Amanqaku okunika iingcebiso
Ngaphantsi kwesiphithiphithi seziganeko zangoku zezopolitiko, isilayidi kwintlekele yemozulu ye-anthropogenic iyaqhubeka. NgoMeyi wokugqibela abenzi boluvo kwintaba-mlilo yaseHawaii bafumanisa ukuba umndilili wekharbon diokside kumoya woMhlaba ufikelele kwiinxalenye ezingama-400 kwisigidi ngasinye - “inqanaba,” inika ingxelo yeWebhsayithi yeNASA, “engazange ibonwe ukusukela kwi-3 ukuya kwisi-5 minyaka yezigidi eyadlulayo, ngaphambi kokuba abantu bazulazule emhlabeni. Ukutshiswa kwabantu ngamafutha efosili kuyaqhubeka nokunyusa isixa sekhabhoni, igesi enamandla yokubamba ubushushu, kwiatmosfera yethu,” i-NASA icacisa, yongeza ngelithi “ngenxa yoko iplanethi yethu iyafudumala, kwaye ukufudumala kutyhala iinkqubo zoMhlaba kwixesha elidlulileyo. amanqaku.”
I-NASA ithi abaphandi bayo abaxhotyiswe ngesathelayithi kunye nezinye izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke babhala ukukhukuliseka kwesi sijikelezi-langa, okuveliswe ngumntu ukuya “kwiincam” ezininzi ze-arctic—utshintsho olukhawulezayo nolungenakuguquleka olukhokelela ekubeni imozulu yoMhlaba ibe kwimeko echasene nexesha elide. -ixesha lokusinda komntu. Amanqaku anokubakho encopho yemozulu adweliswe kwiWebhsayithi yeNASA abandakanya ihlobo elingenamkhenkce eArctic, ukunyibilika okungenakuphinda kunyibilike komkhenkce waseGreenland, ukunyibilika ngokukhawuleza komkhenkce eAlaska (ukhulula iivenkile ezinkulu zecarbon etyebileyo yemethane), kunye nokutshintsha kwiAtlantiki. Ukujikeleza kwe-Ocean kunye nekhemistri. I-NASA inikela le ngxelo: “Kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka, iArctic iya kube ingaziwa ngabo nabaphi na abakhe bakhe bayibona kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo. Izazinzulu sele ziyibona imiqondiso.”
Ithemba lexesha elikufutshane lehlobo elingenamkhenkce kwiArctic liyabanda kwiimpembelelo zalo kwi-ecology ephilayo. Njengoko i-NASA iphawula, “ihlobo laseArctic elingenamkhenkce liya kubangela utshintsho olukhulu kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle, okomeleza, umzekelo, ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton, edubula njengoko ukukhanya kwelanga kungena emkhenkceni. Ihlobo elingenamkhenkce likwathetha ukuba akukho mkhenkce omncinane obonisa ukukhanya kwelanga kubuyela esithubeni, oko kuthetha ukuba endaweni yoko ulwandle luwafunxa loo mandla, lufudumale ngakumbi…
Ngokuphathelele ukunyibilika kwe-tundra, kukho i-1700 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni zeemetric zekhabhoni ezifihliweyo kumntla we-Earth permafrost, "ngaphezu kwekhabhoni ephindwe kabini kwiatmosfera ngoku."[1]
Enye ingxelo yeNASA isixelela ukuba ii-eco-systems zivelisa ikharbon diokside entsha xa amaqondo obushushu enyuka-enye inkqubo ejikelezayo ekhohlakeleyo apho iimpawu zokufudumala kwehlabathi zibe ngunobangela.[2]
“Ngaphandle kokujonga ecaleni”
Okothusayo ngokwaneleyo, i-United States, i-carbon emitter ehamba phambili yehlabathi kwaye ngaloo ndlela umdali welizwe ophezulu wentlekele yemozulu enzulu, imele yodwa phakathi kwezizwe ezihambele phambili kunye neziphuhlayo zehlabathi ekwaleni ukwenza nakuphi na ukuzibophelela okubalulekileyo ekujonganeni nokufudumala kwehlabathi kwe-anthropogenic (AGW). Ukuthatha inyathelo labo kwiphulo leBig Tobacco elibulalayo lobudlelwane boluntu ngokuchasene nesiseko esifunyenweyo kwisayensi yezonyango kwikhonkco phakathi kwecuba kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga ngeminyaka yee-1950s kunye ne-1960s, iAmerican Petroleum Institute, i-American Petroleum Institute, ekhokela iinkampani zamafutha efosili kunye namanye amaphiko oshishino lwekhabhoni yeshishini (CCIC). ) kudala besenza umlo osebenzayo wokuphembelela kunye nepropaganda ngokuchasene noluvo lwemvumelwano yenzululwazi yomhlaba yokuba utshintsho lwemozulu luyinyani, luyintlekele kubomi eMhlabeni, kwaye luveliswe ngabantu. Enkosi ngokuyinxalenye kule mfazwe yobuxoki yobuxoki, i-US eneneni ibuyela umva kumbandela wemozulu. Iifemu zepetro-khemikhali zenza uhlaselo olumangalisayo, olutshabalalisayo kwimfezeko yokusingqongileyo yase-United States ngokwayo ngokusebenzisa i-hydraulic fracturing kunye nezinye iindlela ezintsha ezinetyhefu kunye nekhabhoni eninzi yokukhupha i-oyile negesi ngaphantsi komhlaba waseMntla Melika. La maqumrhu kunye namahlakani awo ezopolitiko nakurhulumente kunye nabancedisi babonakala bezimisele, njengoko uNoam Chomsky kwiForam yaKhohlo kwisiXeko saseNew York ngoJuni ophelileyo, "ukutshisa yonke ifosili yokugqibela ngaphandle kokujonga ecaleni" kwiziphumo.[3]
I-China Smokescreen ye-U.S. Culpability
Ngaphaya kokukhanyela kwenzululwazi ngobuqhetseba kunye nokususwa kwe-bunking, i-CIC kwiminyaka yakutshanje ifumene esinye isixhobo esinengcamango kumzamo wayo wokuthintela nakuphi na ukuncitshiswa okubalulekileyo kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yase-US: ukugxeka i-China kunye namanye amazwe akhula ngokukhawuleza njengeIndiya neBrazil ngotshintsho lwemozulu. "Kutheni," uthethathethwano ngemozulu yase-US bexoxa kwiindibano zemozulu yehlabathi abasoloko bezijongela phantsi (ulawulo luka-Obama ludlale indima embi kakhulu kulo mba), "ngaba i-US kunye namanye amazwe atyebileyo kufuneka anciphise ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni xa amazwe asakhulayo esonyusa awabo?" I-China, bathi, ngoku yeyona nto ibangela utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okuphindwe kabini ukusukela ngo-2001.
Esi sisikhuselo somsi esenzelwe ukugquma ubutyala obuphambili be-United States kulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lwe-petro-state-capitalist-eco-cide - ulwaphulo-mthetho oluya kunciphisa lonke ulwaphulo-mthetho lwangaphambili ukuba luvunyelwe ukuba luqhube ikhosi epheleleyo ye-exterminist. Ingxaki yemozulu yangoku ayizange idalwe kuphela yi-United States, ngokuqinisekileyo (imvelaphi ye-AGW yobuchwephesha ngomhla wokuguqulwa kwezoshishino kwi-18.th Kunye ne19th kwinkulungwane yaseYurophu). Kwaye i-behemoth yemveliso yehlabathi i-China eneneni isanda kudlula i-US njengenkokeli yehlabathi kukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yonyaka.
Nangona kunjalo, akukho lizwe liye lakhupha ikhabhoni eqokelelweyo kwi-atmosfera yoMhlaba kwixesha lemizi-mveliso kune-United States-inyaniso yembali enokuthi iChina okanye i-Indiya iya kwaphula nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala. I-US ihlala ikude kwaye ikude yeyona carbon-emitter inkulu kwihlabathi ngokwe-per-capita basis. Ummi ngamnye wase-US uvelisa umyinge weetoni ezingama-20 zokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngonyaka, phantse umyinge ophindwe kane womyinge wommi waseTshayina.
Akukho lizwe lilizwe lityale imali kakhulu kwaye linamandla kwezopolitiko, ingcamango, kunye nokukhuthaza umkhosi kunye nokukhusela inkqubo yenzuzo yekhabhoni kunye nokukhula kwe-United States.
Akukho rhulumente kazwelonke wenze okungakumbi kwiinzame ezithandathu eziya zikhula ngamandla kumazwe ngamazwe zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi kunaleyo yase-United States- irekhodi eliqhubelekayo nempindezelo ecinezelayo ngomongameli "oluhlaza" ka-Barack Obama.
I-US likomkhulu elikhokelayo lekhabhoni-industrial-complex enkulu yokuphembelela kunye nemfazwe yepropaganda malunga neziphumo ezibi kakhulu zenzululwazi yemozulu yanamhlanje - kubandakanya nezo zeNASA.
Udidi lwabatyali-zimali baseU.S. lukhokela ihlabathi xa kufikwa kutyalo-mali lwehlabathi kushishino lwamafutha efosili. Ngelixa uninzi lwezityalo zamalahle zehlabathi zakhiwa eTshayina naseIndiya, uninzi lwenkxaso-mali luvela eWall Street. Ukususela ngo-2006, umzekelo, uJP Morgan Chase utyale i-17 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kulwakhiwo olutsha lwamalahle kumazwe angaphandle. I-Citbank yongezwa kwi-14 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngelo xesha.[4]
“Sithumela iMishini yethu ngaphandle konxweme"
Kwangaxeshanye, kukuhanahanisa kwaye akukho ngqiqweni ukuba i-US kunye nezinye izizwe ezityebileyo zikhombe umnwe wetyala lemozulu e-China xa i-US kunye neNtshona ngokubanzi zinoxanduva lokunyuka kwegalelo laseTshayina kwi-AGW. NjengoSadie Robinson kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo eNgilani Umsebenzi wezeNtlalontle:
“Ukujonga nje ukukhutshwa kweTshayina njengelizwe kusitha indima edlalwa yiNtshona ekudaleni. Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo eTshayina kubangelwe ikakhulu kukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwezikhululo zamandla ezibaswa ngamalahle. Oku kuqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwinto yokuba iinkampani ezininzi zaseNtshona ziye zakhupha ngokufanelekileyo ukukhutshwa kwazo eTshayina. Baleqise ukuvula amaziko okuvelisa eTshayina ukuze bathathe ithuba leendleko zokusebenza eziphantsi…Kwaye ezi zityalo zisebenza ngamandla ngamalahle.”
“Amazwe aseNtshona nawo adlale indima ekwandiseni umoya okhutshwa yiTshayina ngokuwusebenzisa njengomthombo wempahla onexabiso eliphantsi. Iziko leMozulu yeHlabathi kunye noPhando lokusiNgqongileyo lifumene ukuba ukuveliswa kwemveliso kumazwe angaphandle kwenziwa malunga nesiqingatha se-45 yepesenti yaseChina yokunyuka kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni phakathi kwe-2002 kunye ne-2005. Uphononongo olukhulu olupapashwe kwi Ijenali yenzululwazi yezeNdalo kwiveki ephelileyo ifikelele kwizigqibo ezifanayo. Ifumanise ukuba ukukhula kwehlabathi jikelele kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ukusukela ngo-2000 kwakuqhutywa ikakhulu kukukhula kwe-China - kodwa kwabonisa indima yamazwe aseNtshona. Yabonisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ehlabathini kunyuke ngeetoni ezizizigidi ezingama-671 phakathi kowama-2007 nowama-2008. Kodwa ikota yoku ibangelwe kukuba amazwe aseNtshona athenge izinto ezenziweyo eTshayina nakwamanye amazwe asakhasayo. Njengoko uGregg Marland, umbhali oliqabane wolu hlolisiso, watshoyo, ‘Siyithumela ngenqanawa igesi yethu ephuma ngaphandle kolwandle.’”[5]
I-Bhritane-based World Development Movement (WDM) ivumile, yongeza ukuba izizwe ezityebileyo zikwathwele uxanduva oluphambili kuba zizo zodwa ezinobuchwephesha kunye nemithombo yemali efunekayo ukwenza utshintsho kuqoqosho oluluhlaza kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokutshintsha kwemozulu. “Ekugqibeleni,” yatsho iWDM, “ukudlala umdlalo ‘wokugxeka iTshayina’ akunakusebenza. Ukukhomba amazwe amakhulu asakhasayo ngomnwe ngelixa kwangaxeshanye abemi bamazwe atyebileyo betya izinto eziveliswe kumazwe angaphandle akunangqiqo…. Uxanduva lokuthatha amanyathelo kuqala nokwenza okona kuninzi malulele kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yezinto ezikhutshwayo zembali kunye namanqanaba angazinzanga okusetyenziswa kwemithombo, kodwa nangenxa yokuba la mazwe [azizityebi] aphethe amanye amakhadi abalulekileyo kwiingxoxo, afana nala mazwe atyebileyo. ukukwazi ukudlulisa iteknoloji kunye nemithombo yemali kwabo bayidingayo. Onke la makhadi kuya kufuneka adlalwe kakuhle ukuba uthethathethwano [lwemozulu] lunokuba nalo naliphi na ithuba lokufikelela kwisigqibo esiyimpumelelo.”[6]
Akukho lizwe kwilizwe elihambele phambili kwezoshishino elinamakhadi amaninzi emozulu kwaye linoxanduva olungakumbi lokuwasebenzisa ngokwahlukileyo kunokuba banawo ngoku kune-United States. Ngezi zizathu kunye nezinye, akukho ndlela yokuphiliswa kwemozulu kunye nokuzinza kweplanethi - kwindalo ephilayo kunye nekamva eliqaqambileyo - elingajongani namandla e-petroleum efakwe nzulu yaseMelika "i-1%" kunye namahlakani ayo kunye ne-pawns e-US urhulumente. Kuninzi gqitha ukuthetha, njengoko uAl Gore owayesakuba nguSekela Mongameli waseUnited States nokwangumlweli wokutshintsha kwemozulu, esithi “iUnited States kuphela kwelizwe elinokukhokelela ihlabathi kwisicombululo kulo mbandela.”[7] Amazwe anabemi abaninzi bomthonyama ngoku akhokela ihlabathi ngoku - njenge-Ecuador, efuna intlawulo evela kumazwe atyebileyo, uChomsky waphawula kwiForam yasekhohlo, "ukugcina ioyile yayo phantsi komhlaba, apho ikhoyo." Nangona kunjalo, isigwebo sikaChomsky malunga nokubuyela ngasemva kwenkcubeko yezopolitiko yase-US ngokuchasene nemvumelwano yehlabathi malunga nesidingo esingxamisekileyo sesenzo semozulu sibi kodwa sinobulumko: "Ukuba olu tyekelo luyaqhubeka kwelona lizwe lizizityebi, elona linamandla emhlabeni, intlekele ayinakuthintelwa."[8]
Incwadi elandelayo kaPaul Street Bayalawula: I-1% v. Idemokhrasi (IParadigm, ngoJanuwari 2014). Isitalato sikwangumbhali wecandelo loku-1 ("Ubungxowankulu - Utshaba lokwenyani") kuFrancis Goldin, uDebby Smith, kunye noMichael Steven Smith, abahleli., Khawufane ucinge: uhlala kwiSocialist USA (Harper Perennial, kaJanuwari 2014)
Amanqaku Okugqibela Akhethiweyo
1Megan Scudellari, "I-Arctic engaziwayo," NASA, Ukutshintsha kweMozulu yeHlabathi: Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zePlanethi (ngoJulayi 25, 2013_ http://climate.nasa.gov/news/958
2. URuth Dasso Marlaire. NASA Iziko loPhando lika-Ames, “Iimeko zendalo ezikwiitropikhi zongeza ikharbon diokside njengoko amaqondo obushushu enyuka,” http://climate.nasa.gov/news/957
3. Paul Street, "Chomsky kwiForam eKhohlo," ZNet (ngoJuni 23, 2013), www.zcomm.org/chomsky-at-left-forum-by-paul-street. Caphula kumanqaku esiSitrato kwintetho.
4. Phil Gasper, “Ingxaki yeMozulu ekhulayo,” Uphononongo lobuSoshiyali baMazwe ngaMazwe, Ushicilelo lwama-87 (ngoJanuwari 2013), 17.
5. USadie Robinson, Umsebenzi wezeNtlalontle (e-UK), ngoNovemba 24, 2009, http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=19633
6. UPeter Hardstaff noTim Jones, Ubeka ityala eTshayina? IPolitiko yeHlabathi yoTshintsho lweMozulu (London, UK: World Development Movement. Novemba 2009), www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/blameitonchina30112007.pdf
7. Al Gore, udliwano-ndlebe nguJeffrey Brown, wePBS Newshour, ngoJanuwari 31, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june13/gore_01-31.html
8. UNoam Chomsky, Ukwenza ikamva: Imisebenzi, ungenelelo, uBukhosi, kunye nokuchasa (I-San Francisco: Iincwadi zezibane zeSixeko, i-2012).
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