[Eli linqaku lesine kungcelele lweGazi leoyile? Inkunzi yehlabathi, ukuchasana novukelo kunye neengqiqo ezimbini zokhuseleko lwamandla aseMelika.]
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku olu ngcelele lwamanqaku luvavanye ungenelelo lwe-US kwi-oyile etyebileyo ye-ME kwaye yenze iingxoxo ezininzi malunga nolwakhiwo olubanzi lwe-US statecraft. Ngalo lonke ixesha lasemva kwemfazwe ilizwe laseMelika liye labhala phantsi umyalelo wezopolitiko ubukhulu becala ngoncedo lomkhosi kunye noqeqesho kwinani lamajoni afumana imikhosi kwimimandla etyebile ngeoyile. Ukunikezelwa kwemfuneko eqhubekayo ye-oyile njengemveliso yeqhinga lehlabathi kunye nenyaniso yokuba i-oyile ihlala ibekwe kwiindawo apho amazwe aneziseko ezibuthathaka zentlalo, mhlawumbi ayimangalisi into yokuba olu budlelwane phakathi koncedo lomkhosi kunye ne-oyile buye baqhubeka. Okubangela umdla kulo lonke ixesha lasemva kweMfazwe ebandayo, kwaye ngakumbi ukusukela ngo-9/11, ilizwe laseMelika lilandele ngenkuthalo umgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko lwamandla ngenkqubo yokwahluka. Oko kukuthi, i-US iye yandisa ubukho bayo kwezinye iindawo ezityebile ngeoli ngaphandle kwe-ME. Imimandla ephambili ifumaneka eMzantsi Melika, kuMbindi Asia naseAfrika.
Ngenxa yokunyuka kozinzo kwi-ME kunye nokuthembela okuhlala kunyuka ngamandla angundoqo kwi-oyile yangaphandle, abacwangcisi base-US baya bexhalaba ngakumbi ngokunxulumene nokuzinzisa oku kunikezelwa kwamandla kwiimarike zehlabathi. Njengenxalenye yento ebizwa ngokuba 'yimfazwe yobunqolobi' sibona ukwanda komkhosi wobudlelwane phakathi kwamandla, ubungxowankulu behlabathi kunye nongenelelo lwase-US kwaye ngelixa i-US counter-inurgency ithande ukubonwa njengeqhinga leMfazwe ebandayo, oko Ukutshatiswa okukhulayo kule nkqubo yokhuseleko lwamandla apho oorhulumente abazizityebi be-oli bafumana izigidi zeedola zoncedo lomkhosi wase-US kunye noqeqesho lokulwa nabavukeli. Kukule mimandla apho ndijika khona ngoku kwaye ndibonisa ukuba ungenelelo lwase-US kule mimandla lusephantsi kweengcinga ezimbini endizichaze ngasentla. Ndikwachaza iindlela esi sicwangciso sitsha sokwahlukana kwamandla okuchaphazela amalungelo oluntu kunye nobulungisa bentlalo kuMzantsi wehlabathi.
Iingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokwahlukana kwamandla
Ngaphambi kwe-9/11, abacwangcisi abaphezulu base-US baye baqaphela ukuba ukhuseleko lwamandla luba lubaluleke ngakumbi kwiminqweno yase-US. Ekuqaleni kuka-2001, uNobhala wezaMandla wase-US uSpencer Abraham wathi i-US ijongene "nengxaki enkulu yobonelelo lwamandla," kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo. U-Abraham uqhubeke wathi โukusilela ukuhlangabezana nalo mceli mngeni kuya kusongela impumelelo yelizwe lethu kwezoqoqosho, kubeke esichengeni ukhuseleko lwelizwe lethu, kwaye kuyitshintshe ngokoqobo indlela esiphila ngayo ubomi bethuโ. I-1 ngu-Vice-President wase-US u-Dick Cheney waxela kwangaphambili ukuba ukuthembela kwe-US kwioli yangaphandle kuya kuqhubeka nokunyuka kwixesha elizayo. Ingxelo yaxoxa ukuba "isabelo semfuno yeoli yase-US ehlangatyezwana nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kulindeleke ukuba inyuke ukusuka kwi-2001 yeepesenti ngo-52 ukuya kwi-2000 yeepesenti ngo-64. Ngo-2020, i-oyile iphantse ibe mbini kwiilitha ezintathu zepetroli kunye ne-oyile yokufudumeza." inokuphuma kumazwe angaphandleรขโฌโข. Ngokucacileyo, ingxelo indulule ukuba i-US kufuneka yenze รขโฌหukhuseleko lwamandla ibe yeyona nto iphambili kurhwebo lwethu nomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle รขโฌยฆ Ukhuseleko lonikezelo lwamandla e-US luphuculwa zizinto ezininzi ezibonisa ubudlelwane bethu bozakuzo รขโฌยฆ Ezi zinto zisuka kufutshane nejografi. kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo zasimahla kuthungelwano oludityanisiweyo lwemibhobho, utyalo-mali olulinganayo lwecandelo lamandla, izibophelelo zokhuseleko ekwabelwana ngazo, kwaye, kuzo zonke iimeko, ubudlelwane bobonelelo oluthembekileyo lwexesha elideรขโฌโข.2020
Ngaphandle kosetyenziso lwangaphakathi lwase-US nangona kunjalo, ingxelo iqhubela phambili ukuxoxa ukuba i-US kufuneka ikhokele ekufuneni okukhulu รขโฌหiyantlukwano yemveliso ye-oyile yehlabathiรขโฌโข ngeyantlukwano enkulu รขโฌหizibonelelo ezicacileyo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwimarikeรขโฌโข.3 Oku kuncipha kokuthembela kwimithombo ye-oyile kuMbindi Mpuma kuya kukhokelela ekwandeni kokuthembela kumazwe nakwimimandla emitsha. Ngokukodwa, imithombo yemithombo yeAtlantiki equka รขโฌหiNtshona yeHemisphere, iCaspian, kunye neAfrikaรขโฌโข. Ingxelo yenza kucace ukuba i-US kufuneka isebenze zombini ngenxa yezizathu zomdla wesizwe kunye nowezizwe ngezizwe ngeentlobo ngeentlobo ezinceda รขโฌหukunciphisa ifuthe lophazamiseko lonikezelo e-U.S. kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathiรขโฌโข. Ngaphezu koko, iqhinga lase-US รขโฌหkummandla ngamnye kule mimandla ibaluleke kakhuluรขโฌโข kufuneka igxininise ekumiseleni ubudlelwane bobungxowankulu bezentlalo kunye nokuvula le mimandla ekungeneni kongxowankulu bangaphandle ukuze kuphuculwe รขโฌหimo yotyalo-maliรขโฌโข.4 Ingxelo ke ngoko icebisa ukuba urhulumente wase-US kufuneka aqhubeke nokusebenza kuzo zombini izizathu zomdla wesizwe nowezizwe ngezizwe ngokumisela amaziko kunye nokubhala ubungxowankulu kule mimandla mitsha ye-oyile etyebileyo ngesicwangciso-qhinga sokwanda kokubandakanywa kwemarike kunye nobukho obucwangcisiweyo.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, xa sibona ubudlelwane obubhalwe kakuhle phakathi kwemithombo yendalo kunye nongquzulwano, i-US iye yafuna ngakumbi โukuzinzisaโ amazwe aneziseko zentlalo ezihlala zinkenenkene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudityaniswa kwale mimandla kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Oku ke kukhokelela ekubeni imidla yase-US ichazwe ngokuchasene notshintsho lwentlalo kuMzantsi wehlabathi olunokuba nefuthe kunikezelo lwamandla kwiimarike zehlabathi. Oku nokwenzeka kuye kwaqatshelwa kwingxelo, uMgaqo-nkqubo waMandla oBuchule: Imingeni yeNkulungwane yama-21, eveliswe liBhunga lase-US kuBudlelwane baNgaphandle. Ingxelo iqala ngokuqaqambisa imeko edityaniswe kakhulu yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwehlabathi: รขโฌห[a]inkulungwane yama-21 ivula, icandelo lezamandla likwimeko emaxongo. Ingxaki ingaqhambuka nangaliphi na ixesha nakweliphi na inani lezinto, ukusuka kwingozi kumbhobho we-Alaskan ukuya kwinguqu kwilizwe elikhulu elivelisa ioyile. Ngokungathintelekiyo ibiya kuchaphazela ilizwe ngalinye kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lehlabathiรขโฌโข.
Kule ngxelo imidla yelizwe lase-US itshatile kuthintelo lotshintsho olukhulu lwezentlalo okanye lwezopolitiko kuMzantsi wehlabathi nalo naluphi na utshintsho lobudlelwane obukhoyo obuchaphazela รขโฌหUkhuseleko lwesizwe lwase-US kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle ngeendlela ezimangalisayoรขโฌโข. Ingxelo iyaqhubeka ukuba i-US kufuneka ikhokele kubupolisa kulawulo lwamandla ehlabathi: i-US kufuneka isebenze ukukhuthaza รขโฌหamandla entengiso naphina naphina apho kunokwenzeka, ngelixa isebenza ukuqinisekisa ucwangco kwimeko yokungaphumeleli kwemarike okanye ukusilela okukhulu okanye iingoziรขโฌโข . Ukungaphumeleli kwemarike kubandakanya รขโฌหukuphazamiseka kokuhamba korhwebo ngamaqumrhu abucala okanye karhulumente kunye neentshukumo zabachasiรขโฌโข. Okubangela umdla kukuba, le ngxelo iqukumbela ngokuyenza icace into yokuba i-US kufuneka isebenzise umkhosi wayo womkhosi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla abalulekileyo ayaqhubeka nokuhamba kwiimarike zehlabathi kwaye urhulumente waseMelika kufuneka afune ukuthatha iqhinga elifanayo kule mimandla mitsha eneoyile. kunokuba isenza ngoku kuMbindi Mpuma.
Ingxelo ithi ukuba i-US รขโฌหayiphenduli ngobuchule kwimeko yangoku yamandla, i-US ibeka emngciphekweni wokuqhubela phambili amandla angamkelekanga kwabachasi kwaye ishiye uqoqosho lwelizwe lusemngciphekweni wokuphazamiseka kunye namaxabiso aguquguqukayo wamandlaรขโฌโข. Olu hlobo lutsha lokhuseleko lwamandla ngokuhlukahlukana luye lwaqina emva kwexesha le-9/11 apho i-US inyusa ngokumangalisayo uncedo lwayo emkhosini kumazwe atyebileyo nge-oyile njengenxalenye yento ebizwa ngokuba "yimfazwe yobunqolobi" yehlabathi. Njengoko siza kubona ngoku, i-US iya ibotshelelwa ngakumbi ngokudibanisa amacandelo ombuso ogunyazisiweyo kwihlabathi lesithathu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubonelelwa okuzinzileyo kwamandla kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwehlabathi. Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, iindawo ezintathu eziphantsi kolu ngenelelo lweoli yase-US yiNtshona ye-Hemisphere, i-Caspian, kunye ne-Afrika kwaye ngoku ndihlola ezi ntlobo zengxabano yamazwe ngamazwe kwindawo nganye yale mimandla.
Ubungxowankulu behlabathi kunye nokwahlukana kwamandla
Phakathi kwababoneleli besitya seAtlantiki, iLatin America ibonelela nge-oyile eninzi e-US kunawo onke amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma edityanisiwe, kunye neMexico, iVenezuela kunye neColombia abona baboneleli bakhulu. Njengoko ingxelo yeCheney yenza kucace nangona kunjalo, ummandla wase-Andean waseMzantsi Melika, ngakumbi iVenezuela kunye neColombia ziye zanda kakhulu kwiinkxalabo zase-US. Xa eshwankathela ezi zibophelelo, owayesakuba yiNkumanda kwiNtloko yoMphathi woMzantsi wase-US (USSOUTHCOM), uNjengele James T. Hill uqinisekise ikhonkco phakathi kweqhinga lase-US kunye nokugcinwa koqoqosho olutyebileyo lwe-oli kumazwe ngamazwe. U-Hill waxoxa ukuba "imisebenzi yentsebenziswano yokhuseleko lwase-US" ye-US's "isebenze ekwandiseni impembelelo yase-US, iqinisekisa abahlobo, kwaye ithintele abachasi abanokubakho" ngelixa ikhuthaza uzinzo lwentengiso รขโฌหngoqeqesho, ukuxhobisa. , kunye nokuphuhlisa amandla omkhosi wokhuseleko olumanyeneyoรขโฌโข. Okubalulekileyo, u-Hill waxoxa ngelithi รขโฌหUmyalelo waseMazantsi uza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni iintlobo zemikhosi yokhuseleko enceda ekuboneleleni ngesakhono sokulawula ummandla wonke, ngakumbi eColombiaรขโฌโข.5
E รขโฌหkuzinzisaรขโฌโข eKholombiya, i-US ibithumela iibhiliyoni zeedola zoncedo lomkhosi wase-US kumkhosi waseColombia ukusukela ngo-2000. Nangona le mali kuthiwa yeyomlo weziyobisi enyanisweni yeyokulwa novukelo lwakudala. Imfazwe echasene neRevolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) eyona ntshukumo yakudala yaseMelika exhobileyo. lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngokugqithisileyo. UGrossman waxoxa ukuba abavukeli baseColombia bamele ingozi kwi-6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-investment ye-US ngqo e-Colombia. Bahlala behlasela umdla wase-US, kubandakanya uloliwe osetyenziswa yiDrummond Coal Mining facility kunye ne-Occidental Petroleumโs stake kwi-Caรยฑo Limรยณn yeoli yombhobho. Uhlaselo lwabanqolobi kumbhobho weCaรยฑo Limรยณn lukwabeka isoyikiso kukhuseleko lwamandla e-US. I-Colombia ibonelele nge-4.3% ye-oyile evela e-US ngo-3, kwaye inokugcina i-oyile kunye negesi yendalo.2001
Njengoko uGrossman ebonisa, iColombia ifumene oovimba abakhulu be-oyile kwingingqi yayo.8 Okubaluleke ngakumbi, nangona kunjalo, uvukelo lwaseColombia lubeka emngciphekweni uzinzo lwengingqi, kwaye ngakumbi ummelwane waseColombia iVenezuela engomnye wababoneleli abakhulu be-oyile base-US. . UGeneral Peter Pace, owandulela u-Hill's e-US SOUTHCOM, wachaza iingqwalaselo zeqhinga elibanzi lokufikelela kwe-US kwi-oyile yaseMzantsi Melika, kwaye wadibanisa ungenelelo lwase-US e-Colombia kunye noloyiko lokungazinzi kwengingqi okuveliswe yi-FARC. Uqale ngokucacisa ukuba ibaluleke kangakanani i-oyile yaseMzantsi Melika e-US, exoxa ukuba kukho รขโฌหinkolelo engeyiyo eqhelekileyoรขโฌโข yokuba i-US "ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kuMbindi Mpuma" nge-oyile, ngelixa eneneni iVenezuela ibonelela รข โฌห15% - 19 % yeoyile yethu ethengwe kumazwe angaphandle kuyo nayiphi na inyangaรขโฌโข. U-Pace uye waqaphela ukuba "ingxwabangxwaba yangaphakathi e-Colombia ibeka isoyikiso ngqo kuzinzo lwengingqi" kunye nemidla ye-oyile yase-US, kunye "neVenezuela, i-Ecuador, kunye nePanama" "abona basemngciphekweni wokudodobala ngenxa yozinzo". kumsebenzi wovukelo waseColombia kwimida yaboรขโฌโข.9
Ngaphandle kweColombia, inkokeli yephiko lasekhohlo elidumileyo laseVenezuela, uHugo Chavez, ubeliva kwicala laseMelika ukusukela oko wanyulwa ngo-1998 njengoko ewukhabile umbono we-neo-liberal ozama ukubandakanya ngakumbi iLatin America kwi-asymmetric global. uqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Ukuphendula, i-US yaxhasa ilinge lokubhukuqa uChavez ngo-2002. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko isithethi seSebe likarhulumente uPhillip Reeker wathi i-US inqwenela "ukubonakalisa umanyano lwethu nabantu baseVenezuela kwaye sijonge phambili ekusebenzeni nayo yonke imikhosi yedemokhrasi eVenezuela" . Uqhubekile wachaza ukuba ubhukuqo-mbuso lubangelwe "zizenzo ezingezozademokhrasi" zikaChavez ezathi "zixhokonxa" "ingxaki yaseVenezuela". unyulo luka-10 kunye no-1998 ngoyena buninzi bukhulu kumashumi amane eminyaka yembali yaseVenezuela, kwaye wayepasise umgaqo-siseko omtsha wedemokhrasi ngokuvota okuthandwayo ngo-2000
Ukuxhasa ubhukuqo-mbuso urhulumente waseMelika, iNational Endowment for Democracy, ikhuphe amakhulu amawaka eedola kwizibonelelo kumaqela ase-US naseVenezuela achasene noMnu. Umkhosi waManzi wase-US kutyholwa ukuba uququzelele kwaye wancedisa abaqulunqa iyelenqe.12 UThomas Dawson, uMlawuli we-IMF woBudlelwane baNgaphandle, uthe i-IMF ime ikulungele ukunceda i-junta entsha รขโฌหngayiphi na indlela abayibona ifanelekileรขโฌโข.13 Isithethi soLawulo lwaseBush satsho ngokuphandle ukuba nangona uChavez โwayenyulwe ngokwedemokhrasiโ, umntu kufuneka akhumbule ukuba โubusemthethweni yinto enikezelwa hayi sisininzi sabavotiโ.14 UChavez usahleli ngokuqinileyo kwirada yase-US kunye no-General Hill exoxa ukuba รขโฌหradical populismรขโฌโข (ichazwa njengenkqubo apho รขโฌหiinkokeli kummandla zingena kunxunguphalo olunzulu lokusilela kohlaziyo lwedemokhrasi ukunikezela ngempahla neenkonzo ezilindelekileyoโ โข) ihleli รขโฌหisisoyikiso esingundoqoรขโฌโข รขโฌหkwimidla yase-USรขโฌโข.15 Ngaphezu koko, i-US iyaqhubeka nokuzama ukujongela phantsi inkqubo yedemokhrasi eVenezuela.16
Ukufikelela okungathintelekiyo kwi-oyile yaseMzantsi Melika kunye nokugcinwa koqoqosho lwezopolitiko olujoliswe kumazwe ngamazwe kuye kwaba yinkxalabo ecinezela ngakumbi kubacwangcisi base-US emva kohlaselo lwe-11th kaSeptemba kunye nokusilela okuqhubekayo kokukhokelwa yi-US e-Iraq. Owayesakuba ngunozakuzaku wase-US eColombia, u-Anne Patterson, wachaza ukuba "emva kwe-11 kaSeptemba, umba wokhuseleko lwe-oyile uye waba yinto ephambili e-United States", ngakumbi "njengemithombo ye-oyile yemveli e-United States" kuMbindi Mpuma baye baba รขโฌหabangakhuselekanga kangakoรขโฌโข. Ngokufumana iimfuno zamandla ase-US eColombia, โemva kokuba iMexico neVenezuelaโ โilelona lizwe le-oyile libalulekileyo kulo mmandlaโ, i-US iya kuba โnomda omncinci wokusebenzisanaโ Ukujongana nengxaki kwaye รขโฌหkunqanda ukuthelekelela [kweoyile] ngamaxabisoรขโฌโข.17 Ngokunxulumene neColombia oku kubonakaliswe ngokucacileyo ngolawulo lukaBush lwezigidi ezingama-98 zeedola kumkhosi oqeqeshwe ngokukodwa we-CI womkhosi waseColombia njengenxalenye kaBush. Isicwangciso soncedo lomkhosi waseMzantsi Melika, iAndean Regional Initiative.
Ngokungafaniyo namaqela aqhelekileyo e-CI yaseColombia, le brigade izinikele kuphela ekukhuseleni i-US yezizwe ngezizwe yeOccidental Petroleum's 500-mile yeemayile ubude bombhobho weoli weCano Limon eColombia. หqeqesha kwaye uxhobise amaqela amabini omkhosi oxhobileyo waseColombia ukukhusela lo mbhobhoรขโฌโขukuthintela uhlaselo lwabavukeli รขโฌหbasibandeza umthombo wepetroleumรขโฌโข. Isizathu semfazwe yeziyobisi รขโฌหyinto ekufuneka siyenzeรขโฌโข kuba รขโฌหibalulekile kwikamva lelizwe, kwimithombo ye-oyile yethu kunye nokuzithemba kubatyali-mali bethuรขโฌโข.18 UBush waphinda waqinisekisa. oku kuzibophelela xa wayexoxa ukuba รขโฌหColombia yayingumthombo malunga neepesenti ezimbini ze-oyile ethunyelwa ngaphandle e-US ngo-19 (unyaka apho ibutho lokhuselo lwemibhobho laqaliswa ngalo) nto leyo eyadala umdla รขโฌหwomnye ekukhuseleni olu qoqosho. impahlaรขโฌโข.20
Njengoko kunjalo kuMzantsi Merika, uMbindi we-Asiya ngummandla otyebileyo we-oyile kwaye umdla welizwe lase-US kwaye uncedo lwayo lokhuseleko luye lwadityaniswa ngokucacileyo ekuzinziseni iintlobo ezithile zoqoqosho lwezopolitiko kulo mmandla ngoncedo lomkhosi wase-US oluxhasa amajoni axhaphaza kakhulu. I-US ikhokele kwimfazwe echasene ne-Afghanistan yakhokelela ekwandeni kobukho bomkhosi wase-US kuwo wonke lo mmandla, kwaye inani lamazwe ase-Asia akuMbindi ngoku afumana uncedo lomkhosi wase-US oluthetheleleka njengenxalenye โyemfazwe yobunqolobiโ yehlabathi. 22 Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bomkhosi wase-US abuzange bupheleliselwe kwiphulo lase-Afghan njengoko u-Elizabeth Jones, umncedisi kaNobhala welizwe wase-US wenza kwacaca ngo-2001 xa wayexoxa ukuba รขโฌห[xa iphelile impixano yase-Afghan asiyi kushiya uMbindi. EAsia. Sinezicwangciso zexesha elide kunye nomdla kulo mmandlaรขโฌยฆรขโฌโข23
Jikelele u-Anthony Zinni, intloko ye-US's Unified Central Command (enoxanduva lokuphumeza iinkqubo zoncedo zokhuseleko zase-US kuwo wonke uMbindi Asia) unike isalathiso sokuba zeziphi ezi zicwangciso zexesha elide kwaye wagxininisa ingqiqo eqhubekayo yokungenelela kwe-US kuMbindi Asia. xa wathi i-US CENTCOM kunye neenkqubo zayo zoncedo emkhosini kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho zinegalelo ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokugcina "uzinzo kulo mmandla uguquguqukayo" nto leyo "esitshixo sokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwe-oyile kunye nolunye urhwebo oluyimfuneko kuqoqosho lwehlabathi" โข. Uqhube wathi รขโฌหingqwalasela kwiimfuno ezisemthethweni zokhuseleko zabahlobo bethu, kwaye ngokugcina ubukho obufanelekileyo bomkhosi kunye nokufikelela, singakwazi ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko lommandla ngelixa sikhusela iimfuno zethu ezibalulekileyoรขโฌโข. s iinkxalabo. Idwelisa imidla yelizwe lase-US ngokunxulumene nelizwe ngalinye elikuMbindi we-Asiya kunye nomxholo omanyanisayo oyimfuneko yokubandakanya imimandla imithombo yamandla ngaphakathi komyalelo wamazwe ngamazwe okhokelwa yi-US kunye nokwenza nzulu uqoqosho lwemalike. Ngokunxulumene neGeorgia, umzekelo, iSebe leLizwe lase-US lixoxa ukuba iziko lomdla wase-US kumandla emarike yokukhuthaza kunye nokunxibelelana kweGeorgia noqoqosho lwehlabathi: รขโฌหIGeorgia iyindawo ebalulekileyo ye-geopolitical linchpin kwingingqi yeCaucasus: njengentshona. Isango lendlela iGreat Silk Road kunye neyona ndlela intsha yeoyile yeCaspian ukuya kwiimarike zehlabathi, iGeorgia lisango leqhinga lamandla kunye neendlela zorhwebo ezidibanisa iMpuma neNtshonaรขโฌโข.24
Njengoko iGeorgia ingundoqo kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US, ayimangalisi into yokuba ingoyena mntu ukhokelayo ekufumaneni uncedo lwase-US kummandla one-$64 yezigidi ze-US efumana inkxaso-mali yoqeqesho kunye nenkqubo yokuxhobisa imikhosi yezokhuseleko yaseGeorgia efana ngokusondeleyo ne-US. Inkqubo yeCI iqhutywa eColombia. Malunga ne-150 yabaqeqeshi boMkhosi oKhethekileyo wase-US baqeqesha abasebenzi bokhuseleko baseGeorgia kwimfazwe yokulwa nabavukeli. Isithethi soMphathiswa wezoKhuselo waseGeorgia sathi abaqeqeshi be-CI base-US bazakusebenzela ukuphuhlisa amandla akhawulezayo okusabela azakugada โiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo, ngakumbi imibhobho yeoliโ. Ngokufanayo, i-Uzbekistan, elinye โlamaqabane aphambili e-US ekulweni ubunqolobiโ, i-26 yafumana imali engaphaya kwe-90 yezigidi zeerandi kuncedo lomkhosi wase-US ekupheleni kuka-2001. uncedo lomkhosi kunye nezigidi ezili-2003 zeerandi zoncedo lokhuseleko lomda olubandakanya iinkqubo ezintsha zoqeqesho kwi-Uzbek Special Forces kwimfazwe yokulwa. UNjengele uZinni uchaze ukuba i-Uzbekistan inobutyebi โobunokubakho bemithombo yendalo, kunye namandla ommandla weCaspian (i-oyile negesi) รขโฌยฆ ilungele uphuhliso olubanzi kwiminyaka emininzi ezayoรขโฌโข. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa รขโฌหubutyebi bamandla amakhulu obusemngciphekweni ukungazinzi okunokwenzeka kukho njengoko amazwe elungisa imibuzo yobunini kunye neendlela ezamkelekileyo zokuthumela ngaphandleรขโฌโข. Ubudlelwane bethu ne-CAS buyakhula kwaye buza kuqhubeka bukhula kwixesha elizayoรขโฌโข.25
Oku kuyenzeka nakwiindawo ezithile zaseAfrika. Elinye lamazwe aphambili e-Afrika lilizwe laseNtshona Afrika laseNigeria elilelona lizwe lithumela i-oyile kumazwe angaphandle e-Afrika, kwaye likwindawo yesihlanu ngobukhulu ekuthengiseni i-oli kwiimarike zehlabathi. ibikhuthaza izivumelwano zorhwebo ngokukhululekileyo kwaye ngo-28 yatyikitya umthetho wokuKhula kwe-Afrika kunye namaThuba oyilelwe ukuvula i-Afrika kwinkunzi yehlabathi, ngakumbi utyalo-mali olwenziwa ngamashishini eoli asentshona. Njengoko u-Ed Royce, uSihlalo weKomitana yaBameli beNdlu yaseMelika e-Afrika wathi, รขโฌหi-oli yase-Afrika kufuneka ithathwe njengeyona nto iphambili kwisithuba sokhuseleko lwelizwe lase-U.S. ukubonelela ngenkunzi ukuze kukhule uqoqosho lwaseAfrika รขโฌยฆ [t]akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba kutheni amazwe aseAfrika avelisa i-oyile kufuneka angawuthathi ithuba loMthetho woHlumo namaThuba eAfrika (AGOA) ukuhluza uqoqosho lwawoรขโฌโข.2000 UBush wakuphinda oku kuzibophelela ngowama-9 xa wayetyikitya uMthetho wokuKhawuleza i-AGOA wowama-11 owandisa i-AGOA ukuya kutsho kowama-29.
UBush waxoxa ngelithi akukho ngingqi โenokuzuza lukhulu kwiimarike zasimahla kune-Afrikaโ nge-AGOA inika รขโฌหamashishini aseMelika ukuzithemba okukhulu kutyalo-mali e-Afrika, kwaye wakhuthaza amazwe ase-Afrika ukuba aguqule uqoqosho lwawo kunye noorhulumente basebenzise amathuba. ebonelelwa yi-AGOAรขโฌโข.30 Ecaleni kwezi nkqubo zokubandakanywa kwemarike ngakumbi ibe kukonyuka okuhambelanayo kuncedo lomkhosi wase-US kunye noqeqesho, kunye ne-US Foreign Military Financing e-Afrika iyodwa inyuke ngama-800 epesenti phakathi ko-2000-2006.31 Ngo-2004, uNjengele Charles Wald, usekela. Umphathi we-EUCOM (umkhosi womkhosi ojongene neYurophu kunye neNtshona Afrika) ugqibe ukhenketho kumazwe amaninzi aseNtshona Afrika, kuquka neNigeria. Ekubalula imidla yase-US e-Afrika, uWald waxoxa ngelithi i-US โinomdla omkhulu e-Afrika ngokwembono yokhuseleko, ngokwembono yesicwangciso-qhinga nakwimbono yokukhusela imidla yethu yokhuseleko kunye nomdla wotyalo-maliโ.32 Okunika umdla, xa sixoxa imisebenzi edibeneyo yomkhosi phakathi kwe-US neNigeria kwaye ingaba intsebenziswano yomkhosi iya kunabela ekukhuseleni iziseko ze-oyile zaseNigeria kwindawo egquba iNiger Delta, uWald uthe รขโฌหNaphi na apho kukho ububi, sifuna ukuya khona silwe naboรขโฌโข. 33
Phelisa icandelo lesine kolu ngceleleโโโโโโโโโ
1 Umbhali akaziwa, Iinkcazo nguNobhala we-Energy wase-US uSpencer Abraham. http://www.usembassy.it/file2001_03/alia/a1031906.htm
2 IQela loPhuhliso loMgaqo-nkqubo waMandla weSizwe, uMgaqo-nkqubo waMandla weSizwe, ngoMeyi 21, 2001. p.130.
3 IQela loPhuhliso loMgaqo-nkqubo waMandla weSizwe, uMgaqo-nkqubo waMandla weSizwe, ngoMeyi 21, 2001. p.132.
4 IQela loPhuhliso loMgaqo-nkqubo waMandla weSizwe, uMgaqo-nkqubo waMandla weSizwe, ngoMeyi 21, 2001. p.133.
5 James T. Hill, iNgxelo yePosi, i-US Southern Command, iKomiti yeeNkonzo zeNdlu, ngoMatshi 12, 2003. http://www.house.gov/hasc/openingstatementsandpressreleases/108thcongress/03-03-12hill.html.
6 ref incwadi yam.
7 Marc Grossman, Ubungqina be-Ambassador uMarc Grossman phambi kweKomitana yeKomiti yoLwabiwo lweNdlu kwiMisebenzi yaNgaphandle. NgoAprili 10, 2002. http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/02041001.htm.
8 UDonald E, u-Schulz, e-United States kunye ne-Latin America: Ukubumba Ikamva Elingelula (Carlisle PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2000), p.3.
9 Peter Pace, Imibuzo engaphambili kuLieutenant General Peter Pace. Uhlaziyo lwezoKhuselo. IKomiti yeSenethi yase-United States kwiiNkonzo ezixhobileyo. 2000. http://www.senate.gov/~armed_services/statemnt/2000/000906pp.pdf.
10 Phillip Reeker, iSebe likaRhulumente ngoTshintsho lukaRhulumente eVenezuela, ngomhla we-12 ku-Epreli 2002. http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/venezuela/02041250.htm.
11 KuChavez kunye negunya lakhe elidumileyo ledemokhrasi jonga iNarcoNews, Februwari 20, 2002; Kwiimpendulo zamajelo eendaba zase-US kubhukuqo-mbuso jonga uBulungisa nokuChaneka kwiNgxelo, amaPhepha ase-US Hail Coup yaseVenezuela njenge-Pro-Democracy Move, April 18, 2002. http://www.fair.org/press-releases/venezuela-editorials.html; Ngomxholo olungileyo jikelele ngasemva kobhukuqo-mbuso bona uConn Hallinan, US Shadow Over Venezuela, Umgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle kuGxininiso. Epreli 17, 2002. http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2002/0204venezuela2_body.html.
12 The Guardian, April 29, 2002.
13 uThomas C, uDawson, iTranscript ye-Press Briefing, i-International Monetary Fund, ngoLwesihlanu, ngo-Aprili 12, 2002, http://www.imf.org-external-np-tr-2002-tr020412.htm.
14 IThe Observer, ka-Aprili 21, 2002.
I-15 yeNdlu yabaMeli base-US, Ubungqina bukaNjengele James T. Hill Phambi kweKomiti yeNdlu yeeNkonzo zesiXhobo, ngomhla wama-24 kuMatshi, ngo-2004. http://armedservices.house.gov/openingstatementsandpressreleases/108thcongress/04-03-24hill.html
16 URichard Gott, รขโฌหIdemokhrasi iphantsi kweTreatรขโฌโข, iThe Guardian, kaDisemba 6, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1658890,00.html
17 El Tiempo. Nge-10 kaFebruwari, 2002. http://www.amazonwatch.org/newsroom/mediaclips02/col/020210_col_et.html.
18 UMoni weNzululwazi yobuKristu. 5 Matshi, 2002.
19 iKomiti yoLwabiwo lweNdlu. Unobhala welizwe uColin Powell phambi kweKomitana yeMisebenzi yaNgaphandle, ngoFebruwari 13, 2002.
20 El Tiempo. Ngomhla we-10 kuFebruwari, 2002.
21 UGeorge Bush, uMyalezo woHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kaMongameli kwi-Andean Counterdrug Initiative, eWashington, iSebe le-US likarhulumente, ngoFebruwari 04,2002. http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/colombia/andean04.htm.
22Lutz Kleveman, uMdlalo oMtsha oMkhulu: Igazi ne-Oli kuMbindi we-Asia (London: Grove Press, 2004).
I-23 Jones icaphula kuSawule B, Cohen, 'I-Eurasian Convergence Zone: Isango okanye iShatterbelt?', I-Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2005, 46: 1, p.9.
24 US CENTCOM, Ingxelo kaNjengele Anthony C. Zinni, engabhalwanga umhla. http://www.centcom.mil/
25 US Department of State, New Independent States, Umhla. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/3971.pdf
26 URhulumente wase-United States, รขโฌหUncedo lwaseMkhosini lwase-Uzbekistanรขโฌโข kunye รขโฌหUTshintshiselwano lwase-Uzbekistan kunye noNcedo loNyanzeliso loMthethoรขโฌโข, Alufakwanga mhla, ngo-2002.
27 Anthony C. Zinni, iNgxelo kaNjengele Anthony C. Zinni, engabhalwanga xesha. http://www.house.gov/hasc/testimony/106thcongress/99-03-11zinni.htm
28 Ingxelo kaGeorge L. Person, Omnci. Ikomitana yeMicimbi yeMpuma Ekufuphi naseMzantsi Asia, iSenate yaseU.S. Umgaqo-nkqubo we-US wangaphandle, iPetroleum kunye noMbindi Mpuma. Ngo-Oktobha 20, 2005. http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2005/PersonTestimony051020.pdf
29 U-Ed Royce ucaphula kwi-African Oil: I-Priority for US National Security and African Development, African Oil Policy Initiative Group, engabhalwanga umhla. http://www.israeleconomy.org/strategic/africawhitepaper.pdf
30 uGeorge W Bush, amaNtetho kaMongameli ekuTyetyelweni koMthetho wokuKhawuleza i-Agoa wowama-2004, we-13 kaJulayi, 2004. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/07/20040713-3.html
31 UWilliam D. Hartung noFrida Berrigan, uMkhosi woMgaqo-nkqubo waseU.S.
32 Donna Milesรขโฌโข I-US kufuneka ijongane nobunqolobi kwi-Afrika ye-American Forces Information Services, ngoJuni 16, 2004. http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jun2004/n06162004_200406163.html
33 U-Ian Mason, รขโฌหUmthombo okhulayo we-Oli ukwakwayindawo ekujoliswe kuyo eNtshona Afrika, uMthengisi Omkhulu waseMelika e-U.S., Ubonisa รขโฌลI-Paradox ye-Plentyรขโฌโข, iSan Francisco Chronicle, nge-19 kaSeptemba 2004.