
ii-reactors e-US,โ njenge-Indian Point's.
Ukongeza, i
ingxelo yathi, olunye uphononongo lwamva nje lweManyano yeeNzululwazi ezixhalabileyo lufunyenwe
ukuba "amandla ahlaziyekayo anokubonelela nge-20% yombane wase-US ngo-2020," leyo
โKudityaniswe nokonyuka kwamandla okusebenza kakuhleโฆkunokuvelisa ngokwaneleyo
Umbane wokuthatha indawo yawo yonke iactor yenyukliya esebenza ngoku eUnited
Amazwe. โ
Utshilo iGreenpeace
yachaza inkcazelo ekule ngxelo kuba โuluntu lufanele ukuthetha ngokuphandle
Ingxoxo yobu buchwepheshe bungabaxoleliyoโฆ. IGreenpeace inethemba lokuba
ukubonelela olu lwazi kuluntu kunye namajelo eendaba singawukhawulezisa
ukuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya kwaye uphephe intlekele.โ
Z
UMichael Steinberg ngumbhali we I-Millstone kunye nam: Isondo, ubuxoki kunye
Imitha kuMazantsi mpuma Connecticut.