Iqulathe i-United Statesโ ngokuqinisekileyo yinto ehlekisayo kwaye iyaziphikisa kwi-US kunye ne-Western ideological and propaganda system. Sonke siyazi ukuba iUnited States kwafuneka "iqulathe" iSoviet Union ukusuka kwi-1945 ukuya kwi-1991, kwaye ukususela ngoko ibe nomsebenzi wokuqulatha iRashiya neTshayina. Kuphela bagrogrisa, baxhaphaza, baxhaphaza, kwaye banenkxalabo kumazwe afana nePoland neVietnam. U-Obama kuye kwafuneka abaqinisekise bobabini ngokuma kwethu okungagungqiyo ngokuchasene nohlaselo lomkhosi waseRussia nowaseTshayina. I-NATO iye yanda kakhulu kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, ngaphandle kokusweleka kweSoviet Union kunye neWarsaw Pact, kodwa iqulathe kuphela iRussian ehlaziyiweyo-kunye neIran, iLibya, iSyria, kunye nezinye izisongelo zomkhosi; kwaye "sijike" saya e-Asiya, saxhasa imikhosi yaseJapan kwakhona, someleza eyethu imikhosi kuloo mmandla kwaye sadibana namaTshayina kumanzi onxweme lawo ukuze aqulathe iTshayina.
Ngaphambili sasinyanzelekile ukuba silawule uMntla weVietnam, okanye ngaba yayiyiSoviet Union eVietnam? Okanye iTshayina? Okanye โubukomanisiโ? Okanye mhlawumbi bonke? Okanye akukho namnye kubo, kodwa ufuna nje isizathu sokwandisa amandla? (KwiVietnam, kodwa ngokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, bona uGareth Porter, Iingozi zoLawulo: Ukungalingani kwamandla kunye neNdlela eya kwiMfazwe eVietnam, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press, ngo-2005.)
Ubuxoki obufanayo buthathe iindlela ezininzi. Omnye uyamkela njengesiseko sokuba i-United States ikhusela kuphela kwaye ayinayo amandla angaphakathi kunye nezinto ezinomdla eziqhuba ukuba zandise indawo yayo yokulawula. Ndiphawule kwinqaku langaphambili ukuba uPaul Krugman uthi iingxaki zangaphakathi zaseRussia zinokuba yinkcazo "yobundlongondlongo" baseRashiya, kodwa kwangaxeshanye akuzange kwenzeke kuye ukuba umdla omkhulu wenkampani yaseMelika kunye "nokhuselo" kunye nokusekwa, kwaye imisebenzi ye-pro-Israel lobby, inokwenza ulwandiso oluguquguqukayo apha (Krugman, "Kutheni Silwa Iimfazwe," NGOKU, Agasti 17, 2014; Herman, "Krugman, Putin kunye ENew York Times," Imagazini Z, Oktobha 2014). Oku kubonisa imbono yokusekwa esemgangathweni yokuba silungile kwaye sisabela kuphela ebubini. Lo yayingumbono ogcinayo kwaye uthethelela uhlaselo kunye nokuhlaliswa kwe-Iraq ukusuka kwi-2003. Olo hlaselo lwathathwa apha njengento embi kodwa impendulo yobubi, nokuba ibandakanya ubuxoki kunye neempazamo, kungoko ayichazwanga "njengobundlobongela." Olu qulunqo lunengxelo ende yembali. Icala eliqhelekileyo nelikhanyisayo yayiyintlangano kunye nenkxaso ye-United States yomkhosi wamajoni e-Somoza's Nicaragua ukuba, ngoncedo lwase-US, yahlasela iGuatemala ngo-1954, yabhukuqa urhulumente wayo onyuliweyo wentando yesininzi kwaye yathatha indawo yayo ngokuhlala, ukubulala (kunye ne-US-). ukhuselwe) ubuzwilakhe bomkhosi. Oku kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kubuxoki bokuba urhulumente owabhukuqwayo โwayengumkomanisiโ kwanokuba ubukho bakhe babufana โnogonyameloโ lweSoviet. I ENew York Times namahlakani ayo aphambili aginya obo buxoki.
Enye into ephambili yokusekwa kwepropaganda ehlala idityanisiwe ukwenza ukuba izenzo zase-US zibonakale zizikhusela ngokufanelekileyo kukwenza iidemon kwiinkokeli zelizwe ekujoliswe kuzo, ezinobungendawo obubonisa ukuba bezifuna. SasinoSaddam Hussein ngo-2003, uJacobo Arbenz (eGuatemala) ngowe-1954, noHo Chi Minh (eVietnam) ngowe-1964 nangaphambili, needemon zaseSoviet nezaseTshayina zindanda emva kwezimbini zokugqibela. Kule minyaka ilishumi sinayo u-Muammar Gaddafi kunye no-Bashar al-Assad, kwaye bemi emva kwaba, kodwa kunye nengozi enkulu yedwa, u-Vladimir Putin. Uyidemon eluncedo, kodwa ukuba ebengekho besiya kufumana omnye umntu oza kwenza umsebenzi awenzayo.
Ubudemoni bexesha elide kunye nolungapheliyo lukaPutin kunye nokuhlaselwa ngamazwi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo eRashiya (kubandakanywa nokubunjwa kwe-scandal ye-doping yezemidlalo) kwakudala kwafikelela kumanqanaba ahlekisayo kwaye kubonisa ukurhwaphiliza kweendaba eziphambili kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko. "Ubundlongondlongo" baseRashiya yeyona nto ithandwayo, iphumle ubukhulu becala ekubuyiselweni kweCrimea eRussia, kulandela ubhukuqo-mbuso olwaluxhaswe yi-US eUkraine. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uhlaselo lwe-Iraq lwesigidi-kunye nexhoba elikhethiweyo leli lizwe alikaze lichazwe "njengobundlobongela" kwi-Free Press, kanye njengokuba u-March 2014 ubhukuqo eKiev aluzange lubizwe ngokuba luvukelo apha. UJohn Kerry noPaul Krugman nabo bavakalisa ukuzisola nokucaphuka kuba iRussia kaPutin isilele ukuthobela โumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe,โ ngokukodwa eCrimea kodwa nasekuxhaseni abavukeli bomthonyama eMpuma Ukraine (ehlala ibizwa ngokuba โyi-Russian-backed,โ kanti abavukeli- ukuhlasela urhulumente waseKiev akukaze kubizwe ngokuba "yi-US- backed," kodwa emva kokuba yonke inkxaso ye-US kurhulumente osemthethweni yamkelekile, nangona ukuxhaswa kweRussia kurhulumente osemthethweni waseSyria ayinjalo).
Kukwakho nomzamo othe gqolo wokubethelela ukudubula kukaJulayi ka-2014 kwenqwelomoya yaseMalaysia iMH-17 ngaphezulu kweUkraine kubungendawo baseRussia. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokudubula uJohn Kerry wachaza ukuba sinobungqina obucacileyo bokuba abavukeli baseRussia badubule inqwelomoya. Kodwa akakaze anike ubungqina beli bango, kwaye ubungqina bakhe obutyholwayo busilele ukuvela kwingxelo yokuqala yaseDatshi engagqibekanga ngalo msitho. Intatheli ephandayo uRobert Parry ucaphula ingxelo yobuntlola yase-US ethe yasilela ukufumanisa ukuba abavukeli baseUkraine babenebhetri echasene nenqwelomoya ekwaziyo ukufikelela kubude be-MH-17, kodwa imikhosi yaseKiev inabo obunjalo. (Parry, โMH-17โs Unnecessary Mystery,โ Iindaba zeConsortium, NgoJanuwari 15, 2016.) Sekunjalo, ngokusekelwe kumabango kaKerry kunye namanye asemthethweni, ityala "labavukeli abaxhaswa yiRashiya" (kunye nedemon Putin) liye laginywa ngamajelo aqhelekileyo. Ukudutyulwa phantsi kube yipropaganda yoorhulumente baseKiev kunye noorhulumente base-US, ke into ethi "ngubani ozuzayo" yongeza kwityala elibambekayo esinalo apha "ubuxoki obungadutyulwanga."
Njengomtyholi wokusekwa-kweshumi leminyaka yayingenakuthintelwa ukuba uPutin angeniswe kukhuphiswano lonyulo lwase-US luka-2016 kwaye ebotshelelwe kumtyholi wasekhaya uDonald Trump. I-WikiLeaks yayingumamkeli kunye nomthombo okhawulezileyo we-trove enkulu yamaxwebhu athatyathwe kwiifayile zeKomiti yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi, ebonisa indlela amalungu aloo komiti asebenze ngayo ukujongela phantsi umngeni kaBernie Sanders kuHillary Clinton. Imithombo yeendaba ekhokelayo, njenge NGOKU, endaweni yokubonisa ubungqina becala kunye namaqhinga angcolileyo kwi-DNC yangaphakathi, igxininise kumthombo wokuvuza kwi-WikiLeaks. Inkampu kaClinton, amagosa ka-Obama, kunye namajelo eendaba ngokukhawuleza athi ukuqhekezwa kunye nokuvuza kuvela "kubukrelekrele baseRussia," ejolise ekuhleni uHillary Clinton kunye nokonakalisa amathuba akhe onyulo. Ke amaqhinga amdaka anokungahoywa kwaye uPutin waphinda waboniswa njengomkhosi ongendawo.
Ubungqina baseRashiya, bayeke uPutin, ukubandakanyeka kweli tyala kwakuyingxaki. Ngaba ubukrelekrele baseRussia buya kusebenzisa iimoto ze-intanethi ezinokulandelelwa ngokulula ngabaphendle be-intanethi abasebenzisana norhulumente wase-US? Ngaba umthombo unokuba ngamaRashiya anganxulumananga norhulumente waseRashiya? (Lo ngumxholo kaMadhav Nalapat othi โubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseUkraine luka-2014 emva koqhankqalazo lwe-imeyile ye-anti-Hillary DNC,โ Umgcini weCawa Live, NgoJulayi 31, 2016.) Ngaba urhulumente waseRashiya uya kuba sisidenge kangangokuba abeke esichengeni ngeqhinga ebekungenakwenzeka ukuba liphembelele kuzo naziphi na iziphumo zonyulo lwaseUnited States? Oku kusikhumbuza iinzame zeSoviet zokubulala uPopu John Paul II ngo-1981, ngokuqinisekileyo ngezazineziphumo ezibi kwizilangazelelo zeSoviet ukuba ziphumelele. Eli yelenqe lalingekho, kodwa yayiluqhushululu olumangalisayo lweqela lemfazwe yase-US, kunye nentsebenziswano (kwakhona) NGOKU kunye namahlakani ayo.
Ingxaki enokuba qatha kuClinton kukuba irekhodi lakhe lomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle lihlazo, ukuba ungukhetshe osekiweyo uloyiso lwakhe lonyulo luya kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo lukhokelele ekunyukeni ngokukhawuleza kwemfazwe eSyria kunye nokujongana neRussia (bona uGareth Porter, โHillary and Her Hawks. ,โ Iindaba zeConsortium, NgoJulayi 30, 2016). I-Neocons eyanceda injineli imfazwe yase-Iraq kwaye yaxhasa uGeorge W. Bush kunye noDick Cheney babambelele ngokuqinileyo kwikona yakhe. Unethamsanqa lokuba amajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo amnike ithuba lokudlula simahla kule miba ibalulekileyo. Kwisihloko esinye sobubele i NGOKU uthi โuClinton Ucela 'Uthando Olungakumbi'; UTrump ubona 'uhlaselo lwelizwe lethu' (Julayi 9, 2016). Ngaphandle kweengxelo zakhe ezininzi kunye neziphakamiso, ngelixa uClinton ebize uPutin "omnye uHitler" kwaye engabonakalisi umdla omncinci kwi-detente entsha, uTrump uye wavakalisa ukumthanda uPutin, wacebisa ukuba angenza ishishini naye, kwaye wabiza i-US encitshisiweyo. ubukho phesheya kunye nokugxila ngakumbi kwiimfuno zangaphakathi zase-US.
Le nkqubo itshintshiweyo ephambili iya kuhambelana ngakumbi nomdla woluntu otyhilwe kuvoto, kodwa ingeyiyo iminqweno yeqela elikhulu lemfazwe, kubandakanya neeNeocons, okanye ukuqhutywa kwenkqubo yokwenyani kaHillary Clinton. Oku kunokuba negalelo kumsindo oqhelekileyo kaTrump kunye nokuthanda uClinton kunye nokwala kwamajelo eendaba ukuvumela ingxoxo malunga nale miba ibalulekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle.
Endaweni yoko amajelo eendaba akhethe ukubonisa uTrump njengomntu oncomayo kunye nearhente kaPutin, umgqatswa waseManchurian, kunye noPutin otyholwa ngokuba bangenelele kunyulo lwase-US ngokuzama ukudelela uClinton kunye nokunyanzela uloyiso kugxa wakhe uDonald Trump. I-Trump yobudenge ayizange iginye kuphela ibango lokuba amaRashiya ayenetyala lokuvelisa amaxwebhu e-WikiLeaks aqhekezayo, wabongoza uPutin esidlangalaleni ukuba enze okungakumbi okufanayo.
Oku kuye kwavumela ii-liberals eziqhelekileyo ukuba zigxeke iTump njengomngcatshi (phakathi kwabo, uKali Holloway, "uDonald Trump: Umngcatshi, ixoki, iNgozi kwiHlabathi," i-Alternet, i-31 kaJulayi, i-2016). Kwaye uTrump utyholwa ukuba uzimanye โnozwilakheโ kunye โnendoda eyomeleleyo,โ kunye nendoda โengazikhathaziyo ngomthetho wamazwe ngamazweโ (uPaul Krugman, โUnxibelelwano lwaseSiberia,โ NGOKU, Julayi 22, 2016). Ewe, uPawulos, ukuba uPutin akazikhathazi ngomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngaba unokuthatha uHillary, Obama, Bush, njl. Isigqebelo sakho apha siyahlekisa. Ngaba iUnited States iyangenelela kunyulo lwangaphandle? Iyenze kakhulu ekwenzeni ukuba i-Yeltsin iphinde yonyulwa eRashiya ngo-1996 kwaye ikwenze oku rhoqo. Ndide ndayila ibinzana elithi "unyulo lokubonisa" ukuchaza iimeko ezininzi apho liququzelele unyulo ukubonisa uluntu lwase-US ukuba ungenelelo lwase-US lwamkelwe kakuhle kwaye lunyanisekile (babengenjalo; bona uHerman noBrodhead, Ulonyulo lwemiboniso, South End Press, 1984; UHerman kunye noChomsky, IMvume yokuVeliswa, isahluko 3).
Njengoko uHillary Clinton sele eza kunyulwa kunye namaqela aphambili eqela lemfazwe alungiselela ukuthatha ulawulo, ngubani oza kuqulatha iMelika? Inkqubo yezopolitiko yase-US ayiphumelelanga abantu bayo kunye nehlabathi kwaye ayinyanzelisi iibhuleki kumatshini wemfazwe. I-UN kunye ne-EU ziseninzi kakhulu phantsi kwe-US thumb. I-Russia ne-China zibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye zinenkqubo yomanyano ebuthathaka kakhulu ukusongela i-US hegemony kwaye zenze okungaphezulu kokwenza uhlaselo oluthe ngqo lwase-US ngokuchasene nabo lubiza kakhulu. Sinokuthemba kuphela ukuba ukunyanzelisa iingxaki zangaphakathi kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zokwandisa kunye nokugcina amandla obukhosi kuya kubangela ukuba iinkokeli zeqela lemfazwe zilandele elo candelo lenkqubo yeTrump efuna ukujika kwiingxaki zangaphakathi.
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U-Edward S. Herman ungunjingalwazi ophumayo kwezemali kwi-Wharton School kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, kunye nombhali kunye nomhlalutyi weendaba. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi Ipolitiki Yembubhiso (kunye noDavid Peterson).