Transvestism-kunye nezinye iintlobo zokulinganisa ngokwesini-ibe yintsika phantse kuzo zonke iinkcubeko ukusuka "kubantu bomthonyama" ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu lempucuko yasentshona yaseYurophu. Inkcubeko yaseMelika iye yathandabuza ngayo kwixesha elidlulileyo kwiimeko ezothusayo ezifana nokuthandwa okumangalisayo komlinganisi obhinqileyo (okanye umntu obonisa uluvo, njengoko wayebizwa njalo) uJulian Eltinge owayedume kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kangangokuba yethiyetha yeBroadway ebizwa ngegama lakhe. Kodwa ukudibanisa kunye nokugoba ngokwesini kuye kwanxulunyaniswa kakhulu nenkcubeko ye-gay kubaphulaphuli abaninzi ukuba bakhululeke ngokupheleleyo kuyo. Oku kwatshintsha, ukuya kwinqanaba elikhulu, ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970 kunye nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980 xa iifilimu zifana. La Cage aux Folles (1978) kunye Ifoto (1982) uye waduma kwaye abadlali abafana no-Divine batsalela ingqalelo yemithombo yeendaba njengo-Edna Turnblad, umama wekhaya oxhatshazwayo kodwa oqondayo. Hairspray (1988). Nditsho noJohn Travolta uye wanconywa ngokuchubeka kwakhe, nokuba ngumtsalane, ukudlala kwifilimu yomculo. Hairspray (2007) apho wenza iDivine one ngcono ngokudlala uEdna Turnblad njengoGina Lola-brigida owalupheleyo. Inxalenye yolu revolution ibangelwe yimpembelelo enkulu yokuba inkcubeko yamadoda angama-gay ibenayo kwinkcubeko edumileyo kunye nendlela ubufazi obuziguqule ngayo izimvo zethu malunga neendima zesini.
Ukudityaniswa kwe-transvestism kunye nokutshintshela kwesini kwinkcubeko yamadoda angama-gay kubonakala kwiziganeko ezimbini zenkcubeko zamva nje. Eyokuqala, engaqhelekanga kaTodd Haynes Andikho apho, i-documentary faux kaBob Dylan, ivakalelwa kakhulu kwinkcubeko yamadoda angama-gay nangona bekungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwayo. Okwesibini, iCD entsha kaRufus Wainwright URufus wenza uJudy kwiHolo yaseCarnegie-Ukuzonwabisa okuchubekileyo kwekonsathi ka-Garland eyaqatshelwa ngo-1961 yaseCarnegie Hall-luphawu olumangalisayo, kunye noqinisekiso lwenkcubeko yamadoda athandana namanye amadoda kunye nembali.
Bekusoloko kukho into encinci malunga noBob Dylan-hayi kwaphela gay, kodwa queer. Iingcambu zakhe zokucula zamaYuda/ezopolitiko kunye nesaci sakhe semibongo yaseMelika-ngakumbi uWilliam Blake kunye noDylan Thomas (awathatha kubo igama lakhe lokugqibela, xa wayeka uZimmerman) kunoWalt Whitman okanye uHart Crane-bambeka ekuqaleni koo-1960 njengo. enye indlela kuzo zombini iimvumi zomculo we-rock zemveli nezisakhulayo. Uqhanqalazo lukaDylan lwentlalontle, ukugruzuka kwakhe kunye nokuzenzakalisa ngokweemvakalelo kwi-"Positively Fourth Street" okanye uvelwano lwakhe, kunye neemvakalelo zakhe zabasetyhini zasekuqaleni "kwiNenekazi elilusizi lamehlo aphantsi" kunye "njengoMfazi" wakha owahlukileyo, kwaye ongengobudoda, umntu kawonke-wonke.
Todd Haynes's Andikho apho ithatha indlela yangoku kuDylan kwaye iqhekeza imvumi ibe yi-kaleidoscope yabalinganiswa, kubandakanya imvumi eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala yase-Afrika yaseMelika eblues egama linguWoody Guthrie (uMarcus Carl Franklin), isigebenga esihlaziyiweyo sasentshona esigama linguBilly the Kid (Richard Gere) , umculi we-coffee we-1960 ogama linguJack Rollins (uChristian Bale), u-Arthur Rimbaud (uBen Whishaw), umdlali ogama linguRobbie Clark (Heath Ledger), kunye no-1960 we-rock star star ogama linguJude Quinn (uCate Blanchett). Ifilimu kaHaynes ngumboniso wemiboniso, iziqhulo zangaphakathi, izithethe zenkcubeko, iiparodies, i-asides enengqondo kunye nesibindi. UHaynes waguqula uKaren noRichard Carpenter baba ngoonodoli bakaBarbie ngo-1987 wakhe Superstar: Ibali likaKaren Carpenter, waphonononga uDavid Bowie's ambiguous glam rock sexity in I-Velvet Goldmine, nangowama-2002 Kude neZulu wacacisa umxholo we-homoerotic wentsebenzo kaRock Hudson kuDouglas Sirk's 1955. Konke okuvunyelwa yiZulu. Ngokufanayo, Andikho apho ikwasithatha indawo esingazange sayicinga. Njengoko kubhaliwe nguHaynes no-Oren Moverman, Andikho apho ithatha isihloko sayo ngokoqobo, isusa uninzi lweenkalo zobuntu bukaDylan kunye nomsebenzi wakhe ukuze igcisa lakhiwe kwaye lihlanganiswe phambi kwamehlo ethu.
Kuzo zonke iinkalo ezimangalisayo ze Andikho, yintsebenzo kaCate Blanchett enxibe ngokunqamlezileyo njengoJude Quinn eyona nto iphawulekayo. Ebonisa phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kwee-1960s uDylan-zonke ezidifferent kunye ne-semi-enomsindo ngeejakethi ezimnyama kunye neenwele ezivaliweyo ezingalawulekiyo, esaxhatshazwa kubudlelwane no-Edie Sedgewick-Blanchett ufika entliziyweni ye-androgynous persona kaDylan. Uhlala engumdlali we-mercurial, uBlanchett ufumana iziko leemvakalelo apha eyothusayo. Asikuko ukuba wenza uDylan abe ngumfazi nangayiphi na indlela (eya kuba yintlekele), kodwa endaweni yoko umfumana ngokuthe ngqo kwiinguqu zesini ze-1960s.
Ubukrelekrele bokusebenza kwakhe kukuba wenza imephu, ngokucinga okukhulu nangobuqili, indawo yenkcubeko yengqondo engaqhelekanga eyaphononongwa nguDylan. Esinye sezizathu zokuba uDylan atsalele ingqalelo awayenzayo, kunye nokufumana isiseko esibanzi sabalandeli awayenaso, kukuba ukwazile ukwenza iprojekthi eyoyikisayo / engoyikiyo, enobundlobongela / engenziyo, enomsindo / ephilisa iseti yemiyalezo edichotomized ebinzulu. ebekwe kwinkcazo-ntetho yakhe yesini. USusan Sontag, kwisincoko sakhe esiphawulwe ngo-1964 esithi "Amanqaku eNkampini," uthi "inkampu" ikhuthaza inkwenkwezi ye-epicine (ubhala apha malunga noGreta Garbo kunye noMarlene Dietrich) onomtsalane kuzo zombini izini njengeqhinga lokuchasana nesini. Oko kukuthi, ngokuyinxenye, imeko apha, kodwa ukusebenza kukaBlanchett kukude enkampini njengoko unokukufumana, kodwa olona phando luyothusayo kubuchule bokuyila obuya kubona.
RUfus Wainwright ukhuphe icwecwe lakhe lokuqala URufus Wainwight ngo-1998, umxube onyanzelisayo weengoma ezithi, ngelixa ziculwa ngokuchukumisa abantu bemveli zaba ngumxube wokuqala uJoni Mitchell noLeonard Cohen kunye nonobubele, obumnene obuphakathi kwexesha likaBob Dylan. U-Wainwright, u-gay ngokuphandle, uye wathandwa ngokungaqhelekanga ngabaphulaphuli abaxubeneyo nabathandanayo kwaye ebesakha abaphulaphuli abazinikele ngokunzulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Akazange oyike ukuzama iindlela zomculo. Khulula iinkwenkwezi ngumxube obambekayo wezinto eziqhelekileyo zikaWainwright ezixutywe neeriffs kwimixholo yomculo yakudala kunye neBroadway. Uyakwazi ukuba yintsusa eyothusayo naxa imathiriyeli ingasebenzi kakuhle.
Kodwa akukho nto yasilungiselela ubukhalipha of URufus wenza uJudy kwiHolo yaseCarnegie. Apha uRufus akagcini nje ngokuphinda enze umsebenzi kaGarland ka-1961-uphawu lwamanzi aphakamileyo obomi bakhe, indawo ebalaseleyo yomculo odumileyo waseMelika, kunye nembali yenkulungwane yama-20 yenkcubeko edumileyo yamadoda angamafanasini- kodwa iwuphakamisela kwisimo somfanekiso njengophawu lwenkcubeko yaseMelika kunye ne-gay. . Ngelizwi uWainwright uyakhanya. Ngelixa engenalo ukucoceka kukaGarland kwethoni okanye izakhono zobugcisa, ngokuqinisekileyo unobunzulu beemvakalelo kunye nokuzinikela kwengqondo kwizinto eziphathekayo. Kukho namaxesha-kwi-"Puttin" kwiRitz kunye "Uya entloko yam" -apho uWainwright eneneni ebonakala ewaqonda ngcono amazwi kunye nexesha kuneGarland.
Kodwa ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko URufus wenza uJudy kwiHolo yaseCarnegie kukuba uWainwright uye wafumana kwakhona inkalo ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yamadoda angama-gay kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwaye wayibuyisela kubaphulaphuli banamhlanje. Ngexesha elinye lamanani ilungu le-gay labaphulaphuli likhwaza "eli lilifa lethu" -kwaye unyanisile. Yintoni ayenzayo URufus wenza uJudy kwiHolo yaseCarnegie ibhenca unxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwenkcubeko ethandwayo yaseMelika kunye nenkcubeko yamadoda angama-gay kunye nokuzibhiyozela ngokwembono engaqhelekanga.
Uninzi lwabajongi benkcubeko abakrelekrele bayazi ngokunamathela kwamadoda angama-gay kuGarland, kodwa uWainwright uguqula uGarland abe yindoda yesini. Xa ecula "Indoda Ebalekile" okanye "iSan Francisco" ayithethi kakhulu "ingoma" njengokutyhila umxholo we-gay. "I-transvestism" yakhe apha-kakhulu njengoBlanchett Andikho-kuncinane ukuzifihla okanye ukuzifihla njengokubhenca okucacileyo. Ngoku loo nto inzima.
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UMichael Bronski litsha-ntliziyo, utitshala, kunye nombhali. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje I-Pulp Friction: Ukutyhila i-Golden Age ye-Gay Male Pulps.