Kwakhona, amajelo eendaba ase-US abonise ukuba akuphelelanga nje ekubeni ngumsebenzi wobuqhophololo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. U-Enron uyawa kwaye ngoku amajelo asixelela ukuba konke malunga neRaptors kunye ne-connivance ka-Arthur Andersen (okanye akunjalo ngoku i-Accenture?).
Ngokuqinisekileyo imidlalo yezemali edlalwa yiBhodi kunye noLawulo ibonelela ngentshukumo edibeneyo yokuwa kwe-Enron, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo i-nexus yezopolitiko, i-United States yase-Enron njengoko u-Bob Herbert wayibeka kakuhle kwi-New York Times, yenza ukuba u-Enron asebenze. ukucudisa ukungakhathali kwezemali kuninzi ngaphakathi kwileta yomthetho, ngakumbi xa kujongwe ukuba imithetho ivule iindawo ezininzi zeeakhawunti kukhangelo olungalawulwayo lweedola.
Okunye koku kufuneka kubekwe ezinyaweni zeGramm, kuba uWendy Gramm wazibandakanya neBhodi ye-Enron ngo-1993 kanye emva kokuba eyishiyile iKomishoni yokuRhweba iCommodity Futures; le Komishoni, kwiintsuku emva kokurhoxa kukaGramm, yacima ikamva lamandla, ngaloo ndlela ivumela u-Enron ukuba afumane i-10% yeenzuzo zayo ngeentengiso kwiimarike zemali. Owona msebenzi ukruqulayo waba ngumda apho kwakunokufunyanwa khona ingeniso enkulu. Konke oku ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo.
Kodwa kuninzi ngakumbi kwibali kwinqanaba lehlabathi.
I-Enron, irhamncwa, yayingeyonto intsha kumalinge ayo asekhaya kuphela, kodwa kwiinkqubo zayo zamazwe ngamazwe yayifana ngokubanzi nenkampani yokuqala edibeneyo yesitokhwe kwimbali yehlabathi, i-English East Indian Company (eyasekwa ngo-1600). I-EIC yangena eIndiya, ixhaswa ngabachaphazelekayo, kwaye ngelixa abaphathi bayo (ababebizwa ngokuba yiNabobs ngoko) benza ubutyebi obukhulu (kwaye bazithengela ePalamente, ngoko u-Edmund Burke wamtyhola uNabob owaziwayo, uWarren Hastings), abatyali-mali beza nembuyekezo efanelekileyo.
Iimeko ezinzima zolawulo ziqinisekisa iingeniso ze-EIC, kuba nakuphi na ukuchasa okanye nayiphi na inzame yokuthintela ukungena ngenkani kweemfuno ze-EIC (ezifana ne-opium okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwamagcisa aseBangal) kwahlangatyezwana nobundlobongela obuqatha. Akukho mfundi wembali yaseIndiya onokuze alibale ukuba i-EIC ithathe inxaxheba ekugxothweni kwabaluki base-Bengal, umxholo wombongo omnandi ka-Agha Shahid Ali ongasekhoyo (kwivolumu yakhe ethi The Half-Inch Himalayas).
Xa le nkampani yawa ngenxa yemvukelo yabantu base-subcontinental ngo-1857, i-Crown (ngeli xesha entloko ka-Victoria) yangena kwaye yakhupha isithembiso. Nanini na i-EIC idinga uncedo lukarhulumente, i-Crown yayikwazi kwaye ikulungele ukunikezela ngeenkonzo zayo, apha kanye njengokuba i-Crown yadibana nePalamente ukutyumza umbutho we-Chartist wedemokhrasi ngaphakathi eNgilani ngo-1840s.
Ibali lika-Enron liphantse lifane, kwaye kunokuba uWarren Hastings umlinganiswa oyintloko akanguye omnye ngaphandle kukaFrank Wisner, Omnci. Ndabhala ngoMnu. ilizwe ukujoyina ibhodi Enron.
Xa ndisithi "iindaba ziqhawuke," ndithetha ukuba ndiyifunda kwiWall Street Journal nakwiwebhusayithi ye-Enron - uninzi lwehlabathi lubonakala lungakhathali ukuba aba bantu, uWisner noLay, uBush noClinton, bahlala kwelo lizwekazi likude le-sleaze. mna nawe esinombono nje odlulayo. Kumajelo eendaba e-US, ucango olujikelezayo luthathwa lula.
UFrank Wisner, Omnci. wayeyintlanzi enkulu ye-Enron Corporation. Umnombo wakhe awunasiphako, kuba utata wakhe, uFrank Wisner Sr., wayeligosa eliphezulu leCIA (ukususela ngo-1947 de wade wazibulala ngo-1965) owayebandakanyeka ekubhukuqweni kuka-Arbenz waseGuatemala (1954) kunye neMossadeq yase-Iran (1953).
U-Wisner Jr. wayesaziwa kakhulu kwi-CIA kwaye wasebenza njengoNobhala wezoKhuseleko kuMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noNobhala kaRhulumente weMicimbi yoKhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe; UKenneth Lay, ngengozi, wayesebenzela iPentagon ngexesha lemfazwe yase-US eVietnam. Ngo "economic espionage" njengomsebenzi weCIA kwiminyaka yoo-1990 (ngaba sele siwalibele loo mabali?), Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba uWisner wasebenzisa esi sixhobo ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe njengoMmeli kwiintlanga zaseAsia.
Umsebenzi waseWisner uxelele iiNkonzo ze-Inter Press ngo-1997, "Ukuba nabani na ucele iCIA ukuba incede ukukhuthaza ishishini laseMelika eIndiya, mhlawumbi nguFrank."
Xa uWisner wayengunozakuzaku wase-US kwiiPhilippines (1991-92), u-Enron wayephakathi kweengxoxo zokulawula amaziko ombane amabini ase-Subic Bay. Xa uWisner eshiya iManila ngoJulayi 1992, u-Enron waphumelela isivumelwano kwaye waqala ukulawula isityalo ngoJanuwari 1993. Ngexesha le-Wisner ehlala e-Indiya, walwa ixesha elide kwaye wazama ukufumana izivumelwano ezahlukeneyo ze-Enron. Uye wade wancama ingqungquthela ye- "India Power '96 - Beyond Dabhol", nangona bekucwangciselwe ukunika idilesi (oku bekuyinxalenye yengcebiso yase-US kwiinkampani ukuba ziphephe i-India kangangeenyanga ezintandathu, iqhinga loxinzelelo eIndiya ngexesha. ebusika 1995-96).
UWisner wemka eIndiya ekuqaleni kuka-1997 kuphela emva kokuba kwakubonakala ngathi indawo ka-Enron ikhuselekile, oko kukuthi, emva kwesivumelwano sika-Agasti 1996 phakathi kwe-Enron kunye noRhulumente waseMaharashtra owavumela u-Enron isixa-mali esiqinisekisiweyo se-30 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, kunye nenzuzo enkulu ekwinqanaba le-12 yeedola. Ibhiliyoni ukuya kwi-14 leebhiliyoni zeedola, okanye kabini oko kuvunyelwe ngumthetho waseIndiya kwicandelo lamandla.
Xa abameli babantu bazama ukubhena oku ezinkundleni, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseIndiya, ngoMeyi 1997, yala ukusiphulaphula eso sibheno: emva koko uWisner wabuyela eUnited States, umsebenzi wakhe wawugqityiwe, waza wangenela iBhodi ye-Enron ngowama-27 Oktobha 1997.
Kodwa kukho okungakumbi ukusuka kwinqanaba lehlabathi, kwaye konke oku sisishwankathelo esifutshane: Ukufumana ukufikelela kwikhontrakthi enenzuzo yokwakha ngokutsha isityalo samandla saseShuaiba eKuwait, u-Enron waqesha owayesakuba nguNobhala we-US uJames Baker njengomcebisi oye waya ubukumkani be-oyile ukuze axoxisane nabalingane bakhe beMfazwe yaseGulf kumqeshi wakhe omtsha.
Oonyana bakaGeorge H. Bush nabo bancedisa u-Enron ukuba aphumelele le nkontileka nangona ibhidi ephantsi evela kwi-Deutsche Babcock, inkampani yaseJamani. Ukongeza, abazalwana bakaBush bamncedisa uEnron kwisivumelwano sabo sokuphumelela isivumelwano sokwakha umbhobho osuka eChile usiya eArgentina ngowe-1988. Phezu kwabo bonke obu bungqina, uRebecca Mark, uSihlalo we-Enron Development Corporation, waxelela iphephandaba laseIndiya ngowe-1997, โUdumo lukaEnron. uyahlaselwa, kwaye asenzeli ishishini phantsi kwetafile.โ
Umntu kufuneka afunde ingxelo entle ye-Human Rights Watch yowe-1999 I-Enron Corporation: ukuNxibelelana koShishino ekunyhashweni kwamaLungelo oLuntu ukuze aqonde ukuba uMark uthetha ngentengiso yezabelo hayi ngenyaniso.
I-Global Enron yazuza kakhulu kwimisipha yezopolitiko, intlawulo yokudlala umgaqo-nkqubo, karhulumente wase-US. Ukuba ngaba abahlobo bayo abakhange beze ukuyinceda kwindawo yasekhaya ngasekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, abaninzi babaleka inqanawa ezikayo beqonda ukuba yayingabakhi bayo abangalunganga.
Kodwa u-Enron usebhankini kumahlakani akhe ukuze akhuphe ibheyile kwi-dribs kunye ne-drabs: umzekelo, nge-17 kaJanuwari, u-Enron wafaka ibango le-200 yezigidi zeedola kurhulumente wase-US kwi-Overseas Private Investment Corporation ukubuyisela ilahleko yakhe kwisityalo saseDabhol. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikwenzile oko nakwamanye amalinge ehlabathi, enye ibheyile efihlakeleyo yehlabathi esiya kuyifumana kuphela emva kokuba iMutiny imisiwe.