ukuya kutsho ngo-2008, omnye weyona mizekelo iphawulekayo yentlekele yezemali eyonakalisayo yenzeka eArgentina ejongene nesohlwayo esikhulu esingagqibekanga nesinoburhalarhume esivela kwiimalike zezemali kunye nohlaselo oluqikelelwayo lwemali yehlabathi, okwaziwa ngokuba โyinqwelomoya yokubhabha.โ Okungaziwa kangako kwibali lentlekele yoqoqosho yaseArgentina ngo-1998 ukuya ku-2002 yayiyindima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa yindoda enye: uDomingo Cavallo.
Ilungu elide leQela lamashumi amathathu, uCavallo wayesebenze zombini njengeRhuluneli yeBhanki Ephakathi kunye noMphathiswa wezoQoqosho eArgentina. Uye wabhekiswa kuye ngumphandi wezoqoqosho ophumelele iBhaso likaPulitzer uDaniel Yergin โnjengomnye wawona manani anempembelelo ekubuyiseleni ubudlelwane borhulumente kunye nentengiso eLatin America.โ
Phakathi kowe-1976 nowe-1983, iArgentina, eyayilawulwa nguzwilakhe okhohlakeleyo wasemkhosini, yathwaxwa kukunyhashwa okugqithiseleyo kwamalungelo abantu nokutshutshiswa kweenkcuba-buchopho nabavukeli ebudeni boko kubizwa ngokuba โyiMfazwe Emdakaโ ekwathi kuyo kwabulawa okanye kwanyamalala abantu abamalunga nama-30,000 1973. Uloyiko lwalusikhumbuza ngeChile ekufutshane, apho ubhukuqo-mbuso olwathi lwazisa uzwilakhe u-Augusto Pinochet kulawulo ngo-XNUMX, ngoncedo lweCIA, lwakhokelela kwindlela yovavanyo lwe-petri-dish ekuphumezeni โuhlaziyoโ lwe-neoliberal. Yayibuzwilakhe baseChile obamisela umzekelo. Kungekudala kwalandela iArgentina.
Ngodliwano-ndlebe lwe-2002, uDomingo Cavallo waphawula ukuba, "Amava aseChile ngexesha le-1980 ayefundisa kakhulu, ndicinga ukuba, kuninzi lwezoqoqosho zaseLatin America kunye nabezopolitiko abaninzi eLatin America ngenxa yokuba iChile yaphumelela ngokuvula kunye nokuzama ukwandisa ukuthengisa kwabo ngaphandle kunye nokuthengisa ngaphandle kwelizwe. ngokubanzi urhwebo lwabo lwangaphandle kunye nokudibanisa ngakumbi kuqoqosho lwehlabathiโฆ. Kwaye ewe sisebenzise, โโngakumbi apha eArgentina, amava eChile ukuya phambili nohlaziyo lwethu. โ
Ebuzwa malunga nombutho phakathi "kohlengahlengiso" lwezoqoqosho eChile kunye nobuzwilakhe obungenalusini obabuphumeza, uCavallo wachaza, "Kwakukho iingxoxo malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza ukuguqulwa kweemarike kwidemokhrasi. Kodwa ngo-1990...umongameli wokuqala wedemokhrasi emva kokuba uPinochet walugcina olo hlaziyo kwaye wazama ukuluphucula [kwaye] kwaboniswa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza uhlaziyo olufanayo phantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.โ
Loluphi uhlaziyo oluthile awayebhekisa kulo uCavallo? Phantsi kobuzwilakhe bomkhosi waseArgentina, uCavallo wasebenza unyaka omnye njengeRhuluneli yeBhanki Embi ngo-1982 apho wayenoxanduva lokuphumeza ibheyile karhulumente kwiinkampani kunye neebhanki. Emva koko, uCavallo wabuyela kubomi bezemfundo kwaze kwaba kunyulwa uCarlos Menem njengomongameli kwi-1989. Kwi-1991, uMenem wamisela uCavallo njengoMphathiswa wezoQoqosho.
UCavallo ukhokele uhlengahlengiso lwe-neoliberal yaseArgentina, exhoma i-peso yaseArgentina kwidola yaseMelika, ezama ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukwenza izinto zabucala ezinkulu ngelixa evula uqoqosho "kurhwebelwano lwasimahla," kunye nokulawula iimarike zezimali. Ngowe-1996, i ENew York Times wamncoma uCavallo ngendima yakhe โeyakhayoโ ekukhokeleni uqoqosho โlubuyele kubomi nasekuhloniphekeni kwezizwe ngezizwe,โ nangona uhlengahlengiso lwakhe โluzise ukungaqeshwa okuphezulu kunye nokunciphisa okubuhlungu kwiinkqubo zentlalo.โ
enye NGOKU Inqaku lincoma uCavallo "ngozinzo" oluziswa eArgentina "ngommangaliso wezoqoqosho," ngelixa ephawula, ngaphandle kokuphoxeka, ukuba ummangaliso kaCavallo "ushiye izigidi zabantu baseArgentina ... ngaphandle komnatha wokhuseleko" kunye nokungabikho kwemisebenzi ephezulu, ukuvela kwedolophu. amatyotyombe, abantwana abalahliweyo abahlala ezitratweni, iindawo zokugcina ukutya ezixineneyo, iindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya ezicaweni, kwanabanye abantu abanyanzelwa ukuba batye iikati bephelelwe lithemba. "Ummangaliso" wawumkhulu kakhulu, enyanisweni, ukuba nangona konke okubizwa ngokuba kuzinzo kwaququzelela, uMongameli uMenem ekugqibeleni wamgxotha uCavallo ekuvuyiseni amashumi amawaka abaqhankqalazi ezitratweni. Nangona abantu babevuya, urhwebo lwemali lwabonisa ukungaluthandi.
Ngeengxaki ezininzi zoqoqosho nezemali eziqhambuka kwihlabathi jikelele nakwizizwe ezingabamelwane, iArgentina, ethe yafaka imali yayo kwidola yaseMelika, yafumanisa ukuba ayinakuphinda ikhuphisane. Uhlaziyo olucetywayo lweneoliberal lwaluchaphazela kakubi njengoko ilizwe lalingena kudodobala loqoqosho. I-Menem yatshintshwa ngo-1999 nguMongameli uFernando De la Rua, oye wafuna ngokukhawuleza inkxaso kwi-IMF ukuze ancede ahlawule amatyala elizwe atyalwa kwiibhanki zangaphandle-ezinkulu zaseMelika.
Ngo-2001, uCavallo waqeshwa kwakhona njengoMphathiswa wezoQoqosho welizwe kanye ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokufumana amandla kaxakeka amenza akwazi ukujongana nengxaki yemali eqhubekayo yelizwe awathi, enyanisweni, wanceda ukuyidala. Ngelo xesha, i-IMF yala ukubonelela ngeemali-mboleko ezongezelelweyo, ngesiseko sokuba ilizwe alizange liphumeze uhlaziyo olwaneleyo lwe-neoliberal ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zalo. Uqoqosho lwawohloka kwaye "othiyiweyo" uCavallo kwafuneka arhoxe, njengoko wenzayo umongameli, owabaleka ngehelikopta esuka eCasa Rosada njengoko abantu baseArgentina babeqhankqalaza ngobuninzi. Nkqu neFederal Reserve Bank yaseSan Francisco yaphawula ngowama-2002 ukuba kukho โinyaniso ethileโ kwimbono yokuba โimeko yetyala laseArgentina ngeyayizinzile ukuba nje ukungaqiniseki kweemarike bekungazange kubangele ingxaki.โ Kodwa, yongezelela ngelithi, ukuba iArgentina yenze umgudu wokunciphisa amatyala ayo, ngeyayithintele โukuguquguquka okusenokudodobalisa uluvo lwezorhwebo.โ
Iingxaki zaseMelika
Indima edlalwe nguSihlalo we-Federal Reserve u-Alan Greenspan ekudaleni iimeko ezikhokelela kwi-2008 yokudodobala kwemali yehlabathi iyaziwa ngabaninzi. Into engaziwayo kukuba uGreenspan wayelilungu langaphambili leQela lamashumi amathathu. Iinzame zakhe zokususa ummiselo wenkqubo yezemali kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kweemalike eziphuma kuzo, zabeka isiseko seyona ngxaki imbi yezemali kula maxesha. ULarry Summers-iQela langoku lamalungu angamashumi amathathu-owathi ngoko waba ngusekela-nobhala kunye noNobhala weSebe lezeMali phantsi kukaBill Clinton-kwaye kwaba luncedo kulo mbandela. Ngoku esebenza njengoMongameli Emeritus-kunye nonjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard-Summers wayengumlawuli wangaphambili weBhunga lezoQoqosho leSizwe likaMongameli Obama ukusuka ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2011. WayenguMongameli we-Harvard (2001 ukuya ku-2009), i-Chief Economist kwi-World Bank (1991 ukuya 1993), ilungu leBhunga lezoBudlelwane baNgaphandle, iKhomishoni yeZithathu, kunye neKomiti eLawulayo yeQela le-Bilderberg.
Ngelixa i-Chief Economist kwiBhanki yeHlabathi, i-Summers yatyikitya i-memo edume kakubi ka-1991 apho kwacetyiswa ukuba amazwe atyebileyo kufuneka alahle inkunkuma yawo enetyhefu kunye nongcoliseko kwezona zizwe zihlwempuzekileyo zase-Afrika kuba ngexesha i-toxins yakhuthaza ukukhula komhlaza kubemi basekuhlaleni, bebeya kuba sele befile ngokwezibalo ngenxa yamazinga okusweleka asele aphezulu. Imemo yathi: "Ndicinga ukuba ingqiqo yezoqoqosho emva kokulahla umthwalo wenkunkuma enetyhefu kwelona lizwe linemivuzo iphantsi ayinakuphikiswa kwaye kufuneka sijongane nayo."
Xa i-Summers kamva yaya kusebenzela ulawulo lukaClinton phantsi kukaNobhala kaNondyebo uRobert Rubin, yena, kunye noRubin kunye noSihlalo weFed Greenspan, benza "AbaRhwebi abathathu," njengoko. ixesha ebhekisela kubo, ezinikele โekuqulunqeni inkqubo yezemali yenkulungwane yama-21โ apho babeka khona โukholo lwabo [kwi]malike yemali.โ
Kwiminyaka emibini yokugqibela yobongameli bakaClinton, uSummers wasebenza njengonobhala kaNondyebo ecaleni kwesekela lakhe kunye ne-protรฉgรฉ, uTimothy Geithner, elinye ilungu le-G30 elaliza kuqhubeka nokwenza uphawu kwingxaki yezemali-ubukhulu becala ngokukholisa uMongameli u-Obama ukuba akhuphe ibheyile. ngaphandle kweebhanki zaseWall Street ezithe zantlitha uqoqosho, ngesohlwayo esiziro kubo. Phantsi kolawulo luka-Obama, iSummers isebenze phantse iminyaka emibini njengoSihlalo weBhunga leSizwe lezoQoqosho kwaye wayengumenzi wemigaqo-nkqubo onempembelelo kakhulu. Ngo-2009, wathetha kwitanki yokucinga enempembelelo enkulu, iPeterson Institute for International Economics apho wachaza indlela yoLawulo ekubuyiseleni uqoqosho, ephawula ukuba, โIndlela yethu ibifuna ukuhamba kangangoko sinakho ngeenkozo zentengiso. โโngokuchaseneyo nokulawulwa kweemarike.
Xa i-Summers ishiya ulawulo luka-Obama ngasekupheleni kwe-2010, wabuyela eWall Street kwaye wenza ubutyebi ngokusebenzela i-hedge fund DE Shaw & Co. kunye neCitigroup. Kweli hlobo lidlulileyo, wayethathwa njengoyena mntu uthandwayo ngu-Obama ukuba athathe indawo ka-Ben Bernanke njengoSihlalo we-Fed, kodwa wajongana nenkcaso eqatha kwi-Democratic Party kangangokuba walirhoxisa igama lakhe, eshiya uJanet Yellen-uSekela Sihlalo we-Fed kunye nowayesakuba lilungu leQela. kwabangamashumi amathathuโukuba bangenelele.
Into esiyibonayo, kolu hlalutyo, lunxibelelwano phakathi kwabo bakwizikhundla zolawulo abasabela kwaye balawule iingxaki zezoqoqosho nezemali, kunye nabo bakwizikhundla zolawulo abadale ezo ngxaki. Ngokwemvelo, ubulungu be-G30 bubandakanya abantu abaninzi beebhanki abathi, ngethamsanqa, babelane kakuhle kwingeniso yezo ngxaki. Ngamafutshane, i-G30 inokubonwa njengeqela elikhethekileyo leengxaki zemali. Kwaye yiklabhu, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, eya kuqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwaye ayiloncedo kwaphela kulawulo lwemali yehlabathi kwiminyaka ezayo-okanye de kube kukho into eyenziwayo ukubanqanda.
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UAndrew Gavin Marshall ngumphandi kunye nombhali oseMontreal, eCanada. Ungumphathi weprojekthi yeProjekthi yeNcwadi yaBantu, usihlalo wecandelo le-geopolitics le-The Hampton Institute, umlawuli wophando we-Occupy.com's Global Power Project, kunye ne-World of Resistance (WoR) Report.