Eyona nto ibangele le mpendulo yayiyingxelo kaJudt yokuba ii-liberals "zivumelene nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle oyingozi kaMongameli Bush," athi u-AG akanangqondo njengebango elifanelekileyo lokuba iinkululeko "zii-stooges zika-Osama bin Laden." Ngokuchaseneyo noJudt, ibango lika-AG, "uninzi" lweenkululeko "luye lwahlala ekhosini…[kwaye] ngokungaguqukiyo kwaye beyikhaba esidlangalaleni imigaqo-nkqubo eyonakalisayo yolawulo lukaBush," ebambelela ngokuqinileyo "kwimigaqo yenkululeko" uBush uye wayigatya. Eli nqaku lifutshane liphonononga elo bango.
Kukho nombuzo wefomu kunye nokuqina kokuchaswa kwemfazwe. Abakhululi benkululeko abambalwa, kubandakanya u-Todd Gitlin, bazikhwebula kuqhanqalazo oluchasene nemfazwe olwaqhubeka phambi kwemfazwe ngenxa yobunkokeli babo obungafanelekanga (IMPENDULO), kwaye bachitha ixesha elininzi, kwaye bafumana iindaba ezibalaseleyo kwimithombo yeendaba. izigxeko zoqhanqalazo. Kwinqaku elithi "I-Liberal Quandry Over Iraq," kwiNew York Times Magazine kaDisemba 8, 2002, uGeorge Packer wagxininisa "uxanduva olunzima" loqhanqalazo oluqhubekayo lwemfazwe "oluya kuqinisekisa ukungabi namandla kwalo." Ilawulwa "yeyona ndawo ikude ye-American Left," abantu abavakalelwa kukuba bafanele bachaze indlela "yokugcina lo mbulali omkhulu [uPacker uthetha uSaddam, kungekhona uBush] kunye nezixhobo zakhe .." UPacker uqukumbela ngelithi "Lo ayisiyontshukumo eyakhayo yenkululeko yokulwa imfazwe." Udliwano-ndlebe naye olukhululekileyo nabo babekwingxaki kwaye bavumelana noPacker ngemeko elusizi yenkcaso elungelelanisiweyo yemfazwe. Ngamafutshane, inkcaso yabo emfazweni yalalanisa.
Okwesibini, ngokubhekiselele kuMbindi Mpuma, i-AG ichaza ukuba "Sikholelwa ukuba ilizwe lakwaSirayeli linelungelo elisisiseko lokuba khona, ngaphandle kohlaselo lomkhosi, ngaphakathi kwemida ekhuselekileyo ekufutshane naleyo ye-1967," kwaye urhulumente wase-US unoxanduva olukhethekileyo. ukufumana uxolo. "Ilungelo elisisiseko lokubakho" njengelizwe lamaYuda elinemithetho yobuhlanga, okanye ukukhululeka kubundlobongela? UTony Judt utyholwa ngokuxhasa abachasi bakwaSirayeli "ilungelo lokuba khona" ekubuzeni kwakhe isiseko sobuhlanga kuluntu lwakwaSirayeli kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa ngendlela engaqondakaliyo kolu lwimi ngu-AG uyondla koku kugxekwa kukaJudt ngabakhuseli bemigaqo yobuhlanga. Ingcamango yokuba uSirayeli ujongene nayo nayiphi na isoyikiso kubukho bakhe ngenye indlela ayinyanzelisi, nangona izoyikiso zelizwe lakwa-Israel elinomkhosi kubukho belizwe lasePalestina kunye nobukho belizwe elibuthathaka njengeLebhanon liyinyani.
Qaphela kwakhona ukuba u-AG ugxeka kuphela imigaqo-nkqubo kaBush ebhekiselele kwa-Israyeli kunye nePalestina, kungekhona eyakwaClinton kunye nolawulo lwangaphambili lwase-US, oluye lwaxhasa ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga bakwa-Israel, kwaye ngenkxaso yabo engapheliyo yasemkhosini kunye ne-diplomatic ka-Israel baye basebenzisana. uxanduva lokungaphumeleli kwamashumi-minyaka emininzi ukuphumeza imvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe kwisisombululo. Ngaphandle kolu ngquzulwano, u-AG uthi iUnited States "inoxanduva olukhethekileyo ekuphumezeni uxolo oluhlala luhleli kuMbindi Mpuma." Ngaba iyahambelana nemigaqo yenkululeko ukwenza ngathi i-United States ayiyonxalenye yengxaki, kunye nokuphepha ukukhankanywa ngokucacileyo kwinto yokuba isisombululo siya kufuna ukuguquka kwi-US yokucinga engenzi, njengoko le nkcazo yenkululeko isenza, igxininise kuqala Iminqweno yakwaSirayeli, kwaye ikulungele ukujongana neqela elinomdla ekubumba umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US?
Imbono ye-AG yokuba iimfazwe zaseBosnia, eKosovo nase-Afghanistan "yayiyindlela yokugqibela" ixhomekeke ekungaqondini okunzulu kwembali yamva nje. E-Bosnia, iUnited States yonakalise isivumelwano esibalulekileyo saseLisbon se-1992 esasiza kuphelisa imfazwe yaseBosnia kwangethuba, ayizange ifune nakuphi na ukuhlala eKosovo kwaye yasebenzisa iNkomfa yaseRambouillet kuphela ukuqinisa amalungiselelo emfazwe njengoko amaSerbs "ayedinga ibhombu encinane, "Kwaye uhlaselo lwayo e-Afghanistan lwaluqhutywa yimpindezelo, ingekho mthethweni, kwaye yayingenzelwanga ukubamba u-bin Laden. Ingcamango yokuba nayiphi na kwezi mfazwe zintathu "yayiyindlela yokugqibela" okanye "ukungenelela koluntu" ixhomekeke ekungazini okucacileyo kunye nentando yokukholelwa (ubungqina obunyanzelisayo, bona i-Bosnia yemfazwe ye-Bosnia Lord David Owen's Balkan Odyssey [Harcourt Brace: 1995], kunye nonjingalwazi wezomthetho waseCanada uMichael Mandel's Indlela iMelika iphuma ngayo ngokubulala [iPluto press: 2004]).
Omnye wabasayini bengxelo ye-AG, uMichael Tomasky, umhleli olawulayo we-American Prospect, uye wachaza ukuba iiDemokhrasi kufuneka zizibonakalise kukhuseleko lwelizwe ngokuxhasa ngamandla "ukunyuswa kwentando yesininzi" njengenjongo yesizwe (kwisahluko sakhe eGeorge Packer, Umlo NgoweDemokhrasi [Harper Perennial: 2003]). Kucingelwa ukuba ezandleni zeDemokhrasi akuyi kubakho "ukusetyenziswa kakubi" ekusebenziseni amandla, kwaye inkcazo ye-Albright ebonisa ukuba ukulungele ukusebenzisa amandla inokungahoywa. Oku kuya kunceda ukuthethelela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi olwakhelwe ngaphakathi, kwaye luya kubonelela ngokhuselo lwentelekelelo yobukhosi yamandla phantsi koncedo olufanelekileyo (uBush unomdla kunyuso lwedemokhrasi naye, kodwa utyekele ekusebenziseni gwenxa). Ngoko ke ulwakhiwo lwamandla lumisela umgaqo-nkqubo wongenelelo wangaphandle kwaye ingxaki yabakhululekileyo kukwakha eyabo ingqiqo eyahlukileyo yokungenelela ekucingelwa ukuba iyahambelana neenqobo zenkululeko kwaye ayiyi kuba "ngummiselo wobukumkani." (Jonga i-"George Packer kunye noMzabalazo wokuxhasa i-Imperialism," i-ZNet Commentary, kaJan. 28, 2005) (6)
Ngamafutshane, urhulumente wasebukhosini kunye nomkhosi womkhosi uya kusebenzisa amandla alo omkhosi ngokungakhathali, kwaye iziphumo zempendulo zalo mlo ungapheliyo ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kubandakanya ungenelelo kwinkululeko yasekhaya. Kodwa u-AG akakwazi ukujongana nobudlelwane obunzulu kwaye acele umngeni kumkhosi kunye nombuso wobukhosi. Baziqhelanisa nayo, kwaye kwinkqubo "imigaqo yenkululeko" iyathotywa kwaye ibekwe ecaleni, kwaye iinkululeko zisebenza njenge "idiots eziluncedo" zombuso wobukhosi.
(1) http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n18/judt01_.html
(3) http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId=12123
(5) http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/hobhouse/liberalism.pdf