Njengamanye amaqela amaninzi angaphambili, iBhunga laseMelika kwiSayensi
kunye neMpilo (ACSH) isebenzisa izoyikiso kunye nolwazi olungachanekanga ukucinezela isayensi,
ngakumbi xa inzululwazi enjalo isongela izilangazelelo zabo bantu
kunye namaqumrhu afumana inzuzo kwimisebenzi ebeka impilo yabantu emngciphekweni
kunye nokusingqongileyo.
I-ACSH yasungulwa kwi-1978 nguDkt. Elizabeth Whelan kunye noFrederick Stare.
Umsebenzi wokuqala kaWhelan wokubhala wawuquka umsebenzi wokubhalela ngokuzimeleyo
inkampani yamayeza iPfizer igxeka uLawulo lokuTya kunye neDrug
(FDA). Ukwabhalele into ayibiza ngokuba โziimagazini zabathengi,โ kodwa
eya kuchazwa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi njengeemagazini zefashoni, njenge
Harper's Bazaar kwaye Glamour. Iincwadi zakhe ezinesihloko esiphezulu zibandakanya I-Panic
kwiPantry kwaye Uloyiko olunetyhefu.
Ngo-1997 uGqr Gilbert Ross wajoyina i-ACSH njengomncedisi wabasebenzi. URoss waba
umnxibelelanisi weeprojekthi zonyango ze-ACSH ngoFebruwari 1998, kwaye emva koko
waqeshwa njengomlawuli wezonyango, ngoko njengomlawuli olawulayo ngo-1999
i-biography yakhe kwiwebhusayithi ye-ACSH ayithethi, uRoss uchithe i-1996
intolongo yomanyano emva kokuba egwetywe iinyanga ezingama-46 ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe
kwiqhinga lokuqhatha inkqubo yeMedicaid yaseNew York. URoss wabandakanyeka
emva kokuphendula kwintengiso kwi ENew York Times uyathembisa โkakhulu, kuhle kakhulu
$$.โ Kwakhona ijaji yagweba ngelithi uRoss wathintela ubulungisa ngokwenza oko
ubuxoki. URoss wavalwa liSebe lezeMpilo lase-US kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu
(DHHS) iminyaka elishumi ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba nokuba kwiMedicare okanye kwiMedicaid
iinkqubo. I-DHHS yayivakalelwa kukuba โwayengumntu ongathembekanga kakhuluโ
ababebandakanyeke kwizenzo โezingenakukhuseleka ngokwezonyangoโ. Umsebenzi kaRoss une
iquka ukukhusela iWood Preservative Science Council ekubhalweni kakuhle
ubungqina bokuba i-arsenic kwiinkuni eziphathwa ngoxinzelelo ibeka ingozi kwimpilo yabantu
kunye nokubhala egameni leshishini lesalmon elilinyiweyo ukuba i-polychlorinated
iibiphenyls (PCBs) kwiintlanzi azibangeli naziphi na iingxaki zempilo, kuquka nomhlaza.
URoss ngoku ulawula zonke iiprojekthi zesayensi kunye noshicilelo, ngokunjalo
njengemiba yabasebenzi ebandakanya abasebenzi bezenzululwazi, kwi-ACHS.
Uphando luka-2001 lubonise ukuba ibhodi yabalawuli be-ACSH iquka ukuchasana nokulawula
izazinzulu ezifana nosihlalo A. Alan Moghissi, owayesakuba nguKhuseleko lweNdalo
Igosa le-Arhente (EPA) ebelisebenza kwigqiza lokucela umngeni kwii-EPA's
umgaqo-nkqubo ofuna ukususwa kwe-asbestos ezikolweni nakwezinye izakhiwo zikarhulumente;
UHenry Miller, owayesakuba ligosa le-FDA, ngoku kwi-Conservative Hoover Institution,
owakhankasa egameni le-Olestra yamafutha; ubudlelwane bequmrhu loluntu
iingcali Albert Nickel, ukusuka ngokuqinileyo Lyons Lavey Nickel Swift, kabani
isaci sithi โSitshintsha iimbonoโ; kunye noLorraine Thelian, iqabane eliphezulu
e-Ketchum Communications, ephethe "umsebenzi we-PR wokusingqongileyo" weDow
I-Chemical, i-Aspirin Foundation yaseMelika, iBristol Myers Squibb, kunye
iBhunga leSizwe lezaMayeza.
Inkxaso
Inkxaso-mali yokuqala ye-ACSH yavela kwi-right-wing Scaife kunye noJohn M. Olin
Iziseko. Ngo-1980, iqela laqalisa ukwamkela inkxaso-mali yenkampani. Oko
kunyaka ofanayo, co-umseki Stare wabhalela icuba isigebenga Philip Morris efuna
inkxaso yezemali: โSililizwi lesizathu senzululwazi kulwandle olungeyonyani
inzululwazi, ubaxo kunye nolwazi olungachananga.โ Ngobulungisa kwi-ACSH, banayo
Noko ke, ekubeni bathethe phandle ngeengozi zokutshaya, baye bangenankathalo
wakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwecuba elingenamsi ukuze kupheliswe ukutshaya.
Kungekudala, i-ACSH iye yalahla nokubonakala kwenkxaso-mali ezimeleyo. Ngo-1997
UWhelan wachaza ukuba sele ebizwa ngokuba "lixoki elihlawulwayo kwishishini,"
ukuze aqhubele phambili kwaye athathe imali yoshishino ngaphandle kwezithintelo.
UGqr. Whelan ubanga ukuba i-ACSH iyayamkela inkxaso-mali evela kumaqumrhu โoko nje
njengoko kungekho ntambo ibotshelelweyo.โ Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1982, i-ACSH yafaka umhlobo-wenkundla
ngokufutshane kwisimangalo esiziswe yiFormaldehyde Institute. Umfutshane waba
ihlawulwe yiGeorgia-Pacific Co., umenzi ohamba phambili we-formaldehyde
kunye nelungu leFormaldehyde Institute. IGeorgia-Pacific ihlawule iWashington
inkampani yomthetho $40,000 ukubhala emfutshane, leyo ACSH ke ingeniswe phantsi kwayo
igama. I-formaldehyde iye yahlelwa njenge-carcinogen yomntu yi-International
I-Arhente yoPhando ngoMhlaza kwaye njenge-carcinogen enokwenzeka yomntu yi
I-EPA.
Ngaphandle kwamabango okuba ayiphenjelelwa ngabaxhasi bayo, i-ACSH iqhube
Uphononongo "oluzimeleyo" lwezimuncumuncu ezenziweyo, emva koko lwafuna inkxaso-mali
amaqela afana neCalorie Control Council ukusasaza iziphumo. Monsanto
kunye ne-subsidiaries yayo, i-GD Searle kunye neNkampani ye-Nutrasweet, inike i-ACSH i-105,000 yeedola.
in 1992, okwenza iMonsanto ACSH yeyona nkxaso-mali inkulu. Kwimemo yangaphakathi ye-1992
U-Whelan wakhalaza ngokulahlekelwa ligalelo le-Shell Oil: โXa enye ye
iinkampani ezinkulu zepetrochemical zamazwe ngamazwe aziyi kuxhasa i-ACSH, i
Umkhuseli omkhulu weenkampani zepetrochemical, umntu uyazibuza ukuba ngubani oza kuyenza. โ
Ngelixa i-ACSH yayeka ukudwelisa abaxhasi bayo ngo-1991, uluhlu lwabaxhasi abavela
loo nyaka ubandakanya amandla, iikhemikhali, amayeza, iimoto, ishishini lezolimo,
kunye nokutya kunye nesiselo esikhulu, njenge-Exxon Mobil, i-General Electric, i-Union
Carbide, ConAgra, kunye ne PepsiCo. Ngokutsho kweQela loPhando lweNkunzi,
I-ACSH ifumene i-299,000 yeedola kwiminikelo yenkampani ngo-1997, iyenza inani
39 kuluhlu lwemibutho engenzi nzuzo yemicimbi yoluntu efumana ushishino
iminikelo. Phakathi kuka-2000 kunye no-2003, i-ACSH ifumene i-$ 90,000 evela kwizinto ezinkulu.
umngcolisi Exxon-Mobil. Ngo-2003 uWhelan wathi, โMalunga ne-40% yenkxaso-mali ye-ACSH
[ivela] kwiziseko zabucala, malunga nama-40% asuka kumaqumrhu, kunye ne
yonke intengiso yopapasho lwe-ACSH.โ I-ACSH ngoku ithi ifumana imali
inkxaso evela โkwimithombo emalunga nama-300 eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iziseko, urhwebo
imibutho, iinkampani nabantu ngabanye.โ
Ngo-2003 umvuzo kaWhelan wawuyi-$326,612; UWhelan, uStier, noRoss, aba bathathu
abasebenzi abahlawulwa kakhulu, benze i-collective ye-$ 638,186.
Amaqela aPhambili aMashishini
Amaqela angaphambili yimibutho ene-ajenda ehambelana nezo zeshishini
imidla, nabamaqhina angaphambili kunye/okanye angoku abonisa ipateni eyomeleleyo ye
Unxibelelwano lwezemali kunye/okanye lweengcebiso namaqumrhu. Amaqela angaphambili amashishini'
izibhengezo zibonakala njengenzululwazi; basasaza ulwazi olungachananga,
ethi ixhamle umdla wamashishini kwaye isebenze njengezinto zoluntu
imisebenzi yobudlelwane baloo mashishini, kunye nokukhuthaza ngakumbi
inkxaso yemali yoshishino. Amaqela anjalo, kuquka i-ACSH, athanda ukukhuthaza
ipro-shishini, ingcamango egcinayo.
Kukwayinyani ukuba kukho amaqela athatha imali kumashishini angengawo
umdla okhethekileyo kwaye baqeshe iintsomi kunye ne-pseudoscience ukusasaza uloyiko kunye
ibaxe imingcipheko malunga nempilo yabantu. Oku kuqhelekile ngokubhekiselele kumaziko
ukukhuthaza okubizwa ngokuba yi-"naturopathic" kunye ne "homeopathic" amayeza. Kuyo nayiphi na
kwimeko, ukusetyenziswa kakubi nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwenzululwazi kumele kugwetywe.
Kukho ubungqina obuninzi, ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kwi
ishishini lamayeza, ukuba inkxaso-mali yenkampani inxulunyaniswa nemfihlo,
upapasho, kunye nolingo oluyilelwe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo
imveliso yenkampani. Iinkampani ezixuba amayeza ziyalelwe ukuba zihlawule
Izohlwayo ezinkulu eziyalelwe yinkundla ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwabo. UWhelan uye wagxeka ngokwenene
UGqr. Marcia Angell (owayesakuba ngumhleli oyintloko we IsiNgesi Esitshakunye neJenali ye
iyeza) kwizigxeko zakhe ezichanekileyo nezibhalwe kakuhle kushishino.
Iijenali ezinkulu zonyango ziye zasebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo eyenzelwe ukunciphisa umkhethe
kuphando oluxhaswa ngemali kushishino, olufana nobhaliso lwaphambi kovavanyo lwe
uyilo lokufunda, ukubhengezwa ngokupheleleyo kwemithombo yenkxaso-mali, kunye nokunciphisa iingxabano
umdla phakathi kwababhali bokuhlela. Ngelixa i-ACSH ibanga ukuba ubuncinci abanye
kumaphepha ayo ajongisiswa ngoontanga, ngubani ophonononga ukuba ngawaphi amaphepha esebenzisa eziphi iindlela
Akucaci.
I-Pseudoscience kunye nolwazi olungelulo
I-ACSH, iziko elingenzi nzuzo, lizichaza โnjengemfundo yabathengi
consortiumโ ibhodi yayo ibandakanya โoogqirha abangama-350, izazinzulu, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo
abacebisi-iingcali kwiinkalo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. " I-ACSH ibanga ukuba "phezulu
eyona nto iphambili kukunceda abantu baseMelika bahlule phakathi kokwenyani kunye nokwenyani
iingozi zempilo.โ Nangona kunjalo, injongo yayo inokuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi
njengabantu baseMelika abangachaziyo malunga nenyani kunye nenokwenzeka, kodwa inzulu, impilo
imingcipheko ngokubhukuqa inzululwazi evakalayo kunye nokubhida inyaniso. I-ACSH's
isikhundla kwimiba eyahluka-hlukeneyo yenzululwazi nomgaqo-nkqubo inokufunyanwa
Uphononongo lwewebhusayithi yabo, equlathe oku kulandelayo:
Uhlaselo olungaguqukiyo kumgaqo wokhuseleko, imfundiso esisiseko
yezempilo yoluntu. Amanqaku e-ACSH ahlasela umgaqo wokhuseleko njenge โi
i-anti-science kunye ne-anti-technology phobia," "impendulo esisiseko kunye
elitist,โ kunye โnokungakumbi ngolandelelwano lwezakwalizwi [kunenzululwazi].โElinye icandelo
ibhekisa kumgaqo wokhuseleko njengoko uqulunqwe yi-United
Nations, kwaye ichaza umgaqo ngala mazwi alandelayo: โUkuba ingozi
ingozi ayinakukhutshelwa ngaphandle, ngoko ke imveliso enobungozi okanye umsebenzi kufuneka
akuvumelekanga.โ Enyanisweni, umgaqo wokhuseleko unokuchazwa
ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Xa ubungqina bukhomba kwisakhono somsebenzi woku
kubangela umonakalo omkhulu, oxhaphakileyo okanye ongenakulungiswa kwimpilo yoluntu okanye
okusingqongileyo, iinketho zokuthintela loo ngozi kufuneka zihlolwe kwaye zilandelwe,
nangona umonakalo awukaqondwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ubonakaliswe. Umgaqo
ibandakanya iinxalenye ezine ezibalulekileyo: (1) ukunika impilo yomntu neyendalo
inzuzo yokuthandabuza; (2) kubandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu ngendlela efanelekileyo
ingxoxo; (3) ukuqokelela ulwazi lwenzululwazi, lweteknoloji, kunye nentlalo-qoqosho;
kunye (4) nokuqwalasela ezinye iindlela ezingenabungozi kangako.
Isiqwenga esinciphisa iziphumo zokusingqongileyo komsi wecuba (ETS) kwi
impilo yoluntu: โNgamafutshane, indima ye-ETS kuphuhliso lwezifo ezingapheliyo
izifo ezinjengomhlaza nesifo sentliziyo aziqinisekanga yaye ziyaphikisana.โ
I-ETS ibangela ubuncinane ukufa kwabantu abangama-38,000 ngonyaka eUnited States, ngokutsho
kwiZiko loLawulo noThintelo lweZifo (I-CDC).
Ukukhanyela uninzi lweziphumo ezibi zemithambo-luvo zokuvezwa kwelothe:
โAmabango eziphumo ezifihlakeleyo ze-neurobehavioral ebantwaneni ngenxa yegazi eliphakamileyo
inqanaba elikhokelayo alisekelwanga kubungqina obubambekayo.โ Kwanamanqanaba aphantsi elothe anakho
kubangela ukulibaziseka kwemithambo-luvo kunye nomonakalo kunye nophuhliso.
Isibhengezo sokuba "akukhoโฆakukho sizathu sibambekayo ukukholelwa ukuba iiPCBs
yenza nasiphi na isiphumo esibalulekileyo se-endocrine-modulating (okanye ihomoni).
ebantwini abachanabeke kumanqanaba asengqiqweni okusingqongileyo.โ I-ACSH nayo ibange
ukuba โakukho bungqina baneleyo bokugqiba ukuba iiPCB zokusingqongileyo
kubangela iingxaki zempilo ezibalulekileyo 'ngokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine' okanye i-estrogenic
iziphumo.โ Ezi nkcazo azivisisani nezifundo ezininzi ezikhokeleyo
kwisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe, iNgqungquthela yaseStockholm yeNdalo eZingileyo
Izingcolisi.
Dr. Whelan's ukugxekwa kwe-EPA's ibango lokuba iiPCBs zibangela umhlaza, apho ku
ubiza isigqibo se-EPA sokunyanzela uMbane oMkhulu (GE) โukuba aqalise ukususa
umkhondo wemichiza evela kuMlambo i-Hudsonโ enye โyeshumi eliphambili loluntu
iindlela zezempilo zika-2005. " Ngeendawo ezingama-78 zeSuperfund kwilizwe lonke (i-13 eNtsha
York), iGE ngoyena mngcolisi mkhulu waseMelika. Phakathi kowe-1947 nowe-1977,
ezimbini zezityalo zayo zokuvelisa i-capacitor zalahla i-1.3 yezigidi zeeponti ("umkhondo")
yeePCBs ukuya kuMlambo i-Hudson. IiPCBs zibanga umhlaza kwizilwanyana zaselabhoratri
kwaye zihlelwe njenge-carcinogens enokwenzeka yabantu yi-EPA. Nabo nabo
zichaphazela kakubi isibindi, izintso, uvalo kunye namalungu okuzala.
Ingxelo yokuba โumlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwisilwanyana
ezolimo zinegalelo kwingxaki epheleleyo yokunganyangeki ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane
ayiqinisekanga.โ Ngapha koko, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi uye wayigxeka
ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane njengabakhuthazi bokukhula kwezilwanyana, ngenxa yegalelo labo
kwi-antibiotic-resistant, usulelo lwabantu olufumaneka kukutya. Ngaphezu koko, i
I-CDC iye yagqiba kwelokuba, eUnited States, ukusetyenziswa kwe-antimicrobial ekutyeni
izilwanyana ngowona mthombo uphambili wokuxhathisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane phakathi kokutya
Amagciwane.
Isibhengezo sokuba amabali abanga ukuba โityhuna ezele yimercury iyagrogrisa
impilo yabasetyhini neentsanaโ kunye nokuba "inkqubo yokupakisha inyama (sic)
ibeka abathengi esichengeniโ yayiphakathi โkwezona ziganeko zoyikisa impilo ezingenasihlahla
wonyakaโ ngowama-2006. Enyanisweni, uphando oluninzi luye lwabonisa ukuba amanqanaba
yemekyuri efumaneka kwintlanzi phezulu kwikhonkco lokutya lolwandle, njenge
ityhuna, ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu wezempilo kubantu bayo yonke iminyaka kunye nesini.
I-ACSH ikwabanga ukuba โimibuzo ihleli malunga neziphumo zempilo, ukuba
nayiphi na, amanqanaba aphantsi e-methymercury ekudleni, ngakumbi phakathi kwabantwana,
iintsana, kunye nosana olungekazalwa.โ Isibakala sokuba imibuzo ishiyeke iyinyani
kulo naliphi na icandelo lezenzululwazi, njengoko zonke iinkalo ziqhubeka nokuvela kunye nokongezwa
zezifundo ezitsha. Ingxelo ethi "ukuba ikhona" iyaphikiswa, kwakhona, ngabaninzi
izifundo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqhambuka kwe-E. coli kwi-hamburger, ukunyuka kwe
Usulelo lwe-antibiotic-resistant ngokutya ebantwini, kunye nokufumanisa
yenkomo eyosulelwe yi-bovine spongiform encephalopathy (โMad Cow Diseaseโ)
eUnited States kunyaka ophelileyo ifanele yanele ukunika nawuphi na umthengi unqumamo
malunga nokhuseleko lokulungisa inyama kunye nokupakishwa e-US
Ukugxekwa kweenzuzo zempilo ezinokuthi ziphunyezwe ngokususa i-trans-fatty
iiasidi ezivela ekutyeni. I-Dietary trans fatty acids zinegalelo elikhulu
isifo sentliziyo kwaye akukho ncedo lwaziwayo lwezempilo. UWhelan wenze
amazwi angaqhelekanga anjengathi โAkukho nto injengokutya okungenamsoco,โ kunye
โAkukho bungqina obaneleyo bobudlelwane phakathi kokutya kunye naluphi na
isifo.โ
Isiteyitimenti sokuba "ukuvezwa kwe-dioxin ebantwini akunasiphumo."
Kwakhona, oku kuyachaswa zizifundo zenzululwazi. UWhelan uyibanga loo nto
urhulumente wase-US uchitha kakhulu kwiingozi zempilo ezingangqinwanga ezifana
i<em>dioxin nezibulali-zinambuzane ngenxa โyoloyiko olungenasiseko luluntu olwenziwe ngabantu
iikhemikhali kunye nendlela abazibona ngayo ezi khemikhali njengee-carcinogens.โ
Isibhengezo sokuba "ngobuninzi bezinto eziqhelekile
ekubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengeekhemikhali zokusingqongileyo' akukho nkxaso yaneleyo
ubungqina besayensi obubonisa ukuba abantwana bachanabeke ngokukhethekileyo.โ
Oku kububuxoki ngokuphandle kwezo tyhefu zokusingqongileyo (igama elisetyenziswa ngu
Uninzi lwezazinzulu ngokuchasene negama elivakalayo le-ACSH,
ethandwa lushishino) eziye zaphononongwa. Enyanisweni, ama-fetus
kwaye abantwana bangabona basemngciphekweni kakhulu kwiityhefu zokusingqongileyo koku kulandelayo
izizathu: (1) bafumana ukuchanabeka ngakumbi ngeponti ngeponti; (2) yabo
Izithintelo zobuchopho begazi azikhulanga kwaye zineentsholongwane kunezo zabantu abadala;
(3) banamanqanaba asezantsi eeproteni ezibophelela imichiza, ezivumela ngaphezulu
iikhemikhali ukufikelela kumalungu "ekujoliswe kuzo"; (4) amalungu abo / iinkqubo zamalungu abo
ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngaloo ndlela basengozini yokulimala; (5) iinkqubo zabo
ukukhupha ityhefu kunye nokukhupha iikhemikhali zamashishini aziphuhliswanga ngokupheleleyo; (6)
ubomi babo bexesha elide bexesha elizayo buvumela ixesha elingakumbi lokuvela kweziphumo ezibi;
yaye (7) ngoxa bencancisa, baba phezulu ngokoqobo ekutyeni
ikhonkco, ngenxa yoxinaniso lwamafutha anyibilikayo kubisi lwebele.
Ileta evulekileyo eya kubaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo isithi, โUkusetyenziswa kwamavolontiya angabantu
izifundo zokhuseleko zezitshabalalisi zibaluleke kakhulu.โ I-EPA iye yaluvala olunjalo
uphando ngabasetyhini abakhulelweyo kunye nabantwana. Ngaphezu koko, lo mkhuba uye
iye yagxekwa ngokubanzi ziingcali zokuziphatha kunye nabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo.
Iimbekiselo โkwimercury kwityhuna nezinye iintlanziโฆkufunyenwe umkhondo wokubuyiswa komlilo
egazini kunye nobisi lwebele, PCBs kuMlambo i-Hudson, idizili ekhupha umsi
ukusuka kwiibhasi zesikolo, i-arsenic emanzini okusela, i-phthalates kwizixhobo zonyango
kunye nezinto zokudlala zabantwana,โฆnelothe egaziniโ โnjengezoyikiso zempilo ezikhohlisayo.โ Oku
alunaxanduva kwaye aluxhaswanga luluhlu lwedatha yenzululwazi. Njengomnye nje
umzekelo, i-FDA ixhalabele ngokwaneleyo malunga neengozi ze-phthalates kwezonyango
izixhobo ezicebise ukuba kufakwe endaweni ye-non-phthalate-containing
izixhobo nanini na kunokwenzeka, ngakumbi kukhathalelo lweentsana ezingamadoda, ezikhulelweyo
abafazi abathwele abantwana abangamadoda, kunye namadoda aphuma kwi-peripubertal.
Iingxelo "ukutya okufakwe imisebe kukhuselekile, kunempilo kwaye kunesondlo"Kunye
"Akukho isotopes ene-radioactive ebandakanyekayo" kwinkqubo yokukhanya kokutya,
zombini zibubuxoki obu patently.
Ubushushu bukazwe lonke
Ngokumalunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi, i-ACSH inike ibhaso layo le-Sound Science ka-2005
kuMichael Crichton. Inoveli kaCrichton Imeko yokoyika uthumela imiyalezo emibini,
ngokuka ACSH: (1) โUbungqina benzululwazi abuxhasi ihlabathi
uloyiko lokufudumalaโokanye ukwenzeka kotyekelo oluphawulekayo lokufudumalaโ; kwaye
(2) Isigqebelo (kunye nesikhubekiso) sibanga ukuba โintshukumo yokusingqongileyo kunye
ubunkokeli bayo abahlawulwa kakuhle baye batsibela kwi-global warming bandwagon kuba
kulapho imali ikhoyo.โ UGqr. Whelan wancoma uCrichton ngokujongana naye
โIsisongelo se-pseudoscienceโฆ kule meko, inkolelo yokuba umntu ongakhathaliyo
umsebenzi (ukutshiswa kwezibaso zefosili) wenze ihlabathi libe yingozi kakhulu
efudumeleyo, ebangela utshintsho lwemozulu olubulalayo nosizi lwabantu.โ I-ACSH ine
kubhekiselwe kwabo bachaza iziphumo ezibi zempilo kunye nezokusingqongileyo
Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kwaye bathi kuthintelwe i-fossil fuel njenge "doomsayers"
kunye โnaboyikayo.โ
Uhlaselo kwiiNzululwazi kunye neShishini leNzululwazi
I-ACSH ithi "idlala ngemithetho yesayensi." I-ACSH ikwabanga ukuba
[ayenzi] i-ad hominem ihlaselo. Oku kuchaswa ngokuxhonywa
kwiwebhusayithi yayo ibhekisa kumalungu entshukumo yendalo esingqongileyo โnjengetyhefu
abanqolobi.โ Ngaphaya koko, kwi-harangue epapashwe kutshanje kwindawo eqhelekileyo-engakhethi cala
Umbuzo wokungabaza, U-Whelan ugxeka uDkt Barry Levy kunye nommi-umlindi
U-Erin Brockovich โnjengabantu ngabanye abatheโฆbasukela amathuba okuzenzela imali
ngokumangalelana.โ
Levy, othathe inxaxheba njengengcali kumatyala anxulumene neasbestos,
ngumongameli odlulileyo we-American Public Health Association (APHA) kunye
umbhali nomfundisi-ntsapho ohlonitshwa ngokubanzi, umsebenzi wakhe obandakanya umsebenzi kunye
I-CDC, i-Arhente yase-US yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (USAID), kunye
umongameli wooGqirha baMazwe ngaMazwe boThintelo lweMfazwe yeNyukliya
(ophumelele iBhaso loXolo likaNobel ngowe-1985). Ngezinto ezininzi azifezileyo, uLevy
iphumelele eyona mbasa ibalaseleyo ye-APHA, iMbasa ye-Sedgwick. Brokovich wafumana
elona wonga liphezulu leSikolo saseHarvard seMpilo yoLuntu, iJulius Richmond
Imbasa ngokuveza iGesi yePasifiki kunye nongcoliseko loMbane kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba aseCalifornia
ngechromium-6, eye yanxulunyaniswa nomhlaza wesisu.
I-ACSH inobukho bemidiya ebanzi kwaye iwebhusayithi yayo itsala amanani amakhulu
zabantu (โumyinge we-100,000 ngenyanga ngo-2005โ). UGqr. Whelan
iboniswe kwi-NBC's "Today Show," i-CNN's "CNN Live," kunye ne-CNBC's "Business".
Abangaphakathi.โ Ukuhlelwa nguWhelan kunye noRoss bavele kwi Inew york
Maxesha kwaye Wall Street Journal, phakathi kwezinye iimpapasho eziphambili. Ngelixa uninzi
izazinzulu kufuneka zingabi nangxaki yokubona nge-pseudoscience kunye
ucalucalulo lwe-ACSH emva kokutshekishwa okukhawulezileyo kwewebhusayithi yabo kunye nopapasho,
abo bangaqhelananga ne-ACSH banokuchaphazeleka. Ngaphezu koko, abantu abaqhelekileyo
basenokulahlekiswa ngokunzulu zizibhengezo zabo, yaye oku kunokukhokelela
abantu ukuba batshintshe indlela abaphila ngayo kunye okanye ukuthenga imikhwa ngenxa yoko,
nto leyo enokubangela ukugula nokufa ngokungeyomfuneko.
I-ACSH kunye namanye amaqela anerekhodi yokuthulisa izazinzulu kunye namatsha ntliziyo
ngezoyikiso zokumangalelana kunye nezimangalo zeSLAPP (Amatyala oBuchule achaseneyo
Amaqela abucala, amatyala angenasihlahla kwaye awafane asiwe ematyaleni,
kodwa ezenzelwe ukuphazamisa, ukoyikisa, nokuphelisa ubunzululwazi,
ezomthetho, kunye nemithombo yemali yabantu kunye namaqela azinikele kuluntu
impilo). La maqhinga, kunye nalawo asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngamayeza
ishishini (ezifana nezivumelwano zokufihla kunye nokusilela ukupapasha idatha engathandekiyo
kwiimveliso zabo) zichaphazela kakubi uphando, iklinikhi kunye noluntu
umsebenzi wezempilo wezazinzulu ezihlonitshwayo kunye nabasebenzi bezempilo. Enjalo
izibhengezo eziphosakeleyo zamaqela zinempembelelo kumagosa ethu anyuliweyo. Izoyikiso
Ityala liguqula ixesha elixabisekileyo lababoneleli bezempilo, abahleli,
kunye namasebe ezomthetho kude nemisebenzi yawo yophando enemveliso,
ukufundisa, ukubhala, kunye nokhathalelo lwesigulane. Ixesha elinjalo lokuphambukisa kunye nobukrelekrele
izibonelelo zibandakanya ukuhlukumeza ngokwenzululwazi, kwaye zenzelwe ukubathulisa abo
abaxhasa inzululwazi ephilileyo. Izoyikiso ezinjalo zinokuba nempembelelo eyothusayo
izazinzulu kunye nabameli bokhathalelo lwempilo, ngubani onokugqiba ukuba bubulumko ukuba
Ukuphepha ungquzulwano kunokupapasha umxholo apho i-ACSH kunye namanye amaqela anjalo
ingachasa.
Namhlanje, ikharityhulamu yemfundo yesayensi yoluntu yase-US iya ixhaswe kakhulu yinkampani.
Ulawulo lwangoku lutshintshe iingxelo zolawulo lwezenzululwazi
namaqumrhu kwaye wenza unyulo kwiikomiti zenzululwazi ngokusekelwe ngakumbi kwezopolitiko
kunye neengcinga zenkolo nakunxibelelwano lwezoshishino kuneziqinisekiso zemfundo.
Kwimeko enjalo, ibalulekile kupapasho lobuchwephesha kunye nolwabantu
ukuveza ukusebenza kwamaqela afana ne-ACSH kunye nokuba izazinzulu zilwe
umva ngokuchasene nokuxhatshazwa kwamaqela anjalo.
Z
UMartin Donohoe yi-MD kwi-Internal Medicine kwi-Kaiser Sunnyside Medical
Iziko kunye nomhlohli oncedisayo weSebe lezeMpilo yoLuntu.
Ukwalilungu lebhodi yabacebisi beOregon Physicians for Social
Uxanduva. Ngokwerekhodi, akafumani mali yeshishini lakhe
msebenzi.