?Iirakethi zam ziqhutywa ngokwemigca yaseMelika kwaye ziya kuhlala ngolo hlobo!?
- UClaud Cockburn, intatheli yaseBrithani, udliwano-ndlebe noCapone ngo-1929 (Ngexesha leNgxaki, 1956)
Ndancuma xa ndifunda ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi ukuba iKomiti yeSenate ifumene ukuba iBhanki yaseRiggs yaseWashington yahlambalaza ubuncinane i-$ 8 yezigidi ezibhalisiweyo phantsi kwamagama ka-Augusto Pinochet kunye nomfazi wakhe, uLucia. Ubulungisa bobubongo, ndabuza? Njengewele lakhe lokwenyani lebhayografi, uAl Capone, uPinochet akazange axelelwe? uxoke ? ubutyebi bakhe. ISebe lezoBulungisa aliyi kuphanda kuphela le nto ibonakalayo ye-hanky-panky, kodwa kuya kuba njalo nokulingana kweChile kwe-IRS.
Ngaba uPinochet, owayesakuba ngumongameli waseChile kunye nomphathi omkhulu wemikhosi exhobileyo (1973-97), angawa ngenxa yokuphepha irhafu yengeniso? Ngaba inkwenkwe yeposta yoozwilakhe benkulungwane yamashumi amabini ingahla kwimbali njengomnye umzekelo wesela kunye nombulali owabanga ukuthanda izwe njengesiseko sakhe sokuziphatha?
Umgulukudu ongasekhoyo waseChicago wahlawula abezopolitiko kunye namapolisa kwaye waqesha amagqwetha abiza imali eninzi ukuba agcine umqolo wakhe ngendlela yaseMelika. Phambi kokuba ashiye i-ofisi kamongameli ngo-1990, uPinochet wayila ukubaleka kwakhe kubathuthumbisi ngokwasemthethweni ngokuzivumela ukuba axolelwe kuzo zonke izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. UGeneralissimo Augusto Pinochet Ugarte naye wazimisela njengomphathi womkhosi kunye noSenator ubomi bonke; wayengenanto yakuzikhathaza ngayo.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1998, iPinochet esandula ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi yafika eLondon. Obekekileyo waye wafumana inkangeleko yobuso etshintshe kancinci, inkangeleko kaCesare Borgia, leyo uFriedrich Nietzsche wathi yabangelwa nguPopu owayenobugebenga nowayenengcwangu owathi kwiminyaka yakhe yama-90 wasweleka ebhedini enobuhle ababini ababhinqileyo kunye noncumo oluhle ebusweni bakhe.
UPinochet akazange afezekise ubuso obumsulwa. ?Ndimuncu ebusweni mhlawumbi yilento kuthiwa ndinguzwilakhe,? watsho ngoAgasti 1986. Akazange aphumelele ekuzibonakaliseni njengendoda ekrelekrele, kuba wayengenakuze ayifihle intetho yendelelo nendelelo eyayigculela iintshaba zakhe: ?Ndiwugqithile umthetho wakho, ndasinda ngentuthumbo [amashumi amawaka], ukubulala [3,190] [XNUMX] ], ukuphanziswa kweentshaba zam [amakhulu amawaka agxothelwe ekuthinjweni]. Ngoku, jonga kum, ndiguga kakuhle, umntu ofumana ikhaphethi ebomvu eNgilani, umama wobukhosi bale mihla kunye nekhaya lempucuko yokwenyani.?
UPinochet wayenesizathu sokuziva ulwaneliseko oluza kwiminyaka yorhatya kulwazi lwezinto azifezileyo. Wayelawula iChile iminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe, emine ngaphezu kukaHitler eJamani, wasinda kwiyelenqe lokubulala kunye nephulo lezopolitiko lehlabathi lokumjongela phantsi. Wade wakwazi ukunyamezela ukukrolwa kwabantu baseMelika abanganelisekiyo, abaxhamli bakhe bangaphambili. UNixon wakhuthaza ubhukuqo-mbuso olunegazi, ukuqokelelwa kunye nokuthuthunjiswa kwabavukeli kwaye emva koko uMongameli uCarter wayila amalungelo oluntu ukugweba izizwe, ngokungathi iWashington ayinanxibelelwano nomfundi wayo okhethiweyo kwikona esemazantsi. Ewe, abantu baseMelika banzima, abafani noMadame Thatcher obalaseleyo, owathi wadlulisela isimemo kuGeneralissimo seti xa wayegqiba ukuthenga eHarrods kunye nokutya kwiindawo ezibiza imali eninzi ezazifanele lowo wayesakuba yintloko yelizwe.
Ke, phakathi kolu nyango lwasebukhosini, ngelixa wayephuma kwi-anesthetic evela kuqhaqho oluncinci kwikliniki yabucala ebiza imali eninzi, uPinochet weva ilizwi lesiNgesi. ?Ubanjiwe. Unelungelo lokuthulaโฆ? Ngokutsho kwepolisa elalimfundela amalungelo akhe, uPinochet wabonakala encumile, mhlawumbi intlungu yegesi. Ngaba uPinochet wayenomfanekiso ngqondweni wefilimu okanye umabonwakude waseMelika?
U-Elliot Ness ubamba uAl Capone? Kweli tyala, uJaji uBaltazar Garzon ukhuphe isigunyaziso sokubanjwa nge-Interpol kwaye amapolisa aseBritane ayinyanzelisile. Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe usebenza ngokuchasene nomnye wabaphumeleleyo? Isigunyaziso sabanga ukuba uPinochet wangcungcuthekisa amashumi amawaka, wasebenzisa imbubhiso ngokuchasene nabachasi bakhe bezopolitiko kwaye wayalela uthotho lokubulala phesheya, zonke izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Isebe lezopolitiko laseChile, eUnited States naseNgilani lasabela ngoloyiko. Umthetho kanye abawubhengezileyo unokurhintyela omnye wabaxumi babo, indoda enokuthi icengceleze iinkcukacha ezingapheliyo malunga nenkxaso ayifumene eWashington naseLondon malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho echazwe kumyalelo wokubanjwa. Urhulumente waseSpeyin uye wazama ukuvala isigunyaziso sokubanjwa kweJaji Grazon kuthotho lweendlela ezingokwasemthethweni ezingazange ziphumelele.
Kodwa amazwi okuthuthumbisa, ukubulawa kohlanga kunye nezivumelwano ezichasene nabanqolobi zazicace gca, ubungqina buninzi kwaye izimvo zoluntu zisebenza kakhulu ngokuchasene nePinochet. Njengomgulukudu waseChicago, uPinochet wayehlala ephinda ?ufumene i-nuttin kum? ibinzana. Indoda eyayikhe yaqhayisa ngelithi ?akukho gqabi elingashukumiyo kweli lizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yam? ngoku luphepha lonke ulwazi lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu. Hayi isebe lam, watsho. Ukuba ezi zinto zoyikekayo zenzekile, kumele ukuba zenziwe ngomnye umntu.
Kangangeenyanga ezilishumi elinesihlanu, amagqwetha akhe abhena ngelixa amagosa aphezulu aseChile, eSpain, eNgilani nase-United States ebambene ukuze afumane isigebenga se-octogenarian. IHouse of Lords, eyona nkundla ibambelele nkqi kwiinkundla zaseBritani, ekugqibeleni yawisa isigwebo sokuba iNkomfa yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Ngokuchasene Nokuthuthunjiswa yaba ngumthetho waseBritani ngowe-1988. Ngaloo ndlela, izityholo awayetyatyekwa zona uPinochet ngezo zizathu kuphela zaziza kuba sisizathu esaneleyo sokumangalela kwakhe ityala.
Njengoko uPinochet wayehlala eLondon evalelwe endlwini ngo-1999, kucacile ukuba wacela amagosa eBhanki yaseRiggs ukuba athintele iinkqubo zebhanki kwaye atshintshe izigidi zakhe ukuze aphephe ukufunyanwa nguJaji Garzon. Ke, ngelixa usapho lukaPinochet lwambhengeza ukuba akafanelekanga ngokwasengqondweni, uGeneralissimo wenza iyelenqe lokurhwebesha impahla yakhe kwiinkampani ezikude nonxweme zaseBahamas. Kakhulu iCaponelike!
UPinochet waziqokelela njani izigidi ngomvuzo we-15 lamawaka eerandi ngonyaka? Iminikelo, yabanga iPinochet. Kwanabanye babaxhasi bakhe bahleka, kodwa baqhubeka begxininisa ukuba uPinochet wasindisa isizwe sabo kwintshabalalo yamakomanisi.
UPinochet umi ngelithi ukhokele ubhukuqo-mbuso luka-1973 ngenxa yezizathu zokuthandโ izwe. Iintetho ezinjalo zisitha umgca ophakathi kwezopolitiko nolwaphulo-mthetho. Imali yeBhanki yeRiggs ibandakanya iPinochet ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphaya kwesimo sakhe njengombulali kunye nomthuthumbisi, ngoku unokubanga ukuba ulisela naye.
Onjani wona ukuba abe ngumgqatswa kwinkundla yamalungelo abantu eNuremberg! UPinochet, exhaswa nguNixon noKissinger, wathi akukho mgca ukhoyo phakathi kweemeko zezopolitiko kunye nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. UPinochet naye wayenenkxaso kaMargaret Thatcher kwesi sikhundla. Ke, abezopolitiko eLondon, eWashington naseSantiago baqala ukuhlangana ukuze baphambuke kwimithetho-siseko yomthetho wamalungelo oluntu oorhulumente babo ababewuxhome ematyeni kwi-UN Charter.
Kwavela isisombululo sezonyango. Oogqirha abakhethwe ngononophelo babhengeze iPinochet ngokwezonyango nangokwengqondo (akukho nkumbulo) ? ukuya ematyaleni. Ngoko, ngoMatshi 2000, uKumkani Wehlabathi ngokundilisekileyo wakhwela izinyuko zenqwelo-moya yakhe yaseChile. Njengoko imimoya yasezantsi inqumla indlela yakhe wachacha ngokungummangaliso engqondweni. Ukusuka kwakhe eChile, wadanisa i-cueca kwaye wamkela abahlobo bakhe basemkhosini, ekhumbula onke amagama abo.
Kwiinyanga ezili-15 phantsi kokubanjwa kwendlu yaseBritane, uPinochet wagcina ubumsulwa kunye nokuthanda izwe. Wayezise uthando olunzima eChile kwaye isizwe sasimtyala ityala lombulelo. Wayephila ubomi obuphantsi yaye akazange angenelwe kwiminyaka yakhe eli-17 elawula. UPinochet wathi ngo-1982, ?Ndiyinjengele yamahlwempu.?
Imizekelo esemthethweni ebekwe eSpain naseNgilani, nangona kunjalo, yamqinisa iJaji yaseChile uJuan Guzman, owavula uphando malunga nokubandakanyeka kukaPinochet kwi-Operation Condor, igama lekhowudi yamaqela okubulala aseChile aphesheya.
Ngomhla wama-21 kuSeptemba 1976, abameli bakaPinochet babulala u-Orlando Letelier, umhlobo wam nogxa wam kwiZiko leZifundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo. URonni Moffitt, omnye umhlobo kunye nogxa wakhe, wasweleka xa ibhombu eyayiphantsi kwemoto kaLetelier yaqhushumba eWashington's Sheridan Circle. UPinochet wayalela ukuba kubulawe abanye abantu abangaphezu kwama-3,190.
NgoJuni, iNkundla yeZibheno yaseChile yacaphula uCondor njengoko babehlutha uPinochet ekuzikhuseleni kwakhe. UPinochet ngokwethiyori wayenokuma ematyaleni ngokubulala abachasi bakhe kwezinye izizwe zaseCondor, njengeUruguay, Paraguay, kunye neArgentina.
Kodwa usapho lukaPinochet lunyanzelisa ukuba uzwilakhe owalupheleyo akafanelekanga ukuba agwetywe. Urhulumente waseChile ulamkele ngombulelo eli yelenqe. Abaphezulu kwezopolitiko baseChile abafuni ukuphazamisa isivumelwano sabo sonyaka ka-1990 kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo ibhengeza ukuba izaphuli-mthetho zeminyaka ye-junta azinakuze zitshutshiswe. Umkhosi oxhobileyo unokwenza amaza ukuba urhulumente uye wazisa uPinochet ematyaleni. Kubi kwishishini!
Amabango kaPinochet okongezwa akazange amqhathe umhlobo wam, uJuan Garces, igqwetha laseSpain elafaka isikhalazo soluntu ngokuchasene noPinochet eSpain ngo-1996. Njengomcebisi ka-Allende phakathi kuka-1970-73, uGarces uye waqonda umlinganiswa kaPinochet ophindaphindayo.
Kwaye amabango angafanelekanga awazange athintele uJaji Guzman ekuphandeni izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikaPinochet. Umtyholi oneminyaka engama-88 mhlawumbi akazukulivalela entolongweni, kodwa angajongana nesidima esifanayo neso sika-Al Capone, owathi naye wabulala abachasi bakhe ukuze aqinise amandla olwaphulo-mthetho. Ihlokondiba likaCapone, njengamapolisa afihlakeleyo kaPinochet, loyikiswa ngokubetha, ukungcungcuthekisa abantu nokubulala.
I-mobster yaseChicago yayinxibe iimpahla zokuhombisa kwaye ichithe imali eninzi. I-Pinochet ibonise umfanekiso onqabileyo. Kodwa i-8 yezigidi zeedola kwiBhanki yaseRiggs ibonisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho en jefe waqokelela ubutyebi ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe. ?Ndandisoloko ndisebenza ngemigaqo yedemokhrasi,? I-Pinochet yabhengezwa kwi-1980s. Ngabademokhrasi abanjengoPinochet, ngubani ofuna oozwilakhe?
Incwadi entsha ka Landau ithi ISHISHINI LASE-AMERICA: INDLELA ABATHENGI ABATHENGILE NGAYO ABEMI KWAYE NJANI ESINOKUYIBUYISA INDLELA. Ufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseCal Poly Pomona kwaye ungumlingane weZiko leZifundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo.