[Eli licandelo lesibini kuluhlu oluthathu lwamagqabaza e-ZNet kule nyanga, malunga nengxaki yoqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye neGrisi, nguPeter Bohmer kunye noRobin Hahnel. U-Hahnel uthethe kuMnyhadala we-B-Athene wombutho wamaGrike owawuchasene nogunyaziwe e-Athene ngoMeyi ophelileyo kwaye uBohmer uza kube ethetha kumnyhadala eThessaloniki ngoSeptemba.]
Kwiintlanganiso ze-G-20 ezisanda kuqukunjelwa eToronto Canada iinkokeli zezoqoqosho ezinkulu zikhuphe isibhengezo zithembisa ukuphungula ukusilela kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ngesiqingatha kule minyaka mithathu izayo. Endaweni ye-fiscal austerity, into efunekayo sisivuselelo esikhulu, esilungelelaniswe kwihlabathi liphela ukukhupha uqoqosho kwelona hlabathi lidodobalayo libi kakhulu kule minyaka ingamashumi asibhozo. EGrisi, xa iPASOK yayichasene nayo yabiza imigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthaza ukukhula ekhetha amacandelo amkela umvuzo ophakathi. Ngoku, njengeNkulumbuso, uPapandreou wongamela imigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo ngakumbi kunaleyo yorhulumente wangaphambili wephiko lasekunene yena kunye nePASOK bagxeka. Umntu uyichaza njani le mpambano?
Enye into enokwenzeka kukuba abaninzi kumsebenzi wezoqoqosho baye bafumana ikhontrakthi ye-amnesia kwaye balibala esona sifundo sibalulekileyo sezoqoqosho esifundwe kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini - oorhulumente kufuneka bachithe ngaphezulu xa uqoqosho lucinezelekile kwaye basindise kuphela emva kokuba uqoqosho lubuyile-kwaye elo ziko lishiye, kunye abezopolitiko bephiko lasekunene, ngoku benze impazamo yokwamkela iingcebiso ezivela kwiingcali zezoqoqosho ezingalunganga ukuba benze kanye okwahlukileyo.
Iingcali zezoqoqosho ezimbini eziphumelele iBhaso leNobel, uJoseph Stiglitz noPaul Krugman, abangasilibalanga isifundo sikaKeynes bakholelwa ukuba le yiloo nto kanye eyenzekileyo, kwaye kukho ubungqina bokuxhasa i-hypothesis yabo. U-Keynes wakwazi ukucela umngeni kuphela kubulumko bemveli, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olulungeleleneyo olufuna ukuba oorhulumente banciphise inkcitho xa ukwehla koqoqosho kunciphisa ingeniso yerhafu kunye noncedo olunamandla oluvela kumava asebenzayo ngexesha le-Great Depression. Ngaphezu koko, nangona i-conomists i-conservative efana noMilton Friedman kunye nezopolitiko zephiko lasekunene njengoRichard Nixon bacatshulwe besithi "Sonke singabaseKeynesi ngoku" ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960 kunye ne-1970s yokuqala, abaninzi bezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko bahlala bengonwabanga nge-Keynesianism kwaye babesele besebenza nzima ngokucwangcisa kwezoqoqosho counter revolution. Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo ukusekwa kwezoqoqosho kusebenze ngamandla ukubhala i-Keynes kwiithiyori zabo zoqoqosho olukhulu, iimodeli, kunye neencwadi zesicatshulwa, kunye nezopolitiko ezigcinayo ngolonwabo zabuyela kwi-pre-Keynesian, ibhajethi elungeleleneyo ye-orthodoxy. Aba bezopolitiko abalondolozayo kunye nabacebisi babo bagxininise kwi-balanced-budget kunye ne-zero inflation ukuze bafezekise i-ajenda yabo yokwenyani - ukunciphisa amandla okuxoxisana kwabantu abasebenzayo. Akuzange kubekho mfihlakalo inkulu malunga nokuba kutheni amaqela ezopolitiko aphiko lasekunene atyhalela phambili i-ajenda eyilelwe ukonyusa izinga lokungaqeshwa, ukwenza buthathaka imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye nokunyusa iindleko zokungaqeshwa kwabasebenzi ngokucutha umvuzo wentlalontle.
Kodwa ngoku amaqela ezopolitiko asekhohlo amkela imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho efanayo kwaye edibana nee-anti-Keynesian macroeconomists, eshiya izinto ezithandwa nguKrugman kunye noStiglitz ukuba basonge izandla zabo ecaleni. Ngaba le yimpazamo nje yobukrelekrele babo? Kuthekani ukuba silahla ingcamango yokuba injongo yemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho yanamhlanje kukusihlangula kwi-Great Recession, kwaye ibeke endaweni yayo ingcamango yokuba iziko lishiye amaqela ezopolitiko ngoku ajolise ekuzuzeni amaqela aphezulu engeniso kunokukhuthaza umdla wabo wangaphambili. amalungu ezopolitiko.
Ngapha koko, kumashumi eminyaka phambi kwengxaki yezemali ka-2008 kunye nokuqala kwe-Great Recession neoliberal policy policy yayixhaswa liziko lasekhohlo kunye noorhulumente abaphiko lasekunene. AyingoMargaret Thatcher kunye noRonald Reagan kuphela, kodwa uTony Blair kunye noBill Clinton bakwabanga ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal iya kuphucula ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho ngokususa amakhamandela angeyomfuneko kwaye achasene nemveliso kubuchule benkampani. Kodwa ngelixa i-privatization, i-deregulation, ukucuthwa kwerhafu kwiinkampani kunye nezityebi, ukukhululeka kwe-capital, kunye nokukhulula urhwebo akuzange kukhulise izinga lokukhula kwehlabathi okanye ukunciphisa intlupheko njengoko kubhengezwa, le migaqo-nkqubo iye yaphucula kakhulu amandla enkampani, inika amandla abasebenzi, abathengi kunye nabemi, kunye nokuvelisa. olona lwabiwo lukhulu lwengeniso nobutyebi ukusuka kwabahlwempuzekileyo ukuya kwizityebi elakha labonwa lihlabathi. Kuyacaca ngoku ukuba le migaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal ethe yabeka isiseko sale ngxaki ikhoyo yayingengokuphucula ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho, kodwa yayimalunga nokusasazwa ngokutsha kwamandla, ingeniso, kunye nobutyebi. Ke kutheni ngoku kufuneka sikholelwe ukuba eli ziko linye lishiye imibutho yezopolitiko, lilandela ingcebiso yabacebisi bezoqoqosho abafanayo, bakholelwa ngokwenene, okanye bakhathale ukuba ukukhupha imali yesisa kwiibhanki ngaphandle kweemeko ngelixa kunyanzeliswa ubucukubhede bemali kubasebenzi kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo baya kutsala uqoqosho lwehlabathi. ngenxa yokudodobala koqoqosho? Kukho ingcaciso elula ngakumbi ngokuziphatha kweziko lanamhlanje lashiya abezopolitiko, eliye lithembeke ngakumbi mihla le.
Ubucukubhede bezemali kunye nokudodobala kohlaziyo lwezimali ekuphenduleni kweyona ngxaki imbi yezemali kunye nokudodobala okunzulu kwezoqoqosho kule minyaka ingamashumi asibhozo asikokuphucula ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho njengoko batsho abo baxhasayo. Le migaqo-nkqubo imalunga nokuqhubeka nokutshintsha ingeniso kunye nobutyebi ukusuka kwabahlwempuzekileyo ukuya kwizityebi, kwaye ukusuka kwicandelo lokuvelisa ukuya kwimali, i-inshurensi, kunye ne-real estate (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-FIRE) eye yanda ngokunyuka e-US naseYurophu - nangona kunjalo. ukuba le migaqo-nkqubo iya kwenza kwenze mandundu ukudodobala koqoqosho kwaye kwenze enye ingxaki yezemali inokwenzeka.
Ibango lokuba ubucukubhede bezemali ngexesha lokudodobala koqoqosho โluqoqosho olulungileyoโ xa eneneni โiluqoqosho olubiโ โlibali nje eligubungelayoโ elisetyenziswa luluntu. Ngokubhekiselele ekubeni kutheni amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nabezopolitiko ngoku bewuxhasa lo mgaqo-nkqubo wentlekele, impendulo elula kukuba la maqela akasakhathaleli ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho, ngakumbi iimfuno zabasebenzi kunye nabahluphekayo, kodwa endaweni yoko bachonga imidla yabo kunye neyaseWall Street kunye abaphezulu abakumgangatho ophakathi ababonakala beliqela ekugxilwe kulo kuLawulo luka-Obama kunye noNancy Pelosi. Abezopolitiko beqela leDemocratic Party babedla ngokuthembisa ukunyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokunceda abasebenzi, abantu abambalwa, kunye namahlwempu. Babedla ngokusilela ukwenza oko, kodwa leyo yayiyintetho yabo yephulo nangona kunjalo. Kodwa kwimijikelo emininzi yolonyulo eUnited States abagqatswa beDemocratic Party bebethembisa endaweni yoko bazakulwela umdla wabo bakubiza ngokuba ngabantu baseMelika abakumgangatho ophakathi. Ukuba abezopolitiko abashiye iziko abasakwazi ukwenza imfihlo yokwenza ngathi baxhalabile ngabasebenzi abangaphangeliyo kunye namahlwempu, kutheni sifanele simangaliswe xa besebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo eyingozi kwizilangazelelo zabo?
Abavoti e-UK sele bethumele uGordon Brown kunye neLabour Party bepakisha. Ngaba elinye iziko lishiye abezopolitiko kunye namaqela abo - iZapatero kunye neSocialist Party eSpain, iPapandreou kunye nePASOK eGrisi, kunye no-Obama kunye neeDemokhrasi e-US - abavumayo ukunyanzelisa ubungqongqo bezemali nabo bohlwaywe kwiivoti ngabavoti abaziyo ukuba senze. ayidalanga le ngxaki kwaye ibacaphukise oorhulumente abasicinezelayo? Xa abezopolitiko bekhohlo bebethelela amathemba obuxoki okuba uqoqosho luyakhula lukhuthazwe ngamatanki okucinga aphiko lasekunene kunye namajelo eendaba enkampani akhwaza "amahlumela aluhlaza" ngalo lonke ixesha amaxabiso esitokhwe sebhanki okanye isalathiso sokuzithemba kwabathengi ezinzile okomzuzwana, nangona intswelangqesho kunye nokuvalwa kwekhaya. Amazinga azinzile okanye abe mandundu, umntu unokuba nethemba lokuba bangazibalanga kakuhle iimfuno zabo zezopolitiko.
Kodwa kuyabonakala ukuba baya besanda abezopolitiko abashiyekileyo bezimisele ukungcakaza ukuze babambe uluntu olungenabuqhophololo ekucingeni ukuba ubungqongqo bemali buyimfuneko kwaye bulumkile kwaye baphephe ingqumbo yabavoti. Iya icace gca into yokuba imibutho yezopolitiko eshiyeke iziko iyoyika ngakumbi icaphukisa iWall Street kunye nabaxhasi bemali abakumgangatho ophakathi ngokuchasa imigaqo-nkqubo eqhubeka nokusasaza ingeniso kunye nobutyebi ngendlela yabo kunokuba bacaphukise abantu abaqhelekileyo abavotele iziko lasekhohlo ngenxa yokuba enye indlela yephiko lasekunene imbi kakhulu.
Noko ke, abantu bayazi xa bona okanye isalamane okanye umhlobo ephulukene nomsebenzi okanye ikhaya. Kwaye ekugqibeleni baya kubajikela abo bathe gqolo ukubaxelela ukuba uqoqosho luyakhula besazi ukuba alunjalo. Umbuzo ngowokuba abavoti baya kujika bajike phi xa bewashiya amaziko emveli ashiye amaqela abalahlileyo.
Into efunekayo yimibutho yasekuhlaleni kunye nemibutho emitsha yezopolitiko ephendulayo kwaye ikhokelwa ngabo banomdla wabo inyathelwe phantsi, abalwela imigaqo-nkqubo eneneni evelisa imisebenzi ephezulu kunye nokulingana okukhulu kwezoqoqosho, nabathi hayi ekunciphiseni ingeniso yemali, kuthotywe ubuvuvu bezoqoqosho, kunye nomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe oluxhaswa ngamaqumrhu. Kufuneka sakhe iintshukumo kunye namaqela aya kuthabatha amandla umva kumaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe kunye naseWall Street, kwaye siphehlelele uhlobo lweNdibaniselwano eNtsha yokuHlaza efunekayo ukulungisa iingxaki zoqoqosho kunye nezendalo eziya kuthi kungenjalo ziqhubeleke ngokuba mandundu mihla le.
UPeter Bohmer nguNjingalwazi wezoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko kwiYunivesithi yase-Evergreen State e-Olympia Washington. URobin Hahnel nguNjingalwazi Emeritus kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington DC, kunye noNjingalwazi woNdwendwelo wezoQoqosho kwiYunivesithi yasePortland State ePortland Oregon.