Ukuvalwa kwamanzi kumawakawaka abahlali baseDetroit, ukuthengiswa okucetywayo kwenkqubo yamanzi kunye nokutshintshwa kwengeniso yenkqubo kwiibhanki kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba eyona mfuneko isisiseko yomntu, amanzi, ayibi nto ngaphandle kwempahla.
Ukuthengiswa okunokubakho kweSebe lezaManzi noGutyulo lweDetroit lolunye uphuhliso loluvo lokuba amanzi, njengakuyo nayiphi na imveliso yorhwebo, akhona ukuvelisa inzuzo yabucala kunokuba abe yimfuneko kuluntu. Kwaye ukuba ukuphanga kweenkampani kuya kuba yinqununu ekhokelayo, ngoko ke abo babonwa njengeyona nto ilula ukuyityhala baya kulindeleka ukuba bawuthwale umthwalo.
Ngaloo ndlela, abahlali be-17,000 baseDetroit baye bavalwa amanzi - kungakhathaliseki ukuba banako ukuhlawula - ngelixa abasebenzisi beenkampani ezinkulu baye bajongana nokujika okunjalo. I-Detroit Water and Sewerage Department yaqala umgaqo-nkqubo wayo wokuvala ngo-Matshi ngenjongo yokuvala amanzi kwii-akhawunti ze-3,000 ngeveki. Abahlali banokuvalelwa ityala elingaphantsi kwe-150 yeedola. Ezo ziinyanga nje ezimbini zomndilili wetyala.
Amaxabiso amanzi eDetroit babe ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ngokutsho Intatheli yezabasebenzi ekhohlo, yaye ngoJuni kwaphunyezwa olunye unyuso lwesi-8.7 ekhulwini. KungoJulayi kuphela, kwiinyanga emva kokuvalwa kwamanzi kwindawo yokuhlala, apho isebe lezamanzi labhengeza ukuba lizakuthumela izaziso ezilumkisayo kumashishini anganyanisekanga. Akukho ngxelo, nangona kunjalo, yokuba naliphi na ishishini liye lacinywa amanzi.
Malunga nesiqingatha seentlawulo zamanzi esixekweni zityalwa ngabathengi bezorhwebo nabezoshishino. Amashumi amane abaphuli-mthetho, ngokwesebe, baye Iiakhawunti ezimiselweyo ezidlulileyo ukusuka ngeenxa $35,000 ukuya ngaphezu $430,000. Omnye osebenza kwibala legalufa kuthiwa batyala amakhulu amawaka eedola.
Kwangaloo veki inye apho kwaqala ukuvalwa kwamanzi kwindawo yokuhlala, uMphathi kaNgxamiseko waseDetroit uKevyn Orr ubeke isebe lamanzi liyathengiswa. Isebe lithatha malunga ne-1 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwingeniso ngonyaka, The Wall Street Journal ingxelo, kwaye iqokelele ingeniso engaphezulu kuneyo iyichithayo. Le nkqubo inokuba yinto exabisekileyo yenye yeenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezithathele kwiinkqubo zamanzi zabucala kwihlabathi jikelele, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuzisola koorhulumente basekhaya nabahlawuli berhafu.
Ukubuyisela umva ushishino lwabucala lwamanzi
Ukuba uMphathi kaNgxamiseko u-Orr uyaphumelela ekuthengiseni inkqubo yamanzi kaDetroit, uya kuba ebhengeza umkhwa. Izixeko ezininzi zaseFransi naseJamani ziye zalubuyisela umva urhwebo lwabucala lwangaphambili kwaye zinjalo ukubuyisela iinkqubo zabo zamanzi emva kokufumanisa ukuba amaxabiso aphezulu kunye neenkonzo ezincitshisiweyo beziyinto eqhelekileyo emva koshishino lwabucala. Amaxabiso amanzi aseFransi abucala akwi-avareji I-31 pesenti ephezulu kuneyoluntu iinkonzo zamanzi. Iidolophu ezintlanu zasePennsylvania ezazithengisela abantu amanzi azo amaxabiso angaphezu kwesithathu ngokomndilili.
Loo mahluko wesantya akumele wothuse โ urhulumente akufuneki enze ngeniso njengequmrhu. Inkampani yamanzi, njengalo naliphi na ishishini longxowankulu, kulindeleke ukuba yenze inzuzo enkulu kubatyali-mali bayo kunye neentlawulo ezinkulu kubaphathi bayo, kwaye kufuneka ikhuphe imali eninzi kwipropati yayo.
Ukuba inkqubo yamanzi ithengiswa yabucala, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwedolophu yaseDetroit luya kufumana ukunyuswa kwexesha elilodwa, kodwa ukulahla ingeniso yexesha elizayo kwaye ulahlekelwe ulawulo lwempahla yoluntu eyakhiwe ngemali yoluntu. Kwaye akukho siqinisekiso sokuba iya kuthengiswa ngexabiso lemarike. Uncedo olungaxatyiswanga lungavelisa ingeniso ekhawulezayo kuyo nayiphi na inkampani yamanzi enezandla kuyo, kwaye yonke inkuthazo yeyokuba ithengwe ngexabiso eliphantsi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Iibhanki, nangona kunjalo, sele bekhuphe ingeniso enkulu ukusuka kwiziseko zophuhliso zeDetroit. Kukholelwa ukuba isebe lezamanzi linayo iibhanki ezihlawulwe izohlwayo ze-537 yezigidi zeedola ukubaleka intlekele yokutshintsha izinga lenzala. Endaweni yokuthengisa ngokulula iibhondi ze-vanilla - ukuhlawula abanini bebhondi isixa esibekiweyo kwishedyuli emiselweyo - iDetroit (njengoorhulumente abaninzi bakamasipala) yabandakanyeka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezemali ezintsonkothileyo ezibekwe ngaphezulu kweebhondi zayo.
Iibhanki zotyalo-mali zithengise oorhulumente basekhaya ukutshintshiselana kwenzala njengohlobo lwe-inshorensi njengothango oluchasene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso enzala. Kodwa ukuba imilinganiselo yenzala iye yehla - abayenzayo - ngoko oorhulumente baya kuba semandleni kwiimali ezinkulu. (Loo maxabiso ayeza kwehla bekuqikelelwa kwangaphambili; iibhanki ezingoovimba zicuthe inzala njengesiqhelo ngexesha lokudodobala koqoqosho.) Ngenxa yobunjineli bezemali obuthengiswa ngobuxoki njenge โinshorensi,โ Financial Times ingxelo iya kubiza iDetroit I-2.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuhlawula i-1.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ekubolekeni - eli lilonke libandakanya i-502 yezigidi zeerandi kwiintlawulo zenzala kunye ne-$ 770 yezigidi njengeendleko ze-derivatives.
I-537 yezigidi zeedola isebe lamanzi laseDetroit elinikezelwe kwiibhanki ukuba zibaleke ukuqhubeka kweentlawulo ezongezelelweyo zokugubungela i-swaps ngaphezu kwamaxesha amane e-bill yamanzi edlulileyo, indawo yokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo, ekuqaleni kokuvalwa kwamanzi ngo-Matshi.
Hayi ngokukhawuleza ukucela umngeni kwiibhanki
Nangona kunjalo kubonakala ngathi akukho nzame yokubuyisela nayiphi na loo mali yesohlwayo okanye ukuphanda ukuba ngaba kukho nakuphi na ukungabikho mthethweni kwizivumelwano. Curt Guyette, ebhalela a Enye incwadi yaseDetroit, Ixesha leMetro, wathi:
โNgenxa yenyaniso yokuba owayesakuba nguSodolophu uKwame Kilpatrick, ngoku ogwetywe amashumi eminyaka kwintolongo yomdibaniso ngokulawula esi sixeko ngokungathi lishishini lolwaphulo-mthetho xa ezi zivumelwano ziye zasihla, [ngoko wayekwi-ofisi] ayenzi njalo. kubonakala kungenangqiqo ukuba ubuncinane ukrokre ukuba kukho into enomthunzi inokuba ibiqhubeka.
Nangona kunjalo, u-Orr kunye neqela lezomthetho elivela [kwinkampani yomthetho wenkampani] uJones Day - apho u-Orr wayeliqabane langaphambili, kwaye enabathengi bobabini i-Bank of America kunye necandelo le-UBS - babe, njengesikhalazo [esifakwe kwinkundla yomanyano luluntu. abalweli mthetho] bathi, 'abazange baphande ngokuziphatha kakubi okanye bathabathe amanyathelo okubuyisela nayiphi na inxalenye ye-537 yezigidi zeerandi kumrhumo wokurhanelwa wokupheliswa ohlawulwe kwiibhanki.'
Zombini iBhanki yaseMelika kunye ne-UBS zenze inzuzo enkulu ngokutshintshana kwenzala. UMphathi kaNgxamiseko u-Orr akabonakali ekhathazwa kakhulu ziinkqubo zedemokhrasi, nangona kunjalo. Uqhubela phambili nesicwangciso esahlukileyo thengisa isebe lokupaka iDetroit nangona iBhunga leSixeko livotele, 6-2, ngokuchasene nayo. I Detroit Free Press ingxelo yokuba inkqubo yokupaka ingenisa i-23 yezigidi zeerandi kwingeniso kunye ne-11 yezigidi zeerandi kuphela kwiindleko. Oku kuya kuba ngomnye umjelo wengeniso oshiya izandla zoluntu, kwaye iimfuno ezifanayo zomnini wabucala ukuvelisa inzuzo ziya kulindeleka ukuba zikhokele kwiziphumo ezifanayo ukuba ukuthengiswa kweenkqubo zamanzi kunye nezinye iinkonzo zoluntu ziye zakhokelela.
Abantu baseDetroit balwa emva, ngemiboniso, izimangalo, izibheno kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nokuthintela ngokwasemzimbeni abasebenzi ababelwe ukucima amanzi. Amanzi nawo uvuywa ngasemva ungabuzanga ukufumana imvume kwabasemagunyeni. Amatshantliziyo anyanzelisa ukuqaliswa kwakhona kwenkonzo yamanzi ngokukhawuleza kumntu wonke kunye nokwenza ukuba amanzi afikeleleke. I-Detroit Debt Moratorium, umzekelo, iyabiza amatyala amanzi kufuneka agqitywe ngeepesenti ezimbini yomvuzo wekhaya.
Ezi nzame zivelise iziqhamo ezithile njengoko uMphathi kaNgxamiseko u-Orr ekhuphe umyalelo wokunika uSodolophu uMike Duggan ulawulo lolawulo kwisebe lamanzi ekupheleni kukaJulayi. Isebe emva koko libhengeze ukumiswa kokuvalwa kwamanzi kude kube ngumhla wama-25 ka-Agasti.
Impahla yorhwebo yeyomntu wabucala ngenjongo yenzuzo, nokuba injani na intswelo yomntu; ukuba imveliso yinto eyimfuneko njengoko amanzi engatshintshi ukuba imveliso iya kwabo banokuhlawula kakhulu. Imakethi imisela ukuba ngubani ofumana ntoni, okanye ukuba uyayifumana kwaphela-kwaye imakethi yinto nje edibanisa abona mashishini banamandla kunye nabaxhasi bezimali. Ubuhlungu beDetroit sisigqibo esinengqiqo sokunciphisa izigqibo zentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kumandla okuthengisa. I-Detroit yenzeka nje ukuba ibe yindawo eyafika apho kuqala.