Ukhetho oluqhubekayo lonyana kunye nesenzo esixhaphakileyo sokuqhomfa okukhetha ngokwesondo kwabasetyhini abangekazalwa eIndiya naseTshayina kukhokelela kumlinganiselo othe kratya wesondo kwabo bantu. Ngokuqinisekileyo le yingxaki enzima kakhulu eneziphumo ezininzi ezingalunganga, ngakumbi kubasetyhini kunye namantombazana. Kodwa ngaba isisongelo kunqabiseko lwelizwe nolwehlabathi?
Oku koko uValerie M. Hudson noAndrea M den Boer baxoxa ngako kwincwadi yabo ethi Bare Branches: The Security Implications of Asiaโs Surplus Male Population. Kutshanje ikhutshwe kwi-paperback ye-MIT press, le ncwadi isasazeke ngokubanzi kwi-academic and policy circles kunye neengxoxo zayo ziye zatsala ingqalelo ye-media pundits kunye ne-CIA. "Imicimbi yabasetyhini, ixesha elide ingahoywayo kwizifundo zokhuseleko, inokuba yinto ephambili kugxininiso lwabaphengululi bezokhuseleko kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye," ababhali babhala. Kodwa ngokuchanekileyo baya kuba yinto ekugxilwe kuyo? Ukuba i-Bare Branches nayiphi na isalathisi, kukho isizathu sokukhathazeka. Le ncwadi ayiqinisekisi kuphela iinkolelo zesini eziyingxaki, kodwa isekela uninzi lohlalutyo lwayo kwiinkcazo zentlalo yomahluko. Oku ke kunceda ekuveliseni ukungalingani okubanzi kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho kunye ne-pathologize imfuduko kunye nokuchasana kwezopolitiko.
Eyona thesis yale ncwadi yeyokuba intsalela enkulu yamadoda amadala angatshatanga phakathi kwabantu ibeka isoyikiso kukhuseleko. La 'amasebe angenanto', ibinzana lesiShayina lamadoda aswele iqabane kunye nenzala, kunokwenzeka ukuba ahlupheke, ahambe, angafundanga kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, athambekele kulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nobundlobongela obuhlangeneyo. Ukuze babalawule, oorhulumente baye baba negunya elikhulayo kwaye ngelixa becinezela ubundlobongela ekhaya, bathumele ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa ikholoni okanye imfazwe (imeko yaseChina). Amazwe anobuzwe obungafaniyo njengeIndiya athanda ukufumana ukruthakruthwano olujoliswe kumaqela amancinane. Ngamanye amazwi, amasebe angenanto, ngaphezu kweendlela zokulungelelanisa ze-fascistic zeLungelo lamaHindu, zisemva kobundlobongela obuchasene namaSilamsi eIndiya. Ukuze basenokubonakala bezimisele gqitha, ababhali benza lo mzekeliso: โUbukho nje bamasebe omileyo, angenanto abubangela umlilo, kodwa xa iintlantsi ziqalisa ukubhabha, loo masebe asenokuvutha, ajike iintlantsi zibe ngamadangatye.โ
I-Bare Branches lutshintsho olutsha kumxholo omdala 'we-youth bulge,' enye 'idemografi njengesiphelo' ithiyori yokhuseleko lwesizwe eyaye yaduma kwi-US yokhuselo kunye nezangqa zobuntlola phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980 kwaye isasetyenziswa ngokubanzi namhlanje ukuchaza impixano enobundlobongela. kuMbindi Mpuma naseAfrika. Ukuba ngaphezu kwama-20 ekhulwini kubemi belizwe kubunjwe abantu abaselula, le โntlupheko yolutshaโ kucingelwa ukuba iyenza ibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kukungazinzi kwezobupolitika. Abafana abancinci abangaphangeliyo bolutsha, ngakumbi, bagayelwa lula kwizinto zabanqolobi. Ngokuka-Anne Hendrixson, isethi yamawele emifanekiso ixhasa ithiyori yolutsha kwisithuba se-9/11: imifanekiso yamadoda aselula anomsindo njengabanqolobi kunye nabasetyhini abagqunywe ngesigqubuthelo njengamaxhoba olawulo lwengcinezelo. "Isoyikiso esiphindwe kabini - sobundlobongela obuqhumayo kunye nokuqhambuka kokuzala - sibonelela ngesizathu esicacileyo sobuhlanga kunye nesini sokungenelela emkhosini wase-US kunye namanyathelo akhuthazwayo olawulo lwabemi e-US kwamanye amazwe." (Bona u-Anne Hendrixson, โAbafana Abanomsindo, Abafazana abaZigqubutheleyo: Ukwakha Isayikiso saBemi esitsha,โ iNdlu yeKona, kaDisemba 2004, http://www.thecornernhouse.org.uk.)
Amasebe aBare ahamba ngakumbi kunethiyori ye-bulge yolutsha ekwamkeleni iingcamango ze-sociobiological malunga namadoda. Ukuziphatha kwamadoda okuzala komntu kubonakaliswa njengekhonkco kwikhonkco lendaleko elibandakanya kungekuphela nje iinkawu kodwa iintaka zengoma. Amanqanaba e-Testosterone 'T' axelela konke. Ngenxa yokuba amanqanaba e-T ebonakala esezantsi kumadoda atshatileyo kunamasebe angenanto, โokukhona lisiba likhulu inani lamadoda angakwaziyo ukutshata, kokukhona lisiba likhulu ukujikeleza kwawo iT, nomlinganiselo omkhulu wogonyamelo nokungahlali nabantu.โ (Okwenza umdla kukuba, ababhali bayakuphepha ukuthetha ngobundlobongela emtshatweni). Ababhali bakwavakalisa ngokuzithemba ukuba amadoda akwimo ephantsi enza ubundlobongela obungaphezulu kunabo bakwizinga eliphezulu. (Kuthekani ngoBush, uCheney, uRumsfeld, okanye ngaloo nto, u-Osama bin Laden, isekela lentsapho etyebileyo yaseSaudi?) Ukuxhasa le ngxelo, bacaphula uphononongo apho amadoda angaphangeliyo ayenawona manqanaba aphezulu e-T phakathi kwamadoda ahlelwa ngokomsebenzi. .
Bakwasebenzisa umsebenzi wabaphandi beYunivesithi yaseYork uChristian Mesquida noNeil Wiener abathi โugonyamelo olumanyeneyoโ lwamakhwenkwe aselula luphawu olunenzuzo oluzuzwe njengelifa kuba yindlela amadoda afumana ngayo izixhobo ezaneleyo zokutsala iqabane. Kulandela ke ukuba okukhona abafana bebaninzi kuluntu oluthile, kokukhona kukho ungquzulwano kunye nemfazwe. Iithiyori zikaMesquida kunye neWiener nazo zithathwe ngokungathรญ sina luluntu lokhuseleko. Kungcelele lweentetho ngo-2001 kwiZiko laseWoodrow Wilson eliseWashington, D.C., uWiener waxelela abaphulaphuli ukuba imfazwe โyinto engokwemvelo, evisisana nendalo yomntu nenxalenye yendalo yomntu.โ Ibonisa imifanekiso yabavukeli abavela kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo, iMesquida yagxininisa ukufana kwabo njengabafana. "Sibona amaSomalia xa, enyanisweni, kufanelekile ukuba sibone abafana." (Jonga iZiko le-Woodrow Wilson, iNgxelo yeProjekthi yoTshintsho lweNdalo kunye noKhuseleko, No. 7, 2001).
Ukumiselwa kwebhayoloji kolu hlobo komeleza iinkcazelo zesini ezingqongqo, hayi emadodeni kuphela kodwa kubafazi abathi ngokwahlukileyo babe buthathaka, besenza isini. Iqinisa i-heterosexism nayo. Kodwa ikwadlala indima echubekileyo yeengcinga ekudalweni nasekuqiqeni iiyantlukwano zodidi kunye nobukhulu be-neoliberal. U-Hudson kunye no-den Boer babonisa amakhadi abo ezopolitiko xa bethetha malunga nendlela ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kunokunciphisa inzondo yamadoda amancinci ahluphekileyo kwaye ngoko ke ubundlobongela be-intrasocietal. Ngelishwa, nangona kunjalo, bathi, "olu khetho alunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo kuqoqosho lwentengiso yasimahla." Kwaye hleze sizive sibi ngaloo nto, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba nokuba imivuzo ibinokulingana, amadoda aseleyo ebengazukwazi ukufumana amaqabane. A la IBhanki yeHlabathi, baxoxisana ngeenetha ezimbalwa zokhuseleko ekujoliswe kuzo.
Ngokwenene, umxholo obalulekileyo wale ncwadi kukoyika ukuxhathisa okudumileyo kokungabikho kokusesikweni kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Abafuduki, abafumana i-pathologize kuyo yonke le ncwadi 'njengabadlulayo', bayoyika ngakumbi. Ukongeza kumanqanaba aphezulu e-T kunye nemikhwa ephantsi yokuphila, 'abadlulayo' e-China, umzekelo, baye banesibindi sokubandakanya ugwayimbo kunye nolunye uqhanqalazo ngenxa yezikhalazo zabasebenzi. Olu hlobo lwesebe olungenanto "ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo" lusongela ulungelelwaniso lwentlalo olumiselweyo.
Kuya kuhlala kubonakala ukuba le ncwadi iya kuhlala ixesha elide kangakanani kwizangqa zokhuseleko. Nangona ilondoloza, idlala kwiminqweno yenkululeko echaphazelekayo ngeyona ngxaki yokwenyani yomlinganiselo wesondo ogqwethekileyo e-Asiya. Apho kukho ingozi. Egameni lamalungelo abantu basetyhini, inokwenza kube mnandi ngakumbi ukuqhubekeka kwengcinga kunye nokugxothwa kwabafana kumazantsi ehlabathi kunye nabaphambukeli kumantla ehlabathi. Igama nje elithi 'amasebe angenanto' lihlazola ngokunzulu, liphanga abafana abancinci kunye ne-arhente kunye nokunciphisa ukuziphatha kwabo kumsebenzi we testosterone.
Ugonyamelo lwaseburhulumenteni lusoloko luxhomekeke ekuthotyweni kobuntu ngolo hlobo. EFransi ngexesha lodushe lwakutsha nje, Umphathiswa Wezangaphakathi uNicolas Sarkozy wabiza abafana abancinci ababandakanyekayo njenge "la racaille," igama elibi kakhulu kunesibi, elibonisa ubungendawo kunye nobubi bendalo. USarkozy uthe uceba ukuba "zikhukulise"-ukuqhushumba kwesanti, ukubaqhumisa emanzini ebusweni boluntu lwaseFransi. "Ukusebenzisa eli gama kubantu abancinci kwaye baprofete njengeqhinga sisithuko somlomo kwaye, njengomgaqo-nkqubo ocetywayo nguMphathiswa wezaPhakathi, usondele kakhulu njengoko umntu angakwazi ukukhwaza 'ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga' ngaphandle kokutsho njalo, โ ubhala watsho uDoug Ireland. (โKutheni iFransi ivutha?โ NgoNovemba 6, 2005, http://direland.typepad.com). Kwangaxeshanye, eChechnya, iInternational Helsinki Federation iye yamangalela umkhosi waseRashiya ngokuqweqwedisa nokubulala abafana abaselula ngenjongo โyokucutha inani labafana.โ
E-Indiya, abaninzi abaphembeleli abaqhubela phambili balwa ngokuchasene nokukhethwa konyana kunye nokukhethwa kwesondo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula abemi ebomelezayo, ngenxa yokuba banyhasha amalungelo oluntu abasetyhini kunye namantombazana. Abasebenzisi intetho eyingozi โyamasebe angenantoโ okanye babhenele kuloyiko olububuxoki lokhuseleko lwelizwe. Imizabalazo yabo ifanelwe inkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe yaye oko kuquka ukucelโ umngeni ngokuphandle indawo yale ncwadi iphazamisayo.
U-Betsy Hartmann ungumhleli-ndawonye kunye no-Banu Subramaniam kunye noCharles Zerner wokwenza iiTreats: I-Biofears kunye ne-Environmental Anxieties (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005). Ulawula iNkqubo yoLuntu kunye noPhuhliso kwiKholeji yaseHampshire e-Amherst, MA.