UCedrico Green akakhumbuli ncam ukuba mangaphi amaxesha awabuyela emva naphambili ebutsheni. Xa ecelwa ukuba enze uqikelelo uthi, "Mhlawumbi 30." Wavavanywa yijaji yenkundla yolutsha ngenxa yokungenela umlo xa wayekwibanga lesibhozo. Emva koko, naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho olusekwe esikolweni saseGreen, ukusuka kwimizuzu embalwa emva kwexesha eklasini ukuya ekwaphuleni ikhowudi yokunxiba yesikolo ngokunxiba iikawusi ezinemibala engalunganga, kubalwa njengokwaphulwa kovavanyo lwakhe kwaye kwakhokelela ekunqunyanyisweni kwakhe kwangoko kunye nokuvalelwa eluvalelweni lwasekhaya. iziko.
Kodwa uGreen wayengeyedwa. Ityala leSebe lezoBulungisa elifakwe kwinyanga ephelileyo ngokuchasene noMeridian, uNkosazana., Apho uGreen ahlala khona kwaye kulindeleke ukuba aphumelele kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kulo nyaka uzayo, ubonisa ukuba inkqubo yobulungisa yolutsha yesixeko iqhube umbhobho wesikolo ukuya entolongweni ogxotha abafundi esikolweni. nakwinkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye yophula amalungelo enkqubo yabantu abatsha endleleni.
KwiMeridian, xa izikolo zifuna ukuqeqesha abantwana, zenza okungakumbi kunokubathumela nje kwiofisi yenqununu. Bafowunela amapolisa, athi abonise ukubamba abantwana abaneminyaka eli-10 ubudala. Ukubamba, iSebe lezoBulungisa lithi, kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ipolisa liyazi kakuhle ukuba luhlobo luni lolwaphulo-mthetho olwenzileyo umntwana okanye ukuba elo tyala lifanele ukubanjwa. Umgaqo-nkqubo wesebe lamapolisa kukubamba bonke abantwana abathunyelwe kwi-arhente.
Xa abo bantwana bekwinkqubo yobulungisa yolutsha, baye bavinjwe amalungelo asisiseko omgaqo-siseko. Babotshwa izandla kwaye bavalelwe iintsuku ngaphandle kokuviwa kwaye emva koko bagcinwe ngaphandle kokuqonda izityholo zabo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
"[D]ababanjwa babandakanyeka kwipatheni okanye isenzo sokuziphatha ngokungekho mthethweni abathi ngokuthe rhoqo nangendlela ecwangcisiweyo babambe kwaye bavalele abantwana, kubandakanywa nolwaphulo-mthetho olungephi lwesikolo, ngaphandle kweyona ndlela isisiseko yokukhusela, kunye nokunyhashwa kwala malungelo abantwana omgaqo-siseko," Isikhalazo seDOJ esinamaphepha angama-37 siyafundeka. Iminyaka kaMeridian yokuphathwa gadalala kwenkqubo yohlwaya ulutsha “ngokungathandabuzekiyo nangokuqatha kangangokuba lothuse isazela,” sifunda eso sikhalazo.
Isimangalo somdibaniso senza umnatha obanzi ekumangaleleni iinkqubo ezisebenze ukukhanyela abantwana baseMeridian amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko. Ibiza njengabamangalelwa ilizwe laseMississippi; isixeko saseMeridiyan; I-Lauderdale County, eqhuba iNkundla yoLutsha yeNqila yaseLauderdale; kunye neNkundla yoLutsha yoMtyholwa yeeJaji uFrank Coleman kunye noVeldore Young ngenxa yokunyhasha amalungelo abafundi beMeridian phezulu naphantsi kwekhonkco.
Isikhalazo se-DOJ sikwatyhola ngelithi ngexesha lophando lwaso lweenyanga ezisibhozo isixeko sithintele uphando ngokwala ukunikezela ngeerekhodi zenkundla yolutsha. Amagqwetha amagosa esixeko khanyela ukuba ibango, kwaye bathi ubotshelelwe ngumthetho ukukhusela imfihlo yolutsha abaye ngokusebenzisa inkqubo kwaye ke abanako ukwabelana iirekhodi zabo kunye norhulumente federal.
'Ijaji, iGqwetha kunye noMgwebi'
Isimangalo se-DOJ, ngaphandle kokutyhilwa kwebhombu kwilizwe lonke, sele kulithuba elide lisiza. Amaqela afana ne-Southern Poverty Law Centre kunye ne-NAACP baye banenkxalabo malunga ne-Meridian iminyaka.
Uphando lweSPLC kwiMeridian lwaqala ngo-2008, xa amagqwetha aqalisa ukuva iingxelo “zokuphathwa gadalala okumanyumnyezi” kolutsha olugcinwe kumaziko ogcino lwabantwana, utshilo uJody Owens, igqwetha elilawulayo leSPLC yobulungisa bolutsha eMississippi. Abameli bafunde ukuba i-67 pesenti yolutsha olukwiindawo zokuvalelwa bafika apho bevela kwinkqubo yesikolo saseMeridian, utshilo u-Owens. Phakathi kwesikolo nokuvalelwa, abafundi babengavunyelwa ukuba bafumane iingcebiso kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, kwaye abaninzi abazange baziswe ngento ababebanjelwe yona. “Abalawuli ibiyijaji, ijaji kunye nomgwebi,” utshilo uOwens.
Lo mkhuba ubonakale ujolise nakubafundi abamnyama. I-Meridian, isixeko esinabantu abangama-40,000, ngama-61 ekhulwini ase-Afrika-Amerika. Kodwa kwithuba leminyaka emihlanu, uOwens wathi, “Akuzange nakanye umntwana omhlophe agxothwe okanye anqunyanyiswe ngenxa yesenzo esibi esiye sanqunyanyiswa abantwana bebala.”
Phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho olwabangela ukuba uGreen, ontsundu, avalelwe eluvalelweni lwabaselula yayikukuphendulana nomfundisi-ntsapho, enxibe iikawusi ezinde nokuza esikolweni enganxibanga bhanti. Wayesemva kwezitshixo ixesha elide kangangeeveki ezimbini, kwaye eyona nto wayeyihlikihla, umama wakhe uGloria wathi, iimpelaveki azibalwa njengeentsuku ezisetyenziswayo. Ukunqunyanyiswa kweentsuku ezili-10 kwanwenwela kwiintsuku eziyi-14; ixesha lamagosa ezobulungisa kulutsha lwe-Meridian kubonakala ukuba laliyeka ngeempelaveki. Konke oko emva naphambili ngaphandle kwesikolo kunye nolutsha kwathatha umngcipheko wokwenene kwimfundo kaGreen, kwaye wabanjwa emva kwibanga lesibhozo.
“Yayimangalisa ingqondo,” utshilo uGloria Green. “Unyana wam wayesithanda isikolo yaye wagxothwa njengoko wayenjalo, ngomnye unyaka akazange akwazi ukuphumelela.”
“Senze yonke into esiyaziyo. Ndiye ndaya eskolweni ndafumana umsebenzi wokuzihombisa, wabe yena engatyiswanga izifundo ezibini kwaye ngelo xesha ndandingazi ukuba umntwana wam uza kuhamba kweliphi icala.”
“Sithetha ngomgaqo wesikolo ukuya entolongweni kwaye isoloko iyinto engaqondakaliyo,” utshilo uShakti Belway, igqwetha elisebenza ngokusondeleyo neentsapho kwityala leMeridian leZiko loMthetho leNtlupheko yaseMzantsi. "Kodwa nantsi isenzeka ngokwenyani ngeentlawulo ezihlekisayo, ezincinci." Ewe, abantwana abancinci njengabafundi besikolo samabanga aphantsi baye bathathwa ngqo esikolweni kwaye banyanzelwa ukuba basebenze ukumiswa kwesikolo ngaphakathi kwesisele sentolongo. Kwisikhalazo sayo, i-DOJ yatyhola isebe lamapolisa esixekweni ngokusebenza “inkonzo yeteksi” evalela abafundi kude nesikolo baye kwiintolongo zolutsha.
Ukufunda Ngelixa uNtsundu
Kodwa iMeridian ayinayo imonopoly kolu hlobo lokungekho sikweni. Ngayo yonke indlela umntu anokujongeka ngayo—ukususela kumabanga aphantsi ukuya kumabanga aphakamileyo, kwinqanaba lesizwe ukuya kutsho kweyona ndawo—abafundi abantsundu kusenokwenzeka ukuba bohlwaywe yaye bohlwaywe ngokuqatha kunabo bonke abanye abafundi.
Uphononongo luka-2010 olwenziwa nguRussell Skiba, unjingalwazi womgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo kwiYunivesithi yase-Indiana, ujonge amashumi amane eminyaka yedatha evela kwi-9,000 yesizwe se-16,000 yezikolo eziphakathi. Kwafumaniseka ukuba abafana abantsundu banamathuba aphindwe kathathu okunqunyanyiswa kunamakhwenkwe amhlophe yaye amantombazana amnyama anamathuba aphindwe kane okunqunyanyiswa kunamantombazana amhlophe. Ngumbandela onzulu, osoloko ukho.
Ityala likarhulumente wobumbano liphakamisa imibuzo ekhathazayo malunga nokungalungelelani kobuhlanga okuveliswa yimigaqo-nkqubo yoluleko ezikolweni ngokubanzi. Imigaqo-nkqubo yokunganyamezeli nto, ethomalalisa ukophulwa kwemithetho yesikolo enezohlwayo ezizenzekelayo, eziqatha, zizinto ezisisinyanzelo-zimimum zehlabathi lokuziphatha esikolweni. Kodwa nokuba kuyintoni na okulungileyo kunye neziphene zabo, utshilo uSkiba, akufuneki bavelise iziphumo ezingafaniyo ngokobuhlanga. “Ndicinga ukuba le nto ithethwa sesi sityholo yile: Nokuba wenza ntoni na kwisikolo sesikolo, kutheni bekuya kubakho iyantlukwano yobuhlanga nobuzwe? Ukuba siza kukhetha ukunqunyanyiswa kunye nokugxothwa kunye nokubakho kwamapolisa, kutheni abafundi bebala bemelwe kakhulu kuloo nto? "
Uphando lubonisa ukuba injongo yemigaqo-nkqubo yokunganyamezeli nto kukutyhafisa ukuziphatha kakubi kunye nokukhuthaza iindawo zokufunda ezilungileyo, abawenzi umsebenzi. Uphononongo olutshayelayo luka-2006 (PDF) oluqhutywa yi-American Psychological Association lufumanise ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yokunganyamezeli nto ayenzi izikolo zikhuseleke, kwaye eneneni zinokusebenza ukutyhalela kude abafundi esikolweni. Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, injongo kukutyhala abafundi bebala baphume esikolweni, kude nekamva labo lemfundo kwaye baye kwinkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho, kukwakho nothotho lobungqina obucebisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yokunganyamezeli nto zizixhobo ezisebenzayo.
KuGloria Green, isimangalo yimpendulo kwimithandazo awayeyiphindaphinda ngokuphindaphindiweyo xa unyana wakhe wayebuyela entolongweni. “Kwakundithoba isidima kuba ndandisithi, ‘Unyana wam akalozaphuli-mthetho. Kutheni evalelwe?' “
“Ndandisoloko ndisithi, ‘Dang, akwaba bekukho umntu onokundinceda,’ kuba ndandingazi ukuba ndingenza ntoni yaye ndandisoyika ukuba xa ndisiya esikolweni sakhe ndaza ndazimisela, kuya kwenza izinto. kunzima kumntwana wam." Ulixhasa ngokupheleleyo inyathelo lomthetho ngoku, kodwa hayi nje kuba efuna u-Cedrico afumane ubulungisa. “Ndiyavuya kuba ndinomntwana oneminyaka eli-13 ubudala oza kwiZikolo zikaRhulumente zaseMeridian ngokunjalo.”