Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba kukho isifo somhlaza e-US Umhlaza ufumana ngokukhawuleza kwisifo senhliziyo njengesona sizathu siphambili sokufa. Umhlaza ukwayingxaki enkulu yezempilo yoluntu kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokutsho kweWorld Cancer Report 2014 eyakhutshwa yiWorld Health Organization (WHO), umhlaza ukhula โngesantya esothusayoโ ehlabathini lonke. Amanani achazwe e-US ayathandabuza, "Ngenxa yokuba kungekho ndawo yokubhalisa umhlaza kwilizwe lonke, akukho ndlela yokwazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zingaphi iimeko ezintsha zomhlaza ezifunyaniswa minyaka le eUnited States." INational Cancer Institute yanikela ingxelo ngowe-1996 yokuba ukwanda komhlaza ebantwaneni kwanda nge-10 ekhulwini phakathi kowe-1973 nowe-1991. ENew York Times Inqaku elikwiphepha lokuqala likaJanuwari 8, 2003 lanikela ingxelo yokuba ukwanda komhlaza ebantwaneni kuye kwanda ngama-20 ekhulwini kwiminyaka engama-20 edluleyo, yaye kwiintsana ezingaphantsi konyaka omnye londo ngama-36 ekhulwini. I-International Agency for Research on Cancer isandul 'ukukhupha i-World Cancer Report ye-2014. Le ngxelo yathi iziganeko zomhlaza emhlabeni jikelele ziqikelelwa ukuba ziza kunyuka ngama-70 ekhulwini kwiminyaka engama-2 ezayo. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini edlulileyo imidiya yoluntu izaliswe ngamabali malunga nesiseko sofuzo somhlaza. Kangangokuba abantu abaninzi ngoku bakholelwa ukuba isifo seswekile, umhlaza kunye nokutyeba kakhulu โzizifo zofuzo.โ Loo nkcazelo iphosakeleyo ngokusisiseko ibeka ityala kwixhoba. Ukanti uninzi lwabantu alunakutsho ukuba umkhuhlane, inyumoniya, okanye i-ebola zizifo zemfuza. Kukho ukuqonda ngokubanzi ukuba ii-arhente zangaphandle zinokugqithisa ukhuseleko lwendalo lwangaphakathi lomntu. Asiyi kuthi sonke siya kugula okanye sife ngubhubhani. Umba ophambili othi "Yintoni ebangela umhlaza?" Ubuxoki kumajelo eendaba bubuxoki bokuba ngokuyintloko sisifuzo, asiyiyo imvelaphi. Oku kugqwethwa kunzulu kobunyani bobhubhani bakutshanje obunjengomhlaza nokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo, kucaciswe kwinqaku elithi โUmthombo Wokuthintela Ukutyeba Ngokugqithiseleyo, Imfuza Ayidalelwa, Impilo Yoluntu yaseHarvard:โ
โUkutshintsha kwemfuza akunakwenzeka ukuba kuchaze ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kokutyeba [okanye umhlaza, oko ndikutshoyo] ehlabathini lonke. Kungenxa yokuba iphuli yemfuza ihlala izinzile kwizizukulwana ezininziโฆ. Ngoko ukuba imizila yethu yemfuza ayitshintshi, yintoni eye yatshintsha kule minyaka ingama-40 idluleyo yokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo? Indawo esihlala kuyo.โ Iziko loLawulo lweSifo (CDC) likwaqinisekisa ubungangamsha bemekobume njengonobangela wezifo kwiwebhusayithi yalo: โEwe, ezinye izifo ezinqabileyoโฆ zinokuba sisiphumo sokunqongophala kwemveliso yemfuza enye, kodwa ezi zifo zimele kakhulu. inxalenye encinci yazo zonke izifo zabantu. Izifo eziqhelekileyo, njengesifo seswekile okanye umhlaza, zibangelwa yimfuza nemekobume entsonkothileyo.โ Isikhundla se-CDC singqinwe ngokucacileyo luphononongo olukhulu lwamawele angama-53,666 afanayo, apapashwa kwiJenali yeTranslational Medicine, eyagqiba kwelokuba amandla egenome ukuxela kwangaphambili ukugula โawanalwazi kangako.โ Ukusukela kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi ye-11, indawo esihlala kuyo iye yangcoliswa ngokukhawuleza yityhefu. Encwadini IPolitiko yoMhlaza iphinde yaqwalaselwa, nguSamuels Epstein, MD, 1998, u-Epstein uphawula ukuba ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali ze-synthetic organic skyrocketed ukuqala kwi-1940, kunye neemveliso ezivela kwi-petroleum kunye negesi yendalo malunga ne-1945. I-Plasticizers kunye ne-pesticides yaziswa ukusuka kwi-1945 ukuya kwi-1955. I-CDC idwelisa kwiwebhusayithi yayo135. izinto ezithathwa ngokuba "zinokuba zi-carcinogens emsebenzini." Zimbalwa kakhulu kwiikhemikhali ezingama-80,000 ezisetyenziswayo ngoku ezikhe zavavanyelwa ukhuseleko.
Ngokutsho kweScientific American (Julayi 2014): "UMthetho woLawulo lweziNto ezinobutyhefu, uhlaziyo lokugqibela ngo-1976 uvumela ishishini ukuba lisebenzise iikhemikhali ezintsha ngaphandle kokubonisa kuqala ukuba zikhuselekile. Endaweni yoko ibeka umthwalo wobungqina kwi-EPA. Ukanti kwimichiza engaphezu kwama-50,000 esetyenziselwa urhwebo, i-EPA ivavanye nje engama-300.โ
Ihlabathi lizele yimichiza eyityhefu. Iikhemikhali zemizi-mveliso kunye nezolimo ziye zangcolisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba akhonza izigidi eCalifornia ubuncinci iminyaka engama-50. Izigidi zeetoni zezibulali-zinambuzane ezibangela umhlaza ziye zagalelwa kumhlaba wezolimo e-US nakwihlabathi jikelele zingcolisa ukutya ekhaya kunye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.
E-US, i-Allied Signal Company yavelisa i-insecticide i-Kepone, enxulumene ne-DDT, kwaye yalahla kwi-James River Estuary iminyaka kwi-1960 kunye ne-1970. UMlambo iJames wavalwa ukuba ulobe iminyaka eyi-13. Imveliso yavalwa kwihlabathi liphela ngo-1990, kodwa abanini bamasimi ebhanana bacela enye iminyaka emi-3 yokusetyenziswa. I-Kepone inokuqhubeka amakhulu eminyaka. Ngo-2003, iSiqithi saseGuadalupe sikuthintele ukukhula kwezityalo ngenxa yongcoliseko oluzingisileyo lwekepone. IGuadalupe inelinye lawona mazinga aphezulu omhlaza wedlala lesinyi ehlabathini. Kutshanje, iDuke Energy Company yafunyanwa inetyala lokulahla uthuthu lwamalahle oluyityhefu kuMlambo iDay. Ukulahlwa yityhefu mihla le, okanye oko kubizwa ngokuba โziingoziโ zamaxesha athile e-US, kwi-European Union, naseJapan, akubonakalisi kuncipha kakhulu kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo. Iityhefu ezininzi kudala zaziwa ngokubangela umhlaza. Ikhonkco phakathi kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kunye nophuhliso lomhlaza luqale ngo-1775, xa uPercival Pott wapapasha uphononongo lokutshayela itshimini yesiNgesi eyathi yavelisa umhlaza wesingxobo sescrotum ngenxa yothuthu kunye netela yamalahle. Ezinye zezona arhente zixhaphakileyo zibangela umhlaza zezi: arsenic, asbestos, benzene, formaldehyde, ionizing radiation, soot, radon, hair dyes, non-arsenical pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls.
Uphononongo lowama-2006 malunga neHiroshima kunye neNagasaki abasindileyo kwibhombu yeAtom kwiminyaka engama-55-58 emva kokuba sesichengeni semitha yabonisa impendulo yethamo lemitha yemitha yamathumba edlala kunye nomhlaza. IGqiza likaMongameli Lomhlaza lanikela ingxelo yokuba โumthwalo wokwenene womhlaza obangelwa yimekobume ujongelwe phantsi kakhulu.โ Uninzi lweekhemikhali zokusingqongileyo zibonwa rhoqo ebantwini. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba amabhinqa anamazinga aphezulu ePCBs, (polychlorinated biphenyls) okanye iDDT egazini lawo ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ebelekile asengozini enkulu yokuba nomhlaza wamabele. Ngaphezu koko, ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo lubonakaliswe ukuba luchaphazela ngokusisigxina umsebenzi wemfuza. Le ndawo yolwazi eyaziwa ngokuba yi-epigenetics nayo ibonise kwizilwanyana ukuba i-DDT inokubangela iziphumo ezibi kwinzala: iikhemikhali ezinobungozi kunye nezinye ii-agent ziyakwazi ukuguqula ngokusisigxina ukuba zeziphi iijini ezivuliwe ngaphandle kokutshintsha nayiphi na ikhowudi yofuzo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-epigenetic changes. Namhlanje, akukho mntu uthandabuzayo ukuba iziphumo ze-epigenetic zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso, ukwaluphala kunye nomhlaza. Imidla yemizi mveliso inembali yokufihla ulwazi olude lwenzululwazi malunga noqhagamshelo lomhlaza nendalo esingqongileyo.
Omnye umzekelo oqaqambileyo ngumba we-ionizing radiation kunye nomhlaza. Ngenxa yobungqina obuninzi bokuba imitha yenyukliya ibangela umhlaza, uRhulumente wase-US akazange avume ukuba abasebenzi bezixhobo zenyukliya abaye baba nomhlaza banomhlaza wokusingqongileyo obangelwa kukuvezwa kwabo kwimitha ye-ionizing emsebenzini. โEmva kwamashumi eminyaka ekhanyelwa, urhulumente uyavuma ukuba ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha leathom, abasebenzi abenza izixhobo zenyukliya baye bachanabeka kwimitha yemitha nakwimichiza eye yavelisa umhlaza nokufa kwangoko.โ Kucingelwa ukuba ukukhanyela kukarhulumente kube sisiphumo soxinzelelo lweshishini lenyukliya, kunye noshishino longxowankulu ngokubanzi, ukukhanyela nawaphi na amakhonkco phakathi komhlaza kunye nokusingqongileyo. Umnyango ojikelezayo wamagosa karhulumente (i-EPA FDA, njl,) abathi kamva baqeshwe lishishini elingcolisayo libhalwe kakuhle kwincwadi Ukukhohlisa okunetyhefu. Okuyingozi ngakumbi kwiKamva leMpilo yoLuntu yintsebenziswano phakathi kweWorld Health Organisation (WHO) kunye ne-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). โI-WHO iye yachasa ngokuqinileyo ukuqhuba izifundo ngeziphumo zempilo zokuchanabeka kwiuranium 238 emva kweNkanyamba, iBosnia, neKosovo.
Isizathu sokwaliwa sisivumelwano esaqulunqwa ngo-1959 phakathi kwe-IAEA, nekhuthaza ngamandla amandla enyukliya kwihlabathi jikelele, kunye ne-WHO, ichaza ukuba ukuba i-arhente enye inqwenela ukwenza uphononongo oluchaphazela umsebenzi welinye, isivumelwano siyafuneka. I-IAEA ayizange ivume kwizifundo ezinjalo. " Ezo zivumelwano zithintela ukufunda noxanduva zingena kumbindi woshishino longxowankulu. Yinxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo wokonakalisa ulwazi. Xa urhulumente wenza isenzo sokunqanda ungcoliseko, wadala i-EPA kunye noMthetho woMoya ococekileyo. Ukusebenza okubonakalayo kwale mibutho ilawulayo kukholisa ukuba buthathaka, ukuxhaswa ngemali encinci, kwaye kunganyanzelwanga ngokwaneleyo ngokukhuthazwa koshishino. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-Occupational Health, ihlelwe nguBarry S. Levy, MD kunye noDavid H. Wegman, MD โ...umnqweno wabasebenzi wokonwaba, umvuzo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuphumla usoloko uchasene nemfuno yomqeshi yengeniso.โ Ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi jikelele lwengeniso kunye nokuphila yeyona nto iphambili yoshishino phantsi kolu cwangco lwezoqoqosho. Iziphumo yinzuzo yethutyana kukhuseleko lwexesha elide lwabasebenzi noluntu ngokubanzi. Iintloko zemibutho zihlala zisabela xa zigxekwa ngenxa yezenzo zazo ezingcolisayo ngokuthi mhlawumbi izenzo zoshishino zinokuchazwa njengokuziphatha okubi, kodwa azikho mthethweni.
Iinkampani ezishishina ngoluntu zifunwa ngumthetho ukuba zibeke umdla wemali wabaninizo ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye into, kubandakanywa nezinto ezilungileyo zoluntu. Ngokucacileyo inkqubo yezoqoqosho yobukapitali yangoku ilungile. ULawrence Summers, ingcali yezoqoqosho eyintloko yeBhanki yehlabathi, wayibethelela ingcamango yaBaphathi bobuKhapitali bale mihla kwingxelo eyathunyelwa ngoDisemba 12, 1991: โNdicinga ukuba ingqiqo yezoqoqosho ekulahlekeni kwenkunkuma enetyhefu kwelona lizwe linemivuzo iphantsi ayinakuphikiswa kwaye ayilunganga. kufuneka sijongane nayo.โ Inkqubo ekhoyo yezoqoqosho, ubukhapitali, โyinkqubo eyonakalisa indlwane yayo, kokubini iimeko zoluntu nemekobume ebanzi yendalo exhomekeke kuyo.โ
Umbutho wezoNyango waseMelika unokuthunyelwa kweendaba ezininzi ezinesihloko esithi AMA Morning Rounds. Oku kulandelayo kucatshulwe kutshanje ngo-Agasti 22, 2014: โUphando olutsha lubonisa ukuba umhlaza awunakupheliswa.โ Bahlabela mgama becaphula isazi ngebhayoloji esikholelwa kwindaleko esithi โamandla eeseli zethu okuba nomhlaza yinto esisiseko.โ Inqaku leScientific American langoMeyi 21, 2010, elinomxholo othi โMingaphi ICancer Ebangelwa Yimekobume?โ ithi: โKodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba izazinzulu azinakuze ziyikhanyele indima yokwenene yongcoliso lwemekobume kuba ukuchanabeka kwemekobume, imizila yemfuza nendlela yokuphila kubonakala kunxibelelene.โ Landula ke eli nqaku licaphule uGqr. Clapp weBoston University School of Public Health: โKuyimpazamo ukuzama ukwabela umchiza ngamnye okanye ukuchanabeka kwinxalenye ethile yomhlaza.โ
Ukwamkelwa kobhubhani womhlaza wabantwana kungena kummandla wenkcubeko njengemiboniso kamabonwakude, imifanekiso eshukumayo neencwadi, mhlawumbi ukunceda uluntu lwamkele inyaniso yabantwana abanomhlaza. Impendulo yeziko lezonyango kubhubhani womhlaza ixhomekeke ikakhulu kuvavanyo olukhuthazayo kunye nokutshintsha indlela yokuphila. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo "akuthinteli" umhlaza. I-mammograms kunye ne-colonoscopys ziyilelwe ukufumanisa umhlaza wangaphambili okanye utshintsho lwe-precancerous, kodwa aluthinteli ukuphuhliswa komhlaza kuluntu ngokubanzi. Ukutshintsha kwendlela yokuphila akunakwenzeka ukuba ube namandla abalulekileyo okulwa nobhubhane womhlaza.
Oorhulumente imisebenzi yezempilo yoluntu bafumana kuphela i-3 ekhulwini ye-2 yeetriliyoni zeedola echithwa yi-US kuNonophelo lwezeMpilo ngo-2009. Ugqirha odumileyo uRudolph Carl Virchow (1821-1902), kuxelwe ukuba wathi "Unyango yinzululwazi yentlalo, kwaye ezopolitiko aziyonto ingaphaya kwezonyango.โ Umhlaza awunakuthintelwa phantsi kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho yangoku yengeniso phambi kwabantu. Kwi-Capitalism iNdaba yesiporho, uArundhati Roy ubhala athi, "Asilwi nokucinga ngokuguqula inkqubo ekufuneka itshintshwe." Kufuneka sifune amanyathelo asekelwe kulwazi lwenzululwazi lokuba okusingqongileyo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo evelisa ubhubhane womhlaza. IMibutho yeMpilo yoLuntu, enoxanduva lokukhusela impilo yoluntu lonke ngokuthintela izifo, kunye nabo bonke abasebenzi bezempilo, kufuneka banyanzelise ngamandla ukuba bathathe amanyathelo namhlanje nangemihla ngemihla. Okubuhlungu kukuba, ubukhulu becala bathe cwaka.
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U-Nayvin Gordon ngugqirha wosapho onxulumene neZiko lezoNyango looGqirha e-Oakland CA.