uKim Scipes
The
urhulumente kaYosefu "Erap" Estrada kwiiPhilippines uye nje
yawa, umongameli enyanzelwa ukuba aphume ngokuhlangana kwabantu abaninzi, kunye noVice
UMongameli Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo esikhundleni sakhe njengoMongameli ngoJanuwari 21. Yintoni
ingaba oku kungathetha kwilizwe nakwingingqi?
Estrada
wehliswa emva kokuba indima yakhe kwi-scandal enkulu yokungcakaza yavezwa ngu
owayesakuba liqabane owayesikwe โkwithubaโ elilandelayo. Yiyo
Ibiyi saga, enezigidi zeerandi ekuhlawuleni, iiakhawunti zebhanki zenkohliso,
amagama obuxoki, iinkosikazi ezityetyisiweyo, njl.
Ekugqibeleni,
I-Estrada yagxothwa yiNdlu yabaMeli-ifomu yabo karhulumente
isekwe kuleyo yenkosi yabo yangaphambili yobukoloniyali, eUnited States-kwaye yaqhubeka
ukuxoxwa kwetyala yiNdlu yeeNgwevu, xa amahlakani akhe kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu awayesisininzi
ukwala ukuvumela ubungqina obubambekayo buvezwe esidlangalaleni. Ukuphendula, i
Umongameli weNdlu yeeNgwevu kunye neqela lonke elitshutshisayo leNdlu baye barhoxa
ukuzonda, kwaye kamva balandelwa uninzi lwekhabhinethi yase-Estrada.
Ukongeza, iinkokeli eziphambili zomkhosi kunye nezamapolisa zahlala kwicala eliphikisayo,
kwaye bathembisa ngenkxaso yabo kuSekela Mongameli.
Pha
ibikukuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, kodwa yabetha kuphela
ixesha elikhulu ngasekupheleni kweveki ephelileyo ekuphenduleni ukwala ukukhupha ubungqina. I
ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuwa, abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi baqikelelwa ukuba babekho
izitrato ezijikeleze ingcwele ukuya kwimvukelo ka-1986. Iphephandaba elikhulu eManila
uyibize ngokuthi "People's Power-2."
Ngokucacileyo
yintoni ukugatywa kwe-Estrada kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kwi-Macapagal-Arroyo kuthetha
ayicacanga ngeendlela ezininzi. Kwelinye icala, idlalwa njengodluliselo oluphakathi kwe-elite
yamandla, ngokuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi kunika ungxamiseko lwesidingo sokusombulula
iingxaki njengoko uqoqosho lwalusiya lusiba mbi. Ngokucacileyo, urhulumente omtsha uya kwenjenjalo
ufuna ukubeka i-genie yokuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi kwibhotile ngokukhawuleza
kunokwenzeka, kwaye uqalise ishishini njengesiqhelo, nangona mhlawumbi ngokungaphezulu
ukungcamla. Iqela lamadoda amadala omkhosi kunye norhulumente wangaphambili
โIinkokeliโ sele zibekwe kwezona ndawo ziphakamileyo kurhulumente omtsha.
kunjalo,
kukho izinto ezine ezibonisa ukuba ukulunga okunzulu kunokuphuma koku. (1)
Eli lilizwe apho imfundo yezopolitiko enkulu kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha,
ukuhlanganisa, kwenzekile kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo. Ukususwa kukaMarcos ngowe-1986
iphantse ibe yireferensi rhoqo kumaphephandaba, apho indima yokuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi
kunye nombutho wezopolitiko uthathwa njengeyona nto iphambili ekubhukuqweni
uzwilakhe, kunye imvukelo abakumgangatho ophakathi ukuba ekugqibeleni wabeka Aquino emandleni kwaba
kubonwa njengokukhwela ngaphezulu, kwaye kungatshintshi, olo hlokondiso luninzi olusuka ezantsi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kuya komeleza i-resuring left.
(2)
Ngaphandle kwelahleko yamandla yintshukumo yabasebenzi-ukuvalwa kweplanti kunye noqoqosho
Ukususwa ngokukodwa kunciphise amandla ako-iphiko elikhawulezayo labasebenzi
intshukumo, i-KMU, ihleli isembindini wokuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi, kwaye
kunye namaqela amanyeneyo ayo, adlale indima ephambili. Ndilindele umhlaba ongasentla ushiywe
iya kuphuma koku ngamandla ayo kunye nokuba semthethweni kwayo njengokumela inkitha
yabantu abongeziweyo.
(3)
I-saga eqhubekayo iye yathatha iinyanga ezimbalwa, kwaye ininzi
ingqalelo kumajelo eendaba, ngoko kuye kwakho "imfundo yezopolitiko"
kubaphulaphuli abaninzi malunga nendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo ngokwenene: ukunyoba,
"izipho," ukukrazula ngasemva, njl.
(4)
ICawa yamaKatolika-enokuba ngamandla ezopolitiko anamandla kakhulu xa
ukhetha ukuba njalo-uye wahlanganisa kwilizwe lonke ukuchasa i-Estrada
ulawulo, kwaye ndicinga ukuba oku kuya kunceda imikhosi inkqubela ngaphakathi kweCawa.
A
ezinye izinto ezimbalwa kufuneka zibandakanywe kumxube. (5) Uqoqosho aluzange lulimaze
yintlekele yezoqoqosho "yaseAsia" kakubi njengamanye amazwe-i-US
igcine iimarike zokungenisa elizweni zivulekile ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kakhulu (malunga nama-40%).
kwixabiso lepeso, kunye nekhono elincitshisiweyo lePhilippines lokungenisa
Impahla yase-US-kwaye uqoqosho lwenze buthathaka kakhulu ukusukela kwixesha elizayo
phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1990. I-peso iye yawa phantsi malunga ne-55: i-$ 1 ngexesha lezopolitiko
ihlazo, apho lingazange libe ngaphantsi kwe-45: $ 1 ngexesha lobunzima bezoqoqosho. Isitokhwe
imarike iphantsi, utyalo-mali lwangaphandle luphantsi. Ukungaphangeli okuninzi kunye
Kulindeleke ukungasebenzi kakuhle, kuncinci ukuphucuka okubonakalayo kungekudala
kwixesha elizayo, ngakumbi kubasebenzi kunye nabalimi.
(6)
Imfazwe esemazantsi echasene namaSilamsi iqhubekile, njengoko urhulumente enzile
asikwazanga ukoyisa uvukelo. Nangona ndingenabo ubungqina, ingqondo yam injalo
ngandlel 'ithile yokuphoxeka okukhulayo kokulwa imfazwe nabanye abantu bakwiiPhilippines,
nangona kukho iiyantlukwano zonqulo phakathi kwamaKristu namaSilamsi.
(7)
Iqela lamaKomanisi kwiiPhilippines (CPP) liye lahlanganisana kwaye
ukomeleza, nangona ndingenalo nofifi ngobungakanani bento eyenzekayoโkodwa
Bendisiva consistently ibibuya. Nangona ndingazi
yintoni indima yayo ethile kwintshukumo yesininzi, kodwa ndiyakholwa nawaphi na amandla
kukho ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwayo kwiintshukumo ezininzi kwaye kungekhona ngenxa yokuba kunjalo
ukubalawula. Andiyi kumangaliswa ukuba i-CPP iye yaqinisa izixhobo
iinzame ezilalini. Ingxaki kukuba inkqubo yayo ayikaphuhliswa
kakhulu ngaphaya rhetoric, kwaye igxininisa ekuzameni ukongamela imizamo kunokuba
ukudibanisa nezinye izinto eziqhubela phambili ngokulinganayo; ngokufanelekileyo, ikrazulwe
kule minyaka isibhozo idlulileyo kungquzulwano olukhulu lwangaphakathi. Abanye bemka
amaqela ezopolitiko nawo ayakhula, kwaye ngelixa mhlawumbi anamandla malunga
kwidemokhrasi, ezi zibuthathaka ngakumbi emhlabeni. Amandla ekhohlo avela
kusekwe imibutho esekwe phezu komhlaba.
Nakuba
Ndilindele ukuba konke oku kuya kubangela ukomelela okukhulu kwentshukumo echasayo, ndinjalo
andiqinisekanga ukuba oku kuya kuthetha ntoni na ngaphakathi elizweni. Oko kuya kubonakala.
The
enye into-kwaye kulapho impembelelo inokuba nkulu kakhulu-yimpembelelo kuyo
kwamanye amazwe, ngakumbi kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Ummi wasePhilippines uhleli kakuhle
ihlonitshwa kumazwe ngamazwe ingakumbi ngaphakathi kwingingqi. I-KMU
ngokukodwa ibisebenza ixesha elide ukwakha umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe kulo lonke
Indawo yoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki-eIndiya. Eminye imibutho yasekhohlo-ingakumbi
I-BAYAN (iqela le-ambrela yedemokhrasi yesizwe engaphezulu komhlaba
imibutho, ebandakanya i-KMU, abalimi, ulutsha, abafazi kunye nezinye intlalontle
abadlali becandelo)โbaye babandakanyeka kumngeni wokudityaniswa kwehlabathi ngokusebenzisa
iinkomfa, uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe (umzekelo, abathunywa bakwiiPhilippines bebekhona
Seattle), ipropaganda, njl. Amanye amaqela, afana neNkululeko yeTyala
Umdibaniso-ongelilo ilungu le-BAYAN-bakwaxakekile besakha umanyano kulo lonke
ilizwe, kuwo wonke ummandla, nakwihlabathi jikelele.
Of
kunjalo, kungaphakathi Indonesia ukuba imeko Philippine ukuze reverberate
kakhulu. Amazwe awasondeleli nje ngokwejografi, kodwa akwanjalo
ziyafana kakhulu kwinkcubeko, kulwimi nakwimbali yezopolitiko: zombini zilawulwa ngu
Amazwe aseNtshona (kunye neJapan ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II), omabini afumana ezopolitiko
kwinkululeko ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1940, omabini ayenedemokhrasi edlamkileyo eyatyunyuzwa
ubuzwilakhe, yaye kuzo zombini ezi meko, abantu baye batsala nzima ukuze baphinde balawule
oorhulumente babo besizwe, bobabini bebeqhuba neo-liberal
imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho kwisiseko seenzame zophuhliso.
The
ukwaliwa kukaMarcos ngowe-1986 kwabakhuthaza ubuncinane abathile base-Indonesia. Okokugqibela
Ukwaliwa konyaka kwe-Suharto e-Indonesia, ekhuthaza abasekhohlo basePhilippines, ngoku
ehambelana nokukhatywa kwalo nyaka kwe-Estrada. Kwangaxeshanye, uMongameli
Isikhundla sikaWahid e-Indonesia asizange siqiniswe; ukwala kwakhe ukunikela ubungqina
kwimeko yorhwaphilizo yakutsha nje icebisa ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwabaphezulu, kunye
ukungazinzi okuqhubekayo kwintlalontle. Iintshukumo eziqhubekayo zokuzimela kwi
amanye amaphondo โangaphandleโ ongeza koku kungazinzi.
The
Ingxaki kaMarcos kunye noSuharto "yasonjululwa" ngokugqithiselwa kwangaphakathi-elite
lamandla, ngephiko labaphezulu ebebephumile emandleni bephuma
ulawulo lukarhulumente. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oko kuthetha ukuba akukho tshintsho olukhulu
uninzi lwabalimi nabasebenzi kulo naliphi na ilizwe. Ngokuqinisekileyo, yiloo nto kanye
yenzelwe iiPhilippines ngeli xesha, nayo. Umbuzo ngowokuba ngaba oku
ziya kufezekiswa, okanye kukhululwe amandla anokuthi aphumeze umgangatho
utshintsho ekuhlaleni? Nokuba zithini na iziphumo kwiiPhilippines, kuqinisekile ukuba i
ekhohlo kwaye "ipalamente yezitrato" ziye
uvuselelweโngethemba, izifundo ezifunyenweyo ekungakwazini ukuthatha
inzuzo yokubhukuqwa kweMarcos iya kunceda ukukhokela izenzo namhlanje.
Pha
Ngaba, kunjalo, enye inkalo ekufuneka ikhankanywe: i-US iya kuphendula njani?
Umkhosi wase-US-eziseko zawo kwiiPhilippines yayizezo zivela kuyo yonke i-US
Uhlaselo lwase-Asiya lwaqaliswa phakathi kowe-1898 no-1992โlwakhutshelwa ngaphandle.
ilizwe kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Ukususela ngoko, umkhosi uzama ukufumana
iphinde yasekwa kwiiPhilippines, kwaye lo mzamo uye wanda ngokubaluleka
okoko ama-Indonesia asusa u-Suharto, uzwilakhe oxhasa kakhulu wase-US, emandleni.
(I-Indonesia kunye neePhilippines zisecaleni kwendlela ezithwala ioli ezithwala ioli
ukusuka kwiGulf ukuya ngakumbi eJapan. I-US kunye neJapan ayifuni nto yokuphazamisa
ekuhambeni kweoli ukuya eJapan.)
The
Urhulumente wase-Estrada wayetyikitye isivumelwano soNdwendwelo lweMikhosi kunye ne-US, ukuba
ivumela imikhosi yase-US ukuba iqhube uqeqesho kwiiPhilippines
imikhosi exhobileyo yakwiiPhilippines. Oku akuzange kuthandeke kakhulu,
ngakumbi ngenxele, eliqonda kakhulu iminyaka yengcinezelo
kunye nokuxhaphaza okujoliswe kubo yi-US. Kubonakala ngathi kunokwenzeka
ukuba esi sivumelwano siya kuba phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulayo njengoko iintsuku zihamba,
mhlawumbi urhulumente omtsha wade wagqiba kwelokuba awurhoxise. Ngelixa oku kunjalo
Kunzima ukuthelekelela ngeli xesha, kubonakala ngathi a
intonga yokukhanya yenkqubela phambili yobuzwe kunye nengqalelo yezizwe ngezizwe. I
ungathandabuzi ukuba umkhosi wase-US ujonge kakhulu.
In
emfutshane, uqikelelo lwekamva luyingozi. Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala kuqinisekile ukuba
"i-genie" yoqhanqalazo olukhulu-olwavela ngaphantsi kwaye aluzange lubekho
imveliso yokuhlanganiswa kwe-elite, nangona elinye iphiko le-elite lizamile
ikhuthaze kwaye iqondise-ayinakuphinda ibuyiselwe kwibhotile yayo. Imeko
kwiiPhilippines ziya kuhlala "zingazinzanga" ixesha elide.
Indlela ebanzi ekhohlo ephendula ngayo-ezweni, kummandla kunye nehlabathi-kule nto
iyakwenza uphuhliso. Kufuneka sincede siqhubele phambili izinto, sixhase
iintshukumo zabantu kwiiPhilippines nakuMzantsi-mpuma Asia.