UMarta Russell
It
yimarike yabasebenzi engqongqo kwaye iimarike zabasebenzi ezixineneyo ngokwesiko zisongela ukunika
abasebenzi banamandla okuxoxisana okuthe kratya abanokuthi kuwo bafumane ukonyuswa kwemivuzo.
IWall Street kunye nabatyali-mali baba noloyiko malunga neemarike zabasebenzi. Bacinga
ukuze uxinzelelo lokunyuka kwamaxabiso luyiphazamise imida yabo yengeniso, akunjalo
iyamangalisa into yokuba kwi-uptick yengqesho yangoku, ukuba urhulumente wenkampani
uye wangenelela ukukhusela imeko yenkqubo yokwabiwa kwengeniso. Ndingu
ebhekisa kwizenzo ezimbini zamva nje ezithathwe ngurhulumente, isiphelo somanyano
ilungelo le-AFDC okanye uHlaziyo lweNtlalontle olunyanzelise izigidi zabasetyhini ukuba bangene
imarike yezabasebenzi enesiphelo esiphantsi kunye neenzame zangoku zokurhwebesha ezinye ze-4 yezigidi
abantu abakhubazekileyo abafumana i-Inshurensi yoKhubazeko lweNtlalo (SSDI) kwi
abasebenzi ngenkqubo yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo yokuBuyela kuMsebenzi.
ukusukela
I-$720 yi-avareji ngenyanga yenzuzo ye-SSDI kulandela ukuba abantu abaninzi abakhubazekileyo
ndingakhetha ukuzama umsebenzi ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kokukhubazeka kodwa umsebenzi uhlala unobungozi
isindululo ngenxa yezithintelo ezakhelwe kwinzuzo yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo
inkqubo. Phakathi kwemiqobo emininzi kwingqesho kukho abantu abakhubazekileyo abanesiseko esihle
inkxalabo yokuba ukuthatha umsebenzi okanye ukuzisebenzela kuya kubangela ilahleko
Ukhathalelo lwempilo lukawonke-wonke kunye/okanye ukuphulukana nezibonelelo zokukhubazeka nangona kunjalo
umntu akafumani mvuzo waneleyo ukuze aphile.
Social
Ukhuseleko, umzekelo, lubiza umntu "uyakwazi ukusebenza" xa efumana oko akufumanayo
ibiza "umsebenzi omkhulu onenzuzo" (SGA) okanye i-700 yeedola kwinyanga enye (ye
abantu abaziimfama, iphezulu kakhulu). Imithetho yomsebenzi i-arcane kwaye
entsonkothileyo ukuba kuya kuthatha isidanga kumgaqo-nkqubo woKhuseleko lweNtlalo, ukuba bekukho
into enjalo, ukuze baqonde. Abo basebenza njengabathetheleli babakhubazekileyo
abantu abakhuphisana nemithetho yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo bayayazi le nto ndithetha ngayo (abanye
zama ukufunda Incwadi eBomvu yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo!). Andifuni kugxila kakhulu
ezi nkcukacha kodwa ngokufutshane, kukho iXesha loLingo lomsebenzi elidlulela ngaphezulu kwesihlanu
ixesha lonyaka apho umntu anokufumana ngaphezulu kwe-700 yeedola kodwa xa umntu ebetha inyanga yeshumi
apho umntu arhola i-$700, umntu uxhomekeke ekubeni aqhawulwe ngokupheleleyo kukhubazeko
iinzuzo kunye neMedicare. Eyona nto yenzekayo kukuba abantu abakhubazekileyo banjalo
batyhalele kude kwi-cliff yemivuzo nangona bengalwenzi uhlobo lwemali
ngokwenene kuthatha ukuphila ngaphandle kwenkxaso.
Kungekudala
Ukhuseleko lweNtlalo lucebise utshintsho oluthile kwiNkuthazo yoMsebenzi “ukubonelela
inkuthazo enkulu kubaxhamli abaninzi ukuba bazame ukusebenza okanye, ukuba sele sele
ukusebenza, ukuqhubeka nokusebenza okanye ukwandisa umgudu wabo. Ukhuseleko lasekuhlaleni
iceba ukwenza uhlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo kunyaka ngamnye kwinqanaba langoku le-SGA
I-$ 700 kubantu abanokukhubazeka (ngaphandle kokungaboni), ngokusekelwe kuyo nayiphi na
ukunyuka kwisalathiso somndilili wesizwe. I-SGA ekuqaleni yayimiselwe kwi-300 yeedola
ngoo-1960 kwaye iye yatshintshwa kabini kuphela: ngo-1990 iSGA yanyuswa yaya kutsho kwi-500 yeedola.
ngo-1999 yanyuswa yaya kutsho kwi-700 yeedola.
Nakuba
olu hlaziyo lucetywayo lungcono kunoko lukhoyo ngoku, inyaniso kukuba akukho mntu
I-Y2000 inokuzixhasa nge-700 yeedola ngenyanga eCalifornia, eNew York,
Connecticut kunye namazwe amaninzi kweli lizwe kwaye uhlala ngokuzimeleyo. I-700 yeedola ze-SGA
ukunqunyulwa kukuphila kwinqanaba lentlupheko. The Federal intlupheko guide for
enye yi-$8,350. I-SGA isebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8,400 yeedola ngonyaka (kucingelwa ukuba enye iya kuba njalo
ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo unyaka wonke).
The
inkqubo yangoku yokulinganisa intlupheko yaqala ngoo-1960 kungekho sibonelelo
ngotshintsho olwenzeka kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo. Uphando lubonise umyinge
usapho luchithe isahlulo sesithathu somvuzo walo ekutyeni, ngoko ke "intlupheko
ingeniso" yamiselwa ukuba iphindwe kathathu koko iingcali zicinga ukuba yeyona incinci
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokutya kufuneka lube. Nangona kunjalo, eso sicwangciso sokutya sezoqoqosho “yayiyeyexeshana
okanye usetyenziso olungxamisekileyo xa imali iphantsi" kwaye yayingama-75 ukuya kuma-80 ekhulwini kuphela
"isicwangciso sokutya esinexabiso eliphantsi" leSebe lezoLimo, elithi, "ukuba
ilandelwe ngokungqongqo,” inokubonelela “into eyamkelekileyo neyaneleyo
ukutya "(Mollie Orshansky 1965).
Non-the-ngaphantsi
i-equation ayizange ihlengahlengiswe ukuthathela ingqalelo ukunyuka okubukhali kwi
izindlu, unyango, kunye neendleko zokukhathalela abantwana kule minyaka ingamashumi amane ilandelayo
ziye zatshintsha umgangatho wezoqoqosho wekhaya. Uphononongo luka-1990 olwenziwe nguPatricia
I-Ruggles ye-Urban Institute ye-US Bureau of the Census igqibe kwelokuba
ukuze ifaniswe nomda wokuqala, inqanaba lentlupheko liya kuba nalo
kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kwama-50 epesenti kunomgangatho osemthethweni wangoku. Ukuba isiseko
iimfuno zaphinda zajongwa kwimarike yanamhlanje, phantse ikota yaseMelika
abantu baya kugqalwa bengamahlwempu.
Ukusika
abantu abakhubazekileyo kwizibonelelo zokukhubazeka xa berhola nje i-$700 ayiphakamisi
omnye uphuma kwintlupheko, ingasanikeli ithuba lokufikelela umgangatho ofanelekileyo
ephilayo. Ucalucalulo kwimarike yabasebenzi yinyani ezinzileyo kakhulu
abantu abakhubazekileyo kunye nabo bafumana ucalucalulo kwimarike yezemisebenzi bangaphezulu
kusenokwenzeka ukuba afune uncedo loluntu. Uphando lubonisa, ngokomzekelo, ukuba uninzi lwabaneziphene
abantu basebenza manqaphanqapha okanye okwethutyana - oko kuthetha ukuba umvuzo mncinane kwaye
engangqinelaniyo. Umntu usenokufumana into kwinyanga enye kwaye angafumani ngeniso yabaninzi
iinyanga, kodwa imimiselo iya kuqhubeka ukuvumela uKhuseleko lweNtlalo ukusika a
umntu okhubazekileyo ngaphandle kwenkqubo yezibonelelo ukuba ufumana i-700 yeedola ngenyanga enye NJE
idlulileyo iinyanga ezili-9 zomsebenzi wokulingwa. Ixesha lovavanyo lomsebenzi lidlulela kwiminyaka emi-5 -
oko ziinyanga ezingama-60! UKhuseleko lweNtlalo alwenzi iinzame zokwenene zokuqinisekisa
ukuba umntu uya kufumana ubuncinane $700 ngenyanga nokuba ngokungaguqukiyo okanye
ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba bawatyhale eweni.
As
enye i-companero evela kwi-No CA ene-multiple sclerosis ibhala "njengoko ndisiya ndisiya kude
ndingene ematyaleni ngelixa ndizama ukuhlala ndisebenza kwicala lamalungelo oluntu, ubukrakra bam
kwaye umsindo ngokubhekiselele ekungazini kunye nendelelo sonke esijongene nayo yonke imihla iyakhula kwaye iyakhula
kwaye iyakhula. Ndingathanda ukusebenza njengomphathi wenkqubo yeHICAP okwexeshana kodwa ndiyenzile
kufuneka ndibenomvuzo ophilayo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo. Kunzima ngokwaneleyo ukuza nemali
ngee-Rx kunye neentlawulo kunye nezihlangu kunye nokugcina izihlangu kunye nokuphila nje okulula. Bona
ukwakha inkqubo ongenakuze uphume kuyo, bayakukhuphela ngaphandle
ukuthatha inxaxheba, kwaye ke ube nenyongo ukugxeka oko umhlobo wam uCynthia
Ibiza "ingcinezelo yokukhubazeka." Ubungazi - sonke si Welfare
Queens!”
Pha
yimeko emayenziwe ukuba angaze aphelise izibonelelo zokukhubazeka xa umntu efanelekile kwaye
ibekwe kwiinzuzo. Ndinikezela ngamanqaku amabini nje apha. Abantu abakhubazekileyo baphantse bafane
amaxesha amathathu ukuba aphile ngaphantsi komgca wentlupheko yangoku - i-29 ekhulwini
abakhubazekileyo bahlala kubuhlwempu xa kuthelekiswa ne-10 lepesenti yabantu abakhubazekileyo (kuZwelonke
Umbutho kuKhubazeko/Harris 2000). Ebudeni bowe-1999, phantse amakhaya angama-600,000 XNUMX
ifakwe kwisicelo sokubhanga emva kwengozi enkulu okanye isigulo. Ezo
abalawulayo ngempumelelo UkuBuyela eMsebenzini abasoze bakwazi ukwenza i
ilahleko yemali ethe yavela kwiminyaka yokuphulukana nomsebenzi.
The
I-SGA kunye nemithetho yomsebenzi iyasilela ekwenzeni ukuba umntu afike kwinqanaba apho umntu
unokufumana umvuzo ophilayo kwaye ulondoloze oko ngokwenene kuthatha ukondla, indlu, ilaphu
kunye nokuhlawulela ezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini ixesha elide. I-SGA
inqanaba kwi-700 yeedola ngenyanga, nangohlengahlengiso lonyaka, lihlala liyi-archaic kwaye
ukohlwaya ngokungeyomfuneko. Okona kuncinci, uKhuseleko lweNtlalo kufuneka luthathelwe ingqalelo
akhawunti inqanaba lentlupheko elihlaziyiweyo elihlengahlengisiweyo kwimarike yangoku, umvuzo ophilayo
isici kunye nesongezo sokuhlawulela iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezinxulumene nokukhubazeka.
Ku
ukoyisa ukunqongophala kwemarike yezemisebenzi ebekwe kubantu abakhubazekileyo, abakhubazekileyo
bafuna inkxaso ethe kratya kurhulumente, hayi isoyikiso sokufumana imivuzo
uya kuthi, ukuba ngaba abafundanga ngemithetho kwaye banonyameko olugqithisileyo, bathumele phezu kwe
i-bureaucratic edge - kungekho mntu ubala amaxhoba.
Social
Ukhuseleko lwamkela izimvo zoluntu kude kube ngo-Okthobha 10. Ungazithumela nge-imeyile apha
IMarta
URussell ungumbhali we Beyond Ramps: Ukukhubazeka ekupheleni kweNtlalo
Ikhontrakthi. http://disweb.org/