Paul Street
Ngamaxesha athile
ngoyena mntu uthuleyo athethe kakhulu. Cinga, umzekelo,
Uphononongo olukhutshwe kunyaka ophelileyo liqela labaphandi bempilo yoluntu
kwiSibhedlele seSikhumbuzo saBantwana eChicago. Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwi
iphepha eliphambili Chicago
Amaxesha eLanga ibali elinesihloko esithi "IiNdawo zeNgozi zaBantwana," oku
Uphononongo luchaze ukuba ukwenzakala kwakungoyena nobangela wokufa kolutsha
eUnited States. Ingxaki inkulu ngakumbi, ababhali bayo
wafunda, eChicago, apho ukulimala kwabulala abantu abafikisayo be-106 ngonyaka
phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1990. Eyona nto yayiphazamisa yayisisisifundo
ukufumanisa ukuba izinga lokufa kolutsha lwesixeko โngabom
ukwenzakala,โ oko kukuthi, ugonyamelo, lwaluphakame kakhulu kunolwenzeka ngempazamo
ukwenzakala. Unobangela ophambili "wokwenzakala ngabom" kwi
Abantwana baseChicago abangaphezu kweminyaka eli-10 babenobundlobongela ngemipu. Ngaphaya kwesixeko sonke
amanani, abaphandi babika ngokusasazwa kokulimala kolutsha
kunye nokufa kulo lonke elase-77 yesixeko esichongwe ngokusemthethweni
Iindawo. Ukwahluka kweendawo zokuhlala, bafumanisa, kwakunobunzima, obahlukeneyo
ukusuka kuluntu lweWest Side apho i-146 nganye kwi-100,000 yalaliswa esibhedlele
kumonzakalo ngonyaka-ngaphezu kwama-4 umyinge wesixeko-ukuya
ngaphezu 30 ubumelwane apho ngaphantsi 6 ulutsha esibhedlele
ngenxa yokwenzakala.
thabatha
iphepha eliphambili ENew York Times iqhekeza elivele emva kwexesha lokugqibela
ihlobo phantsi komxholo oxhokonxayo othi โIidolophu zaseMaphandleni Zijike Zaziintolongo
ukuze bavuselele uQoqosho Lwabo kwakhona.โ Ngokutsho kweli nqaku, ezilalini
IMelika ixhomekeke kunanini na ngaphambili kulwakhiwo lwentolongo ukuvelisa
imisebenzi kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho olwalubonelelwa ziifama, iifektri,
imigodi yamalahle, neoli. Ingxelo yokuba iintolongo ezintsha ezingama-25 ziye zanyuka
Amaphandle aseUnited States nyaka ngamnye ebudeni beminyaka yee-1990, ukusuka kwi-16
ngonyaka ngo-1980 kwaye nje 4 ngonyaka ngo-1970, inqaku
ucaphule umphathi wesixeko sase-Oklahoma ngendlela eyothusayo. โKukho
alusekho uhlobo olunobungqina bokudodobala koqoqosho,โ oku
igosa, idolophu yalo esandula ukufumana intolongo entsha eqaqambileyo yokhuseleko oluphezulu,
xelele Maxesha, kunokuvalelwa kuba โakukho nto
uza kuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho.โ
A
umzekelo wokugqibela unikwe lelinye ibali elikwiphepha lokuqala kwi Chicago
Tribune. KuJulayi ophelileyo, le yenkulungwane ingxelo
Ford Heights, ihlomela-dolophu elihlwempuzekileyo โelingaphakathiโ elisezantsi
yaseChicago, ikhokele isizwe ngokwepesenti yemizi ekhokelwa
oomama abangenamaqabane. Eli nqaku liquka imaphu ebonisa iUnited States'
iindawo eziphezulu ezingama-20 njengoko zibekwe ngokwepesenti yamakhaya anomama omnye.
Ngelixa inxulumene "isihloko esithandabuzekayo seFord Heights" ukuya
imfundo ephantsi yabahlali, izakhono zemisebenzi ezibuthathaka, kunye nedolophu esezantsi
ukuphelisa ushishino, igxininise ngakumbi โukuzeyisa kwabahlali
iindlela zentlaloโ kuquka, ngokwendalo ngokwaneleyo, ukwabelana ngesondo kolutsha. I-echoing
iziphumo zophando lwamva nje lwentlupheko lwezemfundo, yaqaphela a
unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kokukhulelwa kolutsha kunye nolutsha
"ukuphelelwa lithemba" kuluvo lokuba ikamva libambe kancinci kwaye liphaya
sisizathu esincinane โsokukuhlehlisa ukwaneliseka.โ
Kulungile,
iingxelo ezibhalwe kakuhle kunye namanqaku onke. Kwakukho into eyayinomdla
elahlekileyo, nangona kunjalo, nganye. Iyamangalisa nangona isenokubonakala kwenye ye
ezona zixeko zahluleleneyo ngokobuhlanga ehlabathini, ezaBantwana
Iqela leSikhumbuzo kunye ne Amaxesha eLanga abazange badibanise iziphumo zabo
ukuba ifumaneke ngokulula, idatha yobalo lwabantu esanda kukhutshwa ngobuhlanga
Ukwakhiwa kweengingqi zaseChicago. Kwakufuneka baphume
yendlela yabo yokungalwenzi unxibelelwano. Ephezulu yesixeko
IiNdawo zoLuntu ze-20 zibekwe ngokufa kolutsha olunxulumene nokulimala, no
ngaphantsi kwe-15 okwangoku i-90 ekhulwini okanye ngaphezulu kwe-African-American.
Bonke ngaphandle komnye ngokungathandekiyo kwabaMnyama esixekweni. Ngokuphikisana,
ngaphezu kwesithathu-esine ye 31 ebumelwaneni apho nje 6 okanye
Ukulaliswa esibhedlele kolutsha okunxulumene nokwenzakala okuncinci kwenzeka ngonyaka
mhlophe ngokungalinganiyo.
In
umthambo ofanayo, i yenkulungwane isiqwenga, ngelixa ngokumangalisayo kubandakanya
Iifoto ezintathu zoomama abakwishumi elivisayo base-Afrika-Amerika beFord Heights, banqandekile
ukusuka ukukhankanya ukuba zonke phezulu 20 uluntu single-umama kwaba
ngokungafaniyo kakhulu umAfrika-waseMelika. Amashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini abo
Uluntu apho ulutsha luziva lungenathemba lungaphezu kwama-90
ipesenti emnyama. Bonke ngaphandle komnye ubuncinane isibini kwisithathu esimnyama. Akukho ndawo,
ekugqibeleni, ngaba nenkululeko Maxesha zizise ngokwayo ukukhankanya
Ukwakhiwa okumhlophe kakhulu kwabagcini kunye ne
Ukwakhiwa kwabamnyama kakhulu kwabo bagcinwe eMelika
iidolophu ezintsha zentolongo.
inye
kufuneka iye kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwephephandaba eliphambili lesizwe ukuya
funda ukuba abamnyama yi-12.3 yeepesenti yabemi base-US kodwa baquka
ngokupheleleyo isiqingatha malunga nezigidi ezi-2 zabantu baseMelika abasemva kwezitshixo.
Okushiyiweyo kanye kwakucacile, nangona kunjalo, ngoMatshi
yenkulungwane inqaku elinomxholo othi โIidolophu Zibeka Amaphupha Ezintolongweniโ
(malunga needolophu ezisezantsi zase-Illinois zizama ukwakha umsebenzi ovelisa imisebenzi
ejele) kunye nesiqwenga sikaJulayi kwi Detroit News enesihloko esithi โIonia
[Michigan] Ufumana uzinzo kwiNtolongo: Izitshixo zibonelela ngokuKhula ngokukhawuleza
Uluntu Olunemisebenzi.โ Kuzo zonke ezi ngxelo, bekukho kodwa
enye imbekiselo yobuhlanga. Yangcwatywa nzulu kwisihlomelo semethodological
kuphononongo lweSikhumbuzo saBantwana, apho abaphandi babanga
ukuba โbakhetha ukungaluhloli unxulumano phakathi kohlanga
nokwenzakala,โ kuba ama-30 ekhulwini amatyala okwenzakala aye achaza
nguRhulumente โayengahlulwa kucalucalulo lobuhlanga.โ
Ukungaboni mbala
phantsi
umgaqo wokuthetha okungaboni ngasonye, โโokubalulekileyo nokwandile kobuhlanga
ubukhulu becala yinto yamandulo yesizwe. Kukho ngokubanzi
Inkolelo phakathi kwabaMhlophe base-US ukuba abantu base-Afrika baseMelika ngoku banandipha ngokulinganayo
ithuba. โNjengokuba iMelika emhlophe iyibona,โ kubhala uLeonard
USteinhorn noBarbara Diggs-Brown kwindlela yabo yokucinga By
Umbala Wolusu Lwabo: Inkohliso yoManyano kunye neNyaniso
yohlanga (2000), โKwenziwe zonke iinzame zokwamkela
abantsundu bangene kwisiqhelo saseMelika, kwaye ngoku bakwimeko yabo
owakhoโฆ 'Siwufumene umyalezo, senze izilungiso-fumana
qhubeka nayo.โ
In
ixesha lethu langoku ngokusesikweni-iimfama zembali yaseMelika, endala
kunye neendlela ezicacileyo kunye neziganeko zeklasiki ecacileyo kunye neenjongo
ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga isezizifundo ezifanele ukuxoxwa ngokuvulelekileyo. Kuyanceda
ukuba ezo fomu kunye neziganeko ziqondwa njengezingaqhelekanga kwaye zichongiwe
ubukhulu becala ngabamhlophe abaphantsi nabasebenzi abangaqondiyo
imithetho emitsha yomdlalo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kunye nesakhiwo esizingileyo
ukungalingani okuqhubekayo ukumila, ukukhawulela, kunye nokuvalela i-Afrika-American
amava ubukhulu becala angaphandle parameters yengxoxo echubekileyo yoluntu.
Ukuthandabuza okutsha ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo malunga nobuhlanga kuza ngokuzinzileyo,
iifom zenkululeko, kunye nekhohlo. Kubantu abalondolozayo, ngokuqikelelwayo, okuqhelekileyo
ingxoxo yokuba ubuhlanga buphelile kwaye owona mqobo uphambili
ukuqhubela phambili kwabantsundu kuvela kuluntu oluntsundu, kwi
uhlobo lokuziphatha okutshabalalisayo kunye neenkolelo. Akukho nto
iyamangalisa kule mvakalelo yobuhlanga esabelayo, ehambelanayo
ungxowankulu oloyiso "isiphelo sembali" ubulumko malunga ezinxulumene
kunye nokucingelwa ukungabinamsebenzi kodidi kunye neminye imiqobo kwinkululeko
kunye nedemokhrasi e-US
Pha
ngoku bangabantu abakhululekileyo abanengqiqo yokuba ubuhlanga buphelile
umqobo obalulekileyo kwintlalontle emnyama kunye nempumelelo. Phakathi kwenkululeko,
kwaye ezinye ukuya ekhohlo, nangona kunjalo, i-rhetoric engaboniyo umbala ibonakala
ixhaphake kakhulu kwingxoxo yokuba uluntu luya kunceda kakhulu abantsundu
ngokujongela phantsi indawo eyingozi yobuhlanga nokugxininisa ekwabelwanayo ngako
Iingxaki ezijongene nabo bonke abantu abahlelelekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho nokuba kunjalo
yombala. Akukho mntu wenza loo ngxoxo idume ngaphezu komntu omnyama, osekhohlo
Isazi ngezentlalo saseHarvard uWilliam Julius Wilson. UWilson wabanga loo nto kuphela
Uhlahlelo lwezopolitiko noqoqosho kunye nezisombululo zomgaqo-nkqubo zinako
lungisa ngokufanelekileyo iingxaki "zabahlelelekileyo ngokwenene"
abamnyama, abaxhatshazwayo, ngohlalutyo lukaWilson, ngakumbi ngombala-iimfama,
ezopolitiko noqoqosho, kunye namandla odidi kunokuba zinjalo ngokobuhlanga. Oku
imbono ifikelela kakuhle kwinkululeko emhlophe kwaye nkqu intelligentsia ekhohlo.
Ibumba imbonakalo yababhali abahlukeneyo abanjengoMichael Tomasky,
Todd Gitlin, uJim Sleeper, EJ Dionne, kunye nabanye "yintoni
ayihambanga kakuhleโ emva kweminyaka yoo-1960 yaseMelika eshiyekileyo nendlela inkqubela phambili ngayo
inokwakha intshukumo entsha yedemokhrasi yentlalontle ukoyisa intswela-bulungisa.
Lityhole ixhoba
Noba yintoni
ithatha, nangona kunjalo, intetho emfamekileyo yombala kunye "nenkohliso
yokumanyaniswaโ idlulisela inkoliso yaseMerika ngokurhabaxa
imo yentlalo eyahluleleneyo ngendlela eyothusayo ayivakali. Iziganeko
eziphazamiseke ngokungenathemba ziquka imfundo exhaswa ngokulinganayo
inkqubo eyenzeka ukuba ibonelele ngomyalelo ophantsi
kwabantsundu kunabamhlophe; inkqubo yonyulo enezitenxo zokuvota
kunye nokulawulwa ngemali enkulu
kwenzeka kubantu abantsundu ngokungafaniyo; isaphuli-mthetho
inkqubo yezobulungisa eyenzeka ngokukodwa ukumisa, ukubamba, ukutshutshisa,
kunye nokuvalela ama-Afrika-aseMelika; uqoqosho lwezopolitiko olunotyekelo
ukungalingani okubukhali yenzeka ngakumbi kumahlwempu
nokwahlula uluntu oluntsundu; kunye neemarike zokuhlala kunye nezindlu
izenzo ezenzeka ngokungalinganisekiyo umda wase-Afrika-waseMelika
abantwana kwezona ndawo zihlwempuzekileyo kwaye ziyingozi kakhulu kunye noluntu,
apho amathuba okufunda abantwana encipha kakhulu
ngezigrogriso zokwenzakala nogonyamelo. Uluhlu luyaqhubeka.
Okubi kakhulu,
AmaMelika aqeqeshelwe ukukholelwa ukuba yonke imiqobo yobuhlanga efanelekileyo
ziye zadilizwa phantsi imeko ukuba bacinge ukuba isizwe
izigidi zabantu abahlelelekileyo base-Afrika-baseMelika abanamntu kodwa
bazibekekโ ityala ngeentlungu ezizingisileyo kunye nokungalinganiyo
ubukho ezantsi kwi-hierarchy yaseMelika. Loo ngcinga
ilele embindini wocalucalulo olutsha lwaseMelika olungaboniyo ngebala, oluthi
Ifumana amandla asisigqebelo kukwehla okunxulumene nokwamkelekileyo okucacileyo
ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kubomi baseMelika. Kungundoqo wokuthandabuza
abanye abakhululekileyo nabaqhubela phambili baziva bethetha ngokuphandle ngobuhlanga.
Yenza abaneenjongo ezilungileyo iinkululeko ezichasene nobuhlanga kunye nabasekhohlo bathandabuze
ukuphonononga ngokupheleleyo umbala weengxaki zentlalo zanamhlanje, ukwenza
ngoko kwimeko yangoku yeengcamango, baqiqa nabanye
ubulungisa, ukubasa imililo entsha yocalucalulo (umbala-imfama) ukutyhola ixhoba
kwanokonakalisa ukuzithemba komntu omnyama.
phakathi
abakhululekileyo kunye nabasekhohlo, iintetho ezithandabuzayo ngokobuhlanga zivela ngokuyinxenye
ukusuka kwiingcamango eziqhubela phambili malunga nobukhulu beklasi kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho
phezu kobuhlanga nezinye iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo, njengesini. Yona
ikwabonakalisa ukudakumba abanye abakhululekileyo kunye nabasekhohlo
izibalo malunga nokucutha imida yengxoxo eyamkelekileyo
malunga neklasi kunye ne-capitalism e-United States. AmaMelika ngaphakathi
kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo ibone i-practical corporate-kulawulwa
ukuwa kwesithuba esisemthethweni sokuxoxa esidlangalaleni ngembali efanelekileyo
ubudlelwane phakathi kweqela lentlalontle, amandla ezopolitiko,
ukuziphatha kwentlalo, kunye nentlupheko yomntu. Olu luhlu luthintela intsingiselo
Iingxoxo zoluntu malunga neendlela zokungalingani kwesakhiwo kunye
ulungelelwaniso lwentlalo lwemali luvelisa "indlela yokuziphatha engalunganga".
iziphumoโ nezimo zengqondo ezifana nokukhulelwa kolutsha, ukungabi nathemba, ugonyamelo,
ukuqhekeka kosapho, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi phakathi kwamacandelo abalulekileyo
yabemi. Yenza ingxoxo enentsingiselo yodidi nongxowankulu
kwindawo eyingozi eyenza uhlanga lube yingozi kwaye lubenzima
Ukuxoxa. Kuba ngobuthathaka babo kwaye enyanisweni ngokuqhubekayo kufanelekile
iinkcazo zolwakhiwo ziya zikhutshelwa ngaphandle kwintetho eyamkelekileyo,
abaqhubela phambili baye banesizathu sokoyika ukuba abanako ukwenza
unxulumano olufanelekileyo lobuhlanga. Ukwenjenjalo, bayoyika, kukutya
Ukuthanda kwabantu baseMelika ukubona abemi bakhona abahlelelekileyo,
abathi babemnyama ngokungafaniyo, njengoxanduva lomntu
ngenxa yeengxaki zabo okanye ezimbi ngakumbi, njengabangaphantsi ngokwemfuza.
Ngaloo ndlela
kukuba inqununu yesikolo samabanga aphantsi emnyama eChicago
UWest Side usanda kundixelela ukuba yena nabazali basesikolweni sakhe
Ama-99 ekhulwini abahlali abantsundu bacatshukiswa yinto ababeyibona njenge
Amaxesha eLanga' igama elithi "ubuhlanga" kwindawo yabo
njengenye yezona ndawo ziphambili โkwiindawo eziyingozi kubantwanaโ esixekweni.
Eyona ngxaki, inqununu nabazali babevakalelwa kukuba, yayikukutyeshela
iimeko ezimandundu zentlalo nezoqoqosho kwindawo yabantwana babo,
ibali alishiyanga mxholo unentsingiselo ngaphandle kobuhlanga kunye nesityholo
"ukuzeyisa iipateni zentlalo" abamnyama basezidolophini ukuchaza
ingozi efunyanwa ngabantwana babo. Ezo meko ziquka
ukwanda kwentswela-ngqesho, ubuhlwempu, ukunqongophala kwezindlu ezifikelelekayo, kunye
ukunqongophala okungapheliyo kwemisebenzi yemivuzo enokufumaneka. Naxa kucinywa ngokobuchwepheshe
uhlanga, ke, iindaba kumajelo eendaba yokwenzakala ulutsha kunye nobundlobongela e Chicago
ngenene wayiqaqambisa kwaye ngeyona ndlela ingathandekiyo evela kwi-African-American
imbono. Kunokutshiwo okufanayo nakwi yenkulungwane
Inqaku elithetha ngokuba ngumama ongatshatanga, apho kwakukho unxulumano lobuhlanga
ukhuthazwa kakhulu ziifoto zoomama abantsundu abangenamaqabane. Kwi
ngendlela efanayo, umboniso kamabonwakude wasekhaya ebusuku ubonisa umnyama oyingozi
abaphuli-mthetho kunye nabarhanelwa kwiscreen phantse ngobusuku ngaphandle
ukhe ukhankanye naluphi na uhlanga (ngaphandle kweenkcazelo zamaxesha athile
yabarhanelwa bolwaphulo-mthetho) okanye iimeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho ezithe
kukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu olwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezihluphekayo zasezidolophini. Ukufumana
ingqalelo eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo, ubuhlanga bufuna olo didi
ingabi kwakhona indawo eyingozi.
It
ininzi kakhulu into yokuthetha ukuba iinkcuba-buchopho zasekhohlo zidale oku
imeko. Sekunjalo, baye baba negalelo kuko kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje
ngokuchitha isixa esikhulu samandla kwingxoxo-mpikiswano ethandabuzekayo
phakathi kweklasi yemveli-based, ipolitiki yedemokhrasi yezentlalo kunye
ipolitiki yangoku (okanye yamvanje) yesazisi, njengakwisini,
isini, ubuhlanga, inkcubeko, kunye nobuhlanga. Le mpikiswano
ngokuyinxenye isekwe kwi-dichotomy yobuxoki nechaseneyo nemveliso, nangona kunjalo,
kuba udidi kunye nohlanga bezisoloko zitshatile ngokungenakuhlukaniswa
kumava aseMelika. Ukususela kwimvelaphi yobukoloniyali ukuza kuthi ga ngoku,
ukusilela okanye ukungakwazi ukuqonda indawo enye yaseMelika ngaxeshanye
Inkqubo yohlanga kunye neklasi equations ijongele phantsi isakhono sokubamba
kwaye wenze kwabanye. Imalunga nohlanga kunye neklasi, hayi enye okanye
enye. Phakathi kophuhliso oluninzi oluyinyani malunga noku, thina
inokubandakanya i-colonial yaseVirginia elawulayo yeklasi
ukufumanisa ukuba ubukhoboka be-Black chattel yayisisisombululo sabo esingalindelekanga
Ingxaki yodidi lweHlabathi Elitsha kunye nabakhonzi abamhlophe ababenemvukelo ababefudula bephantsi kolawulo,
ukulahlwa kwabo babesakuba ngamakhoboka emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya (into
leyo ngokuyinxenye ibonise uloyiko lweklasi yoshishino malunga nemiqondiso yokuba
emazantsi "Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha" bekuya kuthumela emantla
abamhlophe abafumana umvuzo), kunye ne-US "elite's" engenakulinganiswa
(kwilizwe elihambele phambili kwezoshishino) ukukwazi ukusebenzisa iyantlukwano ngokobuhlanga
gcina iimanyano, urhulumente wentlalontle, kunye nezopolitiko ezizimeleyo zabasebenzi
ibheyi.
Ngokuqinisekileyo,
liberals kunye leftists akayi kudala uluntu umbala-iimfama
nto leyo uMartin Luther King edume ngokuyiphupha ngokwenza ngathi
sele ifikile. Iinkcuba-buchopho namatshantliziyo aziyi kuphendula
ukukhanyela okungundoqo ukuzingisa kobuhlanga kunye nenkani
okanye uphendule ngokufanelekileyo kuhlaselo lokuqonda kwesakhiwo
yokungalingani ngokobuhlanga ngokubeka uhlanga kwimibhalo esemazantsi elityelweyo.
Baya kuthwala uxanduva lokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko ukubhala
kwaye sithethe ngobuhlanga nobuhlanga ukuba nje ibala lolusu lusaqhubeka
ukubumba ngokubonakalayo ukongamela kwezentlalo, kwezopolitiko, kunye noqoqosho
izakhiwo zamathuba kunye neziphumo. Ukuxoxa ngeeyantlukwano zobuhlanga
ngaphandle kokubhekiselele kwimibuzo yeentlanga ezahlukeneyo zokungalingani kwezoqoqosho
kwaye uqoqosho lwezopolitiko kukuqhubela phambili iyantlukwano yobuhlanga ngendlela yokuba
iphazamisa ubulungisa bentlalo kunye nedemokhrasi ngokubanzi. Z
Paul
Isitalato singumlawuli woPhando kunye nosekela-mongameli woPhando kunye
Ukucwangcisa kwiChicago Urban League. Amanqaku kunye nezincoko zakhe
uvele ngaphakathi Kula MaXesha, Ukuphikisa, iZ Magazine, Nyanga
Review, kwaye Ijenali yeNtlalo
imbali.