I-Indiya, impucuko eyakhiwe kumandla ahlaziyekayo kunye noqoqosho lwezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo ngoku ikwindlela enqumlayo- ingaba iya kuqhubeka na kwindlela yayo yamandla ahlaziyekayo esekwe kwintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kunye nokulingana kwamandla, okanye iza kulandela indlela yamandla angenazinzo entshona, esekwe iifosili, amandla enyukliya kunye namakhoboka amandla?
I-Indiya ayikho phakathi kwembali yekharbon diokside engcolisa ihlabathi kuba ngenkcubeko kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho, kwakhethwa kuqala uqoqosho lwasekhaya, olunatyiswa kakhulu ngabasebenzi, olungekho kwindawo enye, uqoqosho lwemizi-mveliso olususa abantu ngokuxhomekeka kumandla angahlaziyekiyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nohlaziyo lweneo liberal kwezoqoqosho, into ehlaziyiweyo ithatyathelwa indawo yinto engahlaziyekiyo, abantu bagxothwa ngamafutha eefosili, iinkqubo ezinatyisiweyo kunye nezahlukeneyo zithatyathelwa indawo zimonocultures zezothutho, ukwenziwa kunye nezolimo.
Oku akubangeli nje ukongeza kwizoyikiso zokutshintsha kwemozulu, kukwathatha indawo yendalo yezizwe, amafama amancinci, kunye nabasetyhini ukusukela ekubeni ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kuqoqosho olunamandla olusekwe kumakhoboka ombane kufuneka kutshintshe kwiimfuno zoluntu ukuya ekuveliseni nasekuveliseni. ukusetyenzwa kwemizi-mveliso, amandla orhwebo kunye nokulahla inkunkuma, okanye ukwakha oohola bendlela abakhulu, okanye ukukhulisa amasimi okulima i-monoculture "ye-biofuels" ukugcina isiseko soqoqosho lwamafutha efosili ngexesha eliya kungqina ukuphela kwe-oyile enexabiso eliphantsi.
Ngo-1973, ndandiqeqeshelwa ukuba yingcali yefiziksi yenyukliya. Amanye awona maxesha amyoli yayingamaxesha endiwachithe eBhabha Atomic Centre eBombay, ndisebenza njengomfundi oqeqeshwayo ehlotyeni kumfuniselo wereactor yomfuyi okhawulezayo. Kodwa ndawuyeka umsebenzi wokufunda ngenyukliya emva kokuba udade wethu, uMira, ongugqirha, endithobile.
Uye wachaza ukuba ngelixa ndandiqeqeshelwa kuzo zonke iiminutiae ezintsonkothileyo zotshintsho lwamandla kunye neempendulo zamakhonkco, ndandingafundanga xa kuthethwa ngeengozi zenyukliya. Yayiseso sifundo sokuthobeka esathi sakhawulezisa ukutshintshela kwam kwinzululwazi ekhusela ubomi kwaye kude nezo zitshabalalisa ubomi. Ikwandenze ndakuqonda ngakumbi unxibelelwano phakathi kolwazi namandla, ukwakhiwa kokungakhathali kwezentlalo okwakhelwe emfazweni- kunye nesayensi egxile kwinzuzo, kunye nokwaziwa ngabom koluntu malunga nayo yonke imiba yeziphumo zentlalo, evalela ngaphandle ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. ubugcisa obuyingozi.
Xa uvavanyo lwenyukliya lwaluqhutywa yiIndiya ePokhran ngoMeyi 11, 1998, olu vavanyo lwachazwa “njengokugqabhuka kokuzithemba” kunye “nodumo olukhulu”. Amajelo eendaba aphambili athi ibhombu "yibhombu yamaHindu".
Nge-30 kaMeyi, iPakistan yayisele ibhengeze uvavanyo lwenyukliya ezintandathu eChagai. Le bhombu entsha yathathwa njengebhombu yamaSilamsi ngamajelo eendaba afanayo. Esi soyikiso sinye senyukliya asikwazanga ukutolikwa njengokukhusela “umahluko” wenkcubeko. Ubudoda, iingqondo zomkhosi kumacala omabini omda owahlula abantu bethu kwisiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo babona ibhombu njengophawu lwamandla ehlelo. I-Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) yabhengeza ukuba ngovavanyo lwenyukliya, i-Indiya ekugqibeleni ibonise "ubudoda" bayo.
Olu vavanyo lukwaqinisekise ukuba imeko ye-Indiya malunga nezixhobo zenyukliya itshintshe kangakanani na. Ukufuna amandla oxolo kuye kwathatyathelw’ indawo kukubonakaliswa kwamandla ogonyamelo. Iimodeli zemijukujelwa yenyukliya ziye zaba luphawu oludumileyo lwelungu lobudoda lwamandla oosolusapho omkhosi ukuhlanganisa intiyo.
Kucingelwa ukuba i-Indiya iphakathi kwamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu kunye nekhulu leemfazwe zenyukliya, apho iinkqubo zokuhanjiswa kwe-Agni Prithvi enye kunye ne-Mirage 2000 enye, phantsi kwemfundiso ethi "Akukho Ukusetyenziswa kokuQala".
IPakistan iphakathi kwamashumi amabini anesihlanu kunye namashumi amahlanu ezixhobo zenyukliya, iinkqubo zayo zokuhambisa imijukujelwa iGhuri kunye neGhaznavi, kunye nenqwelomoya ye-F-16. Uluhlu lwe-Indian Agni luyi-2000 Km, kunye noluhlu lwe-Pakistani Ghaniri luyi-1500 km. Nakweliphi na ilizwe imijukujelwa inokubetha kwimizuzu elishumi elinesihlanu. Inani eliqikelelwayo labantu abaza kubulawa lahluka phakathi kwezigidi ezibini nezili-2. UGandhi uthe izixhobo zenyukliya "zimela eyona nto inesono kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesayensi".
NgoJulayi 14, 1957, uNehru wathi kwiLok Sabha, iNdlu yaBameli baseIndiya, “Sibhengeze ngokucacileyo ukuba asinamdla wokwenza iibhombu zeathom, nokuba sinawo amandla okwenza oko, kwaye akukho mfuneko yakwenza oko. siya kusebenzisa amandla enyukliya ngeenjongo zokonakalisa….. Ndiyathemba ukuba loo nto iya kuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wabo bonke oorhulumente bexesha elizayo.”
Emva kovavanyo, iJapan, iUnited States, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi awisa izohlwayo kwaye acima uncedo, imali mboleko, kunye netyala eIndiya nasePakistan. NgoJuni wowe-1998, iBhunga Lokhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lawisa isigqibo, esaqinisekiswa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngoNovemba ngaloo nyaka sakha salugxeka uvavanyo lwenyukliya saza sathi makuthotywe.
Isivumelwano senyukliya sase-US ne-Indiya sibuyisela umva imigaqo-nkqubo yase-Indiya kunye nokwandiswa kwamandla enyukliya e-Indiya kunye nokuthengiswa kwamafutha enyukliya e-Indiya. Isivumelwano satyikitywa nge-18 kaJulayi, 2005 kwaye saqukunjelwa ngexesha lotyelelo lukaMongameli Bush eIndiya ngoMatshi ka-2006. Sinikezelwa “ngamandla acocekileyo” – enye indlela kusetyenziso lwamafutha efosili kunye nokukhutshwa kweCO2. Ijolise ekujonganeni nemingeni emibini yokhuseleko lwamandla kunye nokukhusela okusingqongileyo. NjengoLalit Mansingh, owayengunozakuzaku waseIndiya kumazwe aseMelika
“Isivumelwano senyukliya sase-Indo-US siyimpumelelo ebalulekileyo. Ayinikeli kuphela esona sisombululo sithembisayo kwingxaki yamandla ezayo yaseIndiya, iqonda ngokungafihlisiyo i-Indiya njengelizwe elinezixhobo zenyukliya, ngaloo ndlela iphelisa amashumi eminyaka yokubekelwa bucala kwenyukliya kunye nokukhanyela ubuchwephesha” (India Today, Matshi 6, 2006)
Kwesi sivumelwano, uBush uzibophelele ekubeni uza kusebenzela ukuphumeza intsebenziswano epheleleyo yamandla enyukliya kunye ne-Indiya, kwaye uya kusebenza namahlakani ukulungelelanisa iirhulumente zamazwe ngamazwe ukuba zingene kurhwebo lwenyukliya kunye ne-Indiya kwaye zibonelele nge-nuclear fuel. I-Indiya inee-reactors zamandla enyukliya ezili-15 ezivelisa amandla angama-3360 MW. Ezintandathu kwezi zixhobo zombane sele zibekwe phantsi kokhuseleko lwe-IAEA, ii-reactors ezilithoba ezongezelelweyo ziya kubekwa phantsi kokhuseleko ngonaphakade.
I-Indiya ayisayi kwamkela izikhuselo kwi-Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor kunye neFast Breeder Test Reactor, zombini eziseKalpakkam. I-65% yee-reactors zase-Indiya ziya kuba phantsi koqwalaselo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngowama-2014.
ICirus kunye neDhruva zizixhobo ezimbini ezaziwayo zasemkhosini ezivelisa izixhobo zeplutonium. Phantsi kwesivumelwano, i-Indiya iya kuvala i-Cirus reactor ngokusisigxina ngo-2010. I-Indiya inesitokhwe esinokwenza iibhombu zeathom ezingama-250. I-Indiya ine-uranium eyaneleyo yokutshisa izityalo zenyukliya ukuvelisa amandla e-10000 MW. UMnu. Manmohan Singh, iNkulumbuso yase-Indiya ubhengeze ukuba angathanda ukubona icandelo lamandla enyukliya livelisa i-40000 MW kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi.
Ukwenziwa kweNyukliya yamandla aseIndiya kukwenziwa kwenyukliya kwiinketho zomkhosi waseIndiya. Isicwangciso sokwahlula enyanisweni kukuqaphela oku.
Amandla enyukliya anikezelwa “njengamandla acocekileyo”, kuba awavelisi kukhutshwa kweCO2. Ungcoliseko olubangelwa yinkunkuma yenyukliya aluhoywa, kwaye isibakala sokuba amandla enyukliya anesakhono sokudala imfazwe yenyukliya nayo ayihoywa ngokufanelekileyo. ISivumelwano sase-India sase-US sicebisa ukuba ubusika benyukliya bungcono kunokufudumala kwehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, kumandla azinzileyo, sifuna ezinye iindlela kuzo zombini, kwaye ezi ziya kuvela kumandla avuselelekayo.
Ukujonga uzinzo lokwenyani
Ukufezekisa uzinzo lokwenene, iinkqubo zamandla kufuneka zifakwe kuluntu kunye ne-ecosystems. Zinokugqalwa njengezizinzileyo ngokwentlalo ukuba azivaleli kwaye zirhwaphilize indawo yendalo ehluphekayo kwaye zikhokelela kubulungisa obungcono bamandla.
Zinokubonwa njengezizinzileyo ngokweekholoji ukuba ziququzelela utshintsho kuqoqosho olunempembelelo ephantsi, kwaye zingavezi mngcipheko wongcoliseko lomoya okanye ungcoliseko lwenyukliya.
Olu khetho kufuneka lwenziwe ngabantu, kwaye akufuneki ukuba luqhutywe yimizi-mveliso, eqhuba iinkqubo zelizwe eliphakathi, kwaye isebenzisa ingxaki yokutshintsha kwemozulu eye yadala ukudala ingxaki entsha yongcoliseko lwenyukliya, inkunkuma yenyukliya, iimfazwe zenyukliya okanye ingxaki entsha. yokutshabalalisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo ukudala amasimi okulima kwimizi-mveliso enye ukwenzela i-biofuels endaweni yamafutha efosili.
Idemokhrasi yendalo kufuneka ibe ngumxholo wokhetho lwamandla oluzinzileyo.