NgoNovemba 1989, kwiiveki ezintathu ngaphambi kohlaselo lwaseUnited States, ndaya kwinkomfa eyayisePanama eyayiququzelelwa yiPanamaโs Center for International Studies ukuze ndazise iindwendwe ezili-118 zaseUnited States ngoko kwakuqhubeka. Abantu basePanamani babesele bephantsi kohlaselo rhoqo yimikhosi yase-US eyayiqhuba phantse yonke imihla imikhosi yasemkhosini kwindawo yasePanamani apho imikhosi yase-US yayinyanzeliswe ngesivumelwano ukuba ingasebenzi. Abantu basePanamani kwinkomfa, kuquka uMongameli wethutyana uFrancisco Rodrรguez kunye noGeneral Manuel Noriega, bakwenza kwacaca ukuba umcimbi wawungengoNoriega okanye idemokhrasi okanye ukhuseleko lwabemi base-US. Umba yayililungelo lePanama lokuzenzela eyakhe imbali. Inkoliso yabantu baseUnited States inolwazi oluncinane ngembali yasePanama. Olu balo-maxesha, ulwandiso lwalo endalubhala ngo-1990, lulinge lokubonelela ngemeko yembali yohlaselo.
Ngowe-1501: Ukuqala kokuhlola indawo yaseSpeyin. Abanqobi bazisa ubukhoboka kunye nobuKatolika.
1519: IsiXeko esiDala sasePanama sasekwa. Ugxothwe ngumlawuli waseBritane uHenry Morgan ngo-1671.
Ngowe-1751: Inxalenye ye-Viceroyalty yaseSpain yaseNew Granada, kuquka ngelo xesha iiriphabliki zangoku zaseColombia, e-Ecuador naseVenezuela.
Ngo-1821: Ukuzimela geqe eSpeyin ngexesha leemfazwe zokuzimela geqe kunye nobunkokeli bukaSimรยณn Bolรvar. Kungekudala iba yinxalenye yomanyano lweBolvar's Greater Colombia yaseColombia, iVenezuela kunye ne-Ecuador. (Ngaphakathi kolu manyano lwangoku iColombia yaziwa ngokuba yiNew Granada kwaye iquka iPanama.) UBolรvar wonyulwa njengomongameli weGreater Colombia.
Ngo-1823: NgoDisemba 2, kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Monroe Doctrine, uMongameli uJames Monroe ubeka i-Western Hemisphere njengendawo ekhethekileyo yase-US yempembelelo.
Ngowe-1830: Xa umanyano lweBolรvar luchithwa, iPanama iyaqhubeka iyinxalenye yeNew Granada (ethatha igama elithi Colombia ngo-1863).
Ngo-1846: Urhulumente wase-US uqukumbela isivumelwano kunye neNew Granada esithi iWashington iya kuqinisekisa 'ukungathathi hlangothi okugqibeleleyo' kwesi siqithi.
Ngowe-1855: Umzila kaloliwe wasePanama onqumla kwisiqithi esisuka eAtlantiki ukuya kwiPasifiki ugqitywe ngoJanuwari 28.
Ngo-1856: Imikhosi yase-US yahlala ePanama ngoSeptemba 19-22 ukukhusela umdla wase-US, ngakumbi umzila kaloliwe.
Ngo-1865: Imikhosi yase-US yahlala ngoMatshi 9-10 ukukhusela ubomi kunye nepropathi yabemi base-US kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo umzila kaloliwe ngexesha lomsebenzi woguquko.
Ngo-1873: Amajoni ase-US ahlala eBay of Panama, eColombia, ngoMeyi 7-22 kunye noSeptemba 23-Okthobha 9 ukukhusela umdla wase-US ngexesha lokulwa malunga nokuba ngubani omele alawule iPanama.
Ngo-1885: Amajoni ase-US ahlala eColรยณn ngoJanuwari 18-19 ukuze agade izinto ezixabisekileyo kwi-Panama Railroad kunye nokukhusela iindawo ezikhuselekileyo kunye neenqwelomoya zeNkampani yePanama Railroad. NgoMatshi, ngo-Epreli nangoMeyi amajoni ase-US asePanama kuzo zombini iziphelo zikaloliwe, iColรยณn kunye nePanama City, ukukhusela umzila kaloliwe ngexesha lomsebenzi woguqulo.
Ngo-1898: Uloyiso lwase-US ngokuchasene neSpain kwiMfazwe yaseSpain-yaseMelika ivelisa imimandla emine enamazibuko amakhulu oMkhosi waManzi wase-US: eCuba, ePuerto Rico, ePhilippines naseGuam.
Ngowe-1901: Imikhosi yaseUnited States yahlala ePanama ngoNovemba 20-Disemba 4 ukuze ikhusele indawo yaseUnited States nokugcina umgaqo kaloliwe uvulekile. IWashington ithatha isigqibo ngokuqinisekileyo sokwakha iPanama Canal.
Ngo-1902: Imikhosi yase-US yahlala ngoSeptemba 17-Novemba 18 ukugcina umzila kaloliwe uvulekile.
UBUKHO OBUNGENASIGQINA BETHU IMIBUSO
I-1903: NgoNovemba, i-Theodore Roosevelt Administration injineli yokwahlulwa kwePanama esuka eColombia. Imikhosi yase-US iba yinto esisigxina.
Ngowe-1904: Imikhosi eyongezelelekileyo yaseUnited States yokuthintela imvukelo ebudeni bonyulo. Ngeli xesha, inkqubo yase-US ijongela phantsi kwaye yenze buthathaka umkhosi welizwe. Akukho mntu wasePanama onokuba ngumongameli ngaphandle kwemvume yaseWashington.
Ngowe-1908: Imikhosi eyongezelelekileyo yaseUnited States yokuthintela imvukelo ebudeni bonyulo.
Ngowe-1912: Imikhosi eyongezelelekileyo yaseUnited States yokuthintela imvukelo ebudeni bonyulo. NgoMeyi, iWashington yonyula ikhomishini yamagosa aphezulu oMkhosi wase-US ukubala iivoti kunyulo lukaJuni.
Ngowe-1914: Kuyavulwa iPanama Canal. Imikhosi yase-US ilawula i-Canal Zone yeekhilomitha ezilishumi ububanzi kumbindi welizwe. Ukuze bawele ukusuka kwelinye icala lelizwe labo baye kwelinye, abantu basePanamani kufuneka bazichaze kumkhosi wase-US. KwiZone, abasebenzi base-US bafumana umvuzo ophindwe kabini kumvuzo ofunyanwa ngabantu basePanamani. Ngeli xesha i-oligarchy ilawula ngomhlaba kunye nemali yabambalwa ngelixa i-90 pesenti ingabandakanywa. Ukwahlula kunyanzeliswa yinkqubo yemithetho efana nemithetho kaJim Crow eUnited States.
Ngo-1918-20: Imikhosi eyongezelelekileyo yase-US ukubonelela ngomsebenzi wamapolisa eChiriquร (entshona yePanama) ngexesha lokuphazamiseka konyulo kunye nezidubedube ezalandelayo. Ngowe-1918, uMongameli uCiro Urriola wakhupha umyalelo wokuba luhlehliswe unyulo. IWashington iyalela ukuba lo mmiselo urhoxiswe kwaye amajoni ase-US ahlala kwisiXeko sasePanama naseColรยณn.
Ngowe-1920: Ugwayimbo olukhulu lwabasebenzi olwalukhokelwa nguWilliam Preston Stoute, owagxothwayo kweli lizwe.
Ngowe-1925: Imikhosi eyongezelelekileyo yase-US ngo-Oktobha 12-23 ukugcina ucwangco kunye nokukhusela iimfuno zase-US ngexesha loqhankqalazo lwerente ngabaqeshi.
1930s-40s: IWashington iyanyanzeleka ngamanye amaxesha ukuba yenze izivumelwano. Ngokomzekelo, ukutshintshiselana neendawo ezininzi zomkhosi wase-US ngaphandle kweNdawo yeCanal ngobusuku bokungena kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, urhulumente wase-US uyalicima ityala elithile, anike imbuyekezo yemali kwiziza, adlulisele ePanama iipropathi ezithile zePanama Railroad Company kunye nokulawula ngaphezulu. Iinkqubo zamanzi nogutyulo lwesiXeko sasePanama kunye neColรยณn, zinika ulawulo oluthile ePanama.
I-1947: NgoDisemba 10, uMphathiswa Wezangaphandle wasePanamani uFrancisco A. Filos kunye no-Ambassador wase-US uFrank Hines basayina iSivumelwano seFilos-Hines ukwandisa ubukho be-140 yase-US iziseko zomkhosi kunye neendawo zokukhusela ezisetyenziswe ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukuchasana okuphumelelayo kwePanama kukhokelela ekoyisweni komnqophiso kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho kwiiveki ezimbini kamva.
Ngo-1954: I-CIA ibhukuqa urhulumente waseGuatemala, igxotha umongameli onyuliweyo, uJacobo Arbenz, kwaye ifaka ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi kaColonel Carlos Castillo Armas.
Ngowe-1954: INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States yawisa isigwebo sokungabandakanywa kwesikolo (Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka). Ukuphuhlisa i-US Civil Rights Movement kunempembelelo enkulu ePanama.
Ngo-1955: IWashington iyavuma ukuhlawula ngakumbi iindleko zeCanal, ukuvumela iPanama iqokelele irhafu kubasebenzi ngaphandle kwabemi base-US kunye nabanye, kunye nokubuyisela ipropathi encinci ePanama.
Ngowe-1958: Iphulo elifuna iwonga elilinganayo lolwimi lweSpanish kunye neflegi yasePanama kwiCanal Zone. I-Eisenhower Administration iyavuma ukuba zombini iiflegi zinokubhabha kwindawo ethile.
I-1959: NgoJanuwari 1, i-Cuban Revolution yoyisa, ibe nefuthe elikhulu kubantu basePanama. Iziphazamiso zenzeka kwinyanga nganye kwezine zokuqala zalo nyaka.
I-1959: NgoMhla we-Independence abantu basePanama bangena kwi-Canal Zone ukuze baphakamise iflegi yasePanama; Imikhosi yase-US ibabuyisele emva. IWashington iqala ukuguqula amapolisa abe ngumkhosi ogcweleyo. IWashington kamva yoyika lo mkhosi ngenxa yamandla awo njengomkhosi welizwe.
1964: NgoJanuwari 9, abafundi baseUnited States baphakamisa iflegi yaseUnited States ngokwabo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kwiCanal Zone. Abantu basePanamani abaqhankqalazayo bangena kwiZone kwaye babuyiselwa umva yimikhosi yase-US. Oku kukhokelela kwiintsuku ezimbini zemiboniso apho amajoni ase-US abulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-20 kwaye alimaza ngaphezu kwe-300. I-Panama iphula ubudlelwane bezozakuzo kwaye ifuna ukuhlaziywa kwezivumelwano. Ubudlelwane buqala ngo-Epreli emva kokuba iWashington ivumile ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano.
UKUCHITHWA KWE-OLIGARCHY
I-1968: Ngo-Oktobha 11, i-National Guard, phantsi koCol. Omar Torrijos, ibhukuqa urhulumente we-oligarchy kwaye ifake i-junta apho uTorrijos avela khona inkokeli. Ukhokela imikhosi exhobileyo ngo-1968-81. I-Torrijos iqhubela kwinkululeko evela eWashington, ixhomekeke kwisiseko sobuzwe. I-Torrijos ayiyonxalenye ye-oligarchy; isiseko sakhe sivela kwabagxothiweyo. Phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, uMkhosi woKhuselo wasePanama uba yinxalenye yentshukumo yenkululeko yesizwe. Ebudeni borhulumente waseTorrijos nooMkhosi weSizwe, izikolo zikarhulumente zanda ukusuka ngaphantsi kwama-2,000 3,000 ukusa kwabangaphezu kwama-40 25; ukufa kweentsana kuncipha ukusuka kwi-1,000 ukuya kwi-1 kwi-XNUMX yokuzalwa okuphilayo; ukhuseleko loluntu lwandiswa ngaphezu kwesigidi esi-XNUMX; iindlela nombane zisiwa emaphandleni; imibutho yabasebenzi iyakhula.
Ngowe-1972: UJunta uqinisekiswa lunyulo. UTorrijos uhlala njengentloko yoMkhosi woKhuselo wasePanama.
Ngowe-1974: IPama neCuba ziphinda ziseka ubudlelwane bozakuzo.
1976: UNjengele Omar Torrijos wenza utyelelo lombuso eCuba. Kwintetho edibeneyo ekhutshwe ngala mazwe mabini, iCuba ixhasa umzabalazo wePanama wolongamo kwiCanal Zone.
I-1976: NgoDisemba 8, uMlawuli weCIA uGeorge HW Bush udibana noManuel Noriega ngesidlo sasemini kwikhaya le-ambassador yasePanama e-United States. UNoriega, ophumelele kwiSikolo saseMelika, ukwi-CIA yomvuzo.
I-1977: Ulawulo lweCarter lusayina izivumelwano ezintathu ezaziwa ngokuba yizivumelwano zeCarter-Torrijos, zilungiselela ukubuyiswa kwePanama Canal Zone ePanama phakathi kobusuku ngoDisemba 31, 1999.
I-1979: Izivumelwano zeCarter-Torrijos ziqala ukusebenza ngo-Oktobha 1 kunye neepesenti ze-65 ze-Canal Zone zibuyiselwa ePanama. Iindawo ezisephantsi kolawulo lwase-US zibizwa ngokuba ziindawo eziluhlaza; abo baphantsi kolawulo lwasePanama ziindawo ezimhlophe. IWashington inoxanduva lokusebenza kunye nokukhusela iCanal kude kube nguDisemba 31, 1999, kodwa hayi emva koko.
Ngo-1981: URonald Reagan uba ngumongameli ngoJanuwari 20, ngokuzibophezela kwakhe ukuba 'angaphulukani' neCanal. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, nge-31 kaJulayi, uNjengele Omar Torrijos wabulawa kwingozi yenqwelomoya.
1983: NgoJanuwari 5, ngelinge lokuzinzisa ungquzulwano kuMbindi Merika, abaphathiswa bamazwe angaphandle baseColombia, eMexico, ePanama naseVenezuela badibana kwisiqithi sasePanama iContadora baza baqulunqa isindululo sokuqala, befuna kupheliswe lonke ungenelelo lwamazwe angaphandle kulo mmandla. , ukunqunyanyiswa kwalo lonke uncedo lwezomkhosi, nothethathethwano lokuphelisa imfazwe yamakhaya yase-El Salvador nomlo waseNicaragua phakathi kwemikhosi karhulumente kunye 'nabo bachasene nabo.'
I-1983: Jikelele uManuel Noriega uthatha indawo ngo-Agasti njengomphathi weMikhosi yoKhuselo yasePanama. INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe inika uMkhosi woKhuselo amagunya amakhulu (ukulawula uMkhosi weSizwe odityaniswe kuwo, eminye imikhosi yamajoni namapolisa, imiba yeCanal, kunye nemisebenzi efana nolawulo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nolawulo lweenqwelomoya zasekuhlaleni). UNoriega usebenze kunye neCIA ukususela ubuncinane kwi-1959 (njenge-arhente yekhontrakthi ukususela kwi-1966 okanye i-1967). I-Army yase-US yamfaka kwi-payroll yayo njenge-intelligence asset kwi-1955 kwaye imgcina apho de kube ngu-1986. Kodwa uNoriega naye ujongene nokukhetha ukuba ufuna ukufezekisa amandla okwenene (jonga i-1968): ukhetho phakathi kweWashington kunye nesiseko sakhe sobuzwe.
I-1983: NgoDisemba, i-Vice-President uGeorge HW Bush udibana noGeneral Noriega, ngeli xesha kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya sasePanama xa uBush efuna inkxaso 'ye-contras' eNicaragua. Kwakhona kwintlanganiso nguMongameli wasePanama uRicardo de la Espriella kunye nomcebisi we-Sekela Mongameli wezokhuseleko lwelizwe uDonald P. Gregg. (Ngexesha lakhe lephulo likamongameli lika-1988, uSekela Mongameli uBush uyaphika ukuba wakhe wadibana noNoriega, kodwa ifoto yale ntlanganiso ibuyisela inkumbulo yakhe.)
I-1984: Unyulo lukaMongameli we-6 kaMeyi bubuqhetseba obulungiselelwe ngabasebenzi be-Reagan Administration kunye noNoriega. UNicolas Ardito Barletta, owayesakuba ligosa leBhanki yeHlabathi, uyaphumelela. Unobhala welizwe uGeorge Shultz uhambela ukuvulwa kweprotege yakhe (uArdito Barletta wayengumncedisi kaShultz xa uShultz wayenguprofesa weYunivesithi yaseChicago) ukudumisa unyulo njengedemokhrasi esebenzayo.
1985: UHugo Spadaforo, ochasayo uNoriega, uyabulawa.
Ngo-1985: Ngomhla we-1 kaNovemba, uMlawuli weCIA uWilliam Casey udibana noNoriega eWashington kwaye ukhalaza malunga nenxaxheba kaNoriega kurhwebo kunye neCuba eququzelela ukuthintelwa kwe-embargo yorhwebo yase-US ngokumelene neCuba.
I-1985: UNoriega kamva utshela i-CBS (udliwano-ndlebe olusasazwa kwi-'60 Minutes,' ngoFebruwari 7, 1988) ukuba ngexesha lentlanganiso ngoDisemba 17, 1985, kunye noMcebisi wezoKhuseleko weSizwe wase-US, u-Admiral John Poindexter, wafunda ngesicwangciso saseWashington sokuhlasela iNicaragua. UNoriega uthi ukusilela kwakhe ukusebenzisana sisizathu sokumangalelwa kwakhe ngoFebruwari 1988.
I-1986: Ulawulo lweReagan lucebisa ukuguqula ulawulo lweCanal ukuya ePanama ngo-1990 ukuba iziseko zomkhosi zase-US zihlala kude kube yi-2015.
I-1986: NgoFebruwari, iWashington ibiza u-Arthur Davis njenge-ambassador yase-US ePanama.
Ngo-1986: NgoJuni 12, uSeymour Hersh unika ingxelo kwiNew York Times ukuba iSebe eliPhezulu leSizwe, i-White House, iPentagon kunye namagosa ezobuntlola bathi uNoriega ebebonelela ngolwazi lobuntlola kuzo zombini iCuba kunye ne-United States iminyaka eyi-15 kwaye 'ungumntu'. umtyali-zimali ofihlakeleyo kwiinkampani zasePanama ezithumela ngaphandle ezithengisa ubugcisa baseMelika obulinganiselweyo eCuba nakumazwe aseMpuma Yurophu.'
I-1987: NgoJanuwari 23-26, u-Ovidio Dรaz, umongameli weNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yasePanama, ukhokela igqiza labameli basePanama eCuba. Intlanganiso yabo kunye noSekela Mphathiswa Wezangaphandle uRicardo Alarcรยณn ixhalabele inkqubo yoxolo yaseContadora. U-Dรaz uxelela intatheli yaseGranma ukuba ukulungiswa ngoxolo kweengxabano kuMbindi Merika kubalulekile ePanama ukuze kuthintelwe isizathu esinokuthi sisetyenziswe yiWashington ukujongela phantsi izivumelwano zeTorrijos Carter zokunikezela ngePanama Canal ePanama ngonyaka. 2000.
I-1987: Ngo-Aprili 3, amadoda amathathu atyholwa eMiami ngenxa yesityholo sokuthengisa ngaphezu kwe-1 yezigidi zeedola zezixhobo zekhompyutheni ye-high tech kwi-1985 kwi-Siboney International ePanama, echongwa njenge-Cuban 'front.'
I-1987: NgoJuni 6, uCol Roberto Dรaz Herrera, i-2nd ngomyalelo we-Panamaan Defence Forces (PDF), utyhola uNoriega ngobuqhetseba bokhetho kunye nokubulala kwaye ubeka uqhanqalazo lokuqala lwe-anti-Noriega lucinezelwe ngamapolisa.
1987: NgoJuni 10, uMongameli u-Eric Delvalle, efakwe nguNoriega, uvakalisa imeko yonxunguphalo. Abachasi babhengeza ukudalwa kweCivic Crusade, encediswa yiWashington.
Ngo-1987: NgoSeptemba 24, i-Senate yase-US ivume ngamxhelo-mnye isisombululo esingabopheleli sikhuthaza iPanama ukuba imisele urhulumente wasekuhlaleni okanye ijongene nokunqunyulwa koncedo lwase-US.
Ngo-1988: NgoJanuwari 17, i-New York Times ibika ukuba uNobhala oNcedisayo wezoKhuseleko uRichard L. Armitage wenza i-mission eyimfihlo ePanama ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari apho waxelela uNoriega ukuba 'aphume kwezopolitiko kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuze ilizwe libe nokuzimela. umgaqo wolawulo lwabahlali phambi konyulo lonyaka ozayo.'
Ngowe-1988: Ngaphambi kokuba abe nexesha โlokuphuma kwezobupolitika,โ uNoriega umangalelwa ngoFebruwari 4 ngamaqumrhu amabini eejaji zeFederal Grand eTampa naseMiami ngezityholo zokuthatha i-$5.4 (isimangalo saseTampa) kunye ne-$4.6 (Miami) yezigidi zeedola ukusuka kwishishini leziyobisi laseMedellรn ukuya. khusela ukuthutyeleziswa kwecocaine kunye nokusebenza ngokungekho mthethweni kwemali ePanama. Oko kwenza inzuzo ngeziyobisi akukhange kukhokelele kwizityholo ngaphandle kokuba iWashington ithathe isigqibo sokujolisa umntu obandakanyekayo. I-CIA ayiqhelekanga ekwenzeni iziyobisi; bona uAlfred W. McCoy, iPolitics yeHeroin: I-CIA Complicity kwi-Global Drug Trade (eNew York: Iincwadi zikaLawrence Hill, i-1991). Ukususela ngowe-1978 ukuya kutsho ngo-1987, uNoriega wafumana intaphane yeeleta zombulelo kumagosa ase-US ngentsebenziswano yakhe ekulweni ukuthengiswa kweziyobisiโngokomzekelo, evela kwiGqwetha leGqwetha Jikelele uWilliam French Smith ngowe-1984 noMlawuli weDEA uJohn C. Lawn ngowe-1987.
I-1988: Kwiintsuku ezine emva kokumangalelwa kwakhe, uNoriega ufuna ukuhoxiswa kwe-US Southern Command, enekomkhulu layo ePanama.
I-1988: NgoFebruwari 25, uMongameli uDelvalle uvakalisa ukuba ugxothe uNoriega, kodwa iNdibano yesiZwe iyayivimba le ntshukumo ngokukhupha uDelvalle ngosuku olulandelayo. IWashington iyaqhubeka nokuqaphela uDelvalle njengomongameli. INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe ibize uMphathiswa wezeMfundo uManuel Solรs Palma njengomphathiswa ophethe i-ofisi kamongameli.
Ngowe-1988: IPanama ivala iibhanki ngoMatshi 4 emva kokutsalwa kwemali okukhulu ngabagcini-mali.
I-1988: Ngomhla we-11 kaMatshi, uLawulo lweReagan lubeka izigwebo, kubandakanywa nokupheliswa kwezinto ezikhethwayo zorhwebo kunye nokubamba imirhumo yeCanal.
Ngo-1988: Ngomhla we-16 kaMatshi, uNoriega ubeka phantsi ilinge lokuvukela umbuso elikhokelwa ngumphathi wamapolisa.
1988: NgoAprili, uLawulo lweReagan lwandisa isohlwayo sezoqoqosho; I-Reagan inqanda iinkampani zase-US kunye noRhulumente ukuba zenze iintlawulo ePanama kwaye imisa i-56 yezigidi zeedola kwiimali zasePanama kwiibhanki zase-US. Ngaphezulu kwe-2,000 imikhosi eyongezelelweyo yase-US iqala ukufika ePanama.
I-1988: NgoMeyi 8, iibhanki zasePanama zivula ukuhoxiswa okulinganiselwe emva kokuvalwa kweenyanga ezimbini.
1988: NgoMeyi 13, uSenator uAlfonse D'Amato (R-NY) uphakamisa kwi-ABC-TV ukuba imikhosi yase-US 'ingene kwaye ikhuphe [uNoriega] ngaphandle' kwePanama.
I-1988: NgoMeyi 25, uNobhala kaRhulumente wase-US u-Shultz uvakalisa ukuba iintetho malunga nesivumelwano sokuhamba kukaNoriega ziye zawa.
I-1988: NgoMeyi 25, i-UN Social and Economic Council ikhetha iPanama neCuba ukuba imele iLatin America kwiKhomishoni yamaLungelo oLuntu lwe-UN.
Ngo-1988: NgoJulayi, iKomiti yeNgqondo yeSenate yase-US ichasene nesicwangciso esifihlakeleyo sokubhukuqa uNoriega. Iyelenqe laziwa njenge 'Panama 3' kuba liyelenqe lesithathu lobhukuqo-mbuso elaqanjwa yiCIA ngokuchasene noNoriega. Umongameli uReagan wamkele isicwangciso, kodwa ikomiti yeSenethi yoyika ukuba uNoriega uya kubulawa ngexesha lobhukuqo. Ubukho beli qhinga buvezwa emva kokuzama ukubhukuqa okungaphumelelanga ngo-Oktobha 1989. I-Panama idale i-Dignity Battalions, ii-militias ezithandwayo zokunceda ukuqeqesha abasebenzi kunye namafama ukukhusela i-Panama ekuhlaselweni kwe-US.
UGEORGE HW BUSH UBONGAMELI
1989: UGeorge HW Bush umiselwa njengomongameli ngoJanuwari 20.
I-1989: Ngo-Matshi 18, ukuphendula kwi-US ukukhanyela ii-visa kwiidolophu ze-Havana, iManagua kunye ne-Panama City kwinkomfa yeziyobisi eNew York, usodolophu waseBogota, u-Andres Pastrana Borrero, uthi yena kunye no-sodolophu waseNew York, u-Ed Koch, babesixhasa eso sigqibo.
Ngo-1989: Unyulo lukamongameli wasePanama ngoMeyi 7 ubeka uCarlos Duque ngokuchasene noGuillermo Endara. URhulumente wase-US unika ngokuphandle i-10 yezigidi zeedola kwiphulo le-Endara (akukho mthethweni ukuba umgqatswa wase-US amkele imali yonyulo evela kwimithombo yangaphandle). Iziphumo zonyulo zichithwa nguRhulumente wasePanama ngoMeyi 10. Ulawulo lwaseBush luthumela i-2,000 yamajoni angaphezulu. Ukusukela ngeli xesha ukuya phambili, uMkhosi oxhobileyo wase-US wenza imithambo rhoqo yasemkhosini kwindawo yasePanama-imimandla 'emhlophe'-yaphula izivumelwano.
I-1989: Ngo-Meyi 11, uMongameli uBush ukhumbula i-ambassador yase-US kwaye uceba ukuthumela malunga ne-1,700 yamajoni kunye ne-165 marines ngezigaba zokuqinisa imikhosi esele ikhona ePanama.
Ngowe-1989: NgoJuni iSebe Lezobulungisa laseUnited States lakhupha ingxelo yokuba amagosa omthetho aseMerika anokubamba iimbacu kumazwe angaphandle kwanokuba oorhulumente abasamkelayo abavumi, lilungiselela indlela yokubanjwa kukaNoriega emva kohlaselo.
I-1989: Ukuthetha neentatheli eGuatemala ngoJuni 12, iSekela likaMongameli uDan Quayle ulumkisa ukuba 'i-axis yaseCuba, eNicaragua nasePanama' ichasene ne-United States kunye nedemokhrasi kummandla.
1989: Izicwangciso zeWashington zokuhlasela iPanama ziyimfihlo evulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, nge-21 ka-Agasti, inqaku lomhleli kwiphephandaba lemihla ngemihla laseCuba i-Granma ilumkisa ngohlaselo lwase-US olusemnyango nxamnye nePanama.
Ngo-1989: UMongameli wethutyana uFrancisco Rodrรguez uthatha isikhundla nge-1 kaSeptemba njengoko ixesha likaMongameli uSolรs Palma liphela.
I-1989: NgoSeptemba 12, uLawulo lweBush lwandisa izigwebo, kubandakanywa ukuhoxiswa kwe-sugar quota ye-1989 kunye nokwandisa uluhlu lweenkampani kunye nabantu abanqatshelwe ukufumana iintlawulo ezivela kubemi base-US.
I-1989: Ngo-Okthobha i-3, uNoriega ubeka phantsi elinye ilinge lokukhwabanisa elincediswa nguRhulumente wase-US.
I-1989: Kwiiveki ezimbini kamva, ngo-Okthobha i-17, uLawulo lweBush luthi luxhasa indawo ebanzi ye-CIA ngexesha lokuzama ukukhwabanisa, ukukhalaza ukuba izithintelo malunga nokufa okujoliswe kuko kunokunciphisa kakhulu.
Ngo-1989: Nge-27 ka-Okthobha, iindaba eziqinisekisayo ezaqala ukuqhambuka kwiLos Angeles Times kwiveki ephelileyo, iSebe lezeMali laseMelika lazisa ukuba uNoriega utyunjwe njengearhente yaseCuba. Kuba uRhulumente wase-US ekwalela ukurhweba neearhente zaseCuba, oku kuthetha ukuba abemi base-US abavumelekanga ukuba benze ishishini naye. Umfazi kaNoriega, izinxulumani ezahlukeneyo, kunye neenkampani ezininzi zibhengezwa njengeearhente zaseCuba ngaxeshanye okanye kwakamsinya emva koko.
Ngo-1989: UMongameli Bush uya kwi-'Hemispheric celebration of democracy' ebanjwe nguMongameli waseCosta Rican u-Oscar Arias. Uzisa iindwendwe ezimbini, uVioleta Barrios de Chamorro waseNicaragua kunye noGuillermo Endara wasePanama.
Ngo-1989: NgoNovemba, uRhulumente wase-US ubhengeza ukuba emva kwe-31 kaJanuwari 1990, uya kuthintela iinqanawa ezibhaliswe ePanama ezivela kumazibuko ase-US.
I-1989: NgoNovemba 16, uLawulo lweBush luqinisekisa isicwangciso solunye uqulunqo lokukhupha uNoriega. Ebizwa ngokuba 'yiPanama 5' (kwakukho izicwangciso ezi-4 zangaphambili), inebhajethi yezigidi ezi-3 zeedola. Injongo ayikokubulala kodwa ukuba oko kuyenzeka, 'akunyanzelwanga,' litsho igosa likarhulumente. I-CIA ifanele ukuba ibotshwe ngumyalelo wesigqeba we-1976 ovala ukubandakanyeka kwayo kwizicwangciso zokubulala.
1989: NgoNovemba 22, kwintetho yakhe yokubulela kwisizwe, uMongameli Bush uvakalisa ukuba 'imimoya yotshintsho' 'iguqula iMelika' ngaphandle kwezinye izinto: iPanama, iNicaragua neCuba.
I-1989: NgoNovemba 27-29, inkomfa yokungenelela kwe-US ibanjwe kwisiXeko sasePanama yiPanama's Centre for International Studies ukwazisa abathunywa be-118 base-US malunga nento eyenzekayo. Kwiseshini yokuvula, uMongameli wethutyana uFrancisco Rodrรguez uthi, 'Uzakubona iimbono ezahlukeneyo ezigubungela iingcinga zezopolitiko zangoku, kwaye bonke aba bathathi-nxaxheba bangamanani abalaseleyo karhulumente, kwinkqubo yenguqu esizimisele thina bantu basePanamani. ukuqhuba.' Uthetha 'ngokukhusela ilungelo lethu lokufezekisa ukuzimela kwePanama.' Kubantu basePanamani imbambano ngokucacileyo lulongamo.
Ngo-1989: NgoDisemba 15, iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yasePanamani ibiza uNoriega intloko karhulumente kwaye ichaza ukuba iPanama 'ikwimeko yemfazwe' kunye ne-United States ngenxa yezohlwayo eziqatha zezoqoqosho zikaRhulumente wase-US kunye nokuhamba kwemikhosi yemihla ngemihla kwintsimi yasePanama. iindawo ezimhlophe), imithambo engavumelekanga yiTorrijos-Carter Treaties.
NGODISEMBA 20, 1989, UKUHLASELA: UKUSEBENZA NJENGABANGE
*Ngo-1:00 kusasa, amagosa ase-US afaka uGuillermo Endara njengomongameli omtsha wasePanama. Umsitho oyimfihlo wenziwa kwisiseko somkhosi-iFort Clayton, enye yeziseko ze-13 kwiCanal Zone.
*Njengokuba kumiselwa umongameli omtsha, uMkhosi wase-US, uMkhosi woMoya kunye noMkhosi wasemanzini uhlasela iPanama, indawo encinci kunoMzantsi Carolina, ngohlaselo olukhulu lomoya kunye nohlaselo lwasemhlabeni, kubandakanya phantse amajoni angama-28,000 kunye neenqwelomoya ezingaphezu kwama-300. I-helicopter gunships iqhuma iSixeko sasePanama, apho izindlu zokhuni zamahlwempu e-El Chorillo zitshiswa. Kamva iThe New York Times yanikela ingxelo yokuba imikhosi yase-US idibana 'nokuchaswa ngokukrakra' eSan Miguelito, ihlomela-dolophu elinabantu abangama-200,000, kodwa uMiguelito unxunguphele. Iindawo ezinkulu zeColรยณn zitshatyalalisiwe. Amawaka abemi avalelwe eluvalelweni. Imizimba ifunyanwa kumabhodlo ize itshiswe. Kukho umngcwabo omkhulu ngoSuku lweKrisimesi. Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba bangaphi abantu ababulawayo kuba bonke ababalwa; Uqikelelo luba ngamawaka. Izibhedlele ziphuphuma ngamanxeba.
*ISebe lezoKhuselo lizama esinye sezixhobo zalo esitsha-inqwelomoya yokuhlasela i-Lockheed F-117A. Unobhala wezoKhuseleko u-Dick Cheney uvakalisa ukuba nganye kwi-F-117A 'Nighthawks' ihambise ibhomu ye-2,000-pound 'echanekileyo.' Uyavutha ngumsindo xa esiva kwiinyanga kamva, ngoAprili, ukuba enye yeziqhushumbisi yaphoswa kumakhulu eemitha. Jikelele uColin Powell, usihlalo weeNtloko zaBasebenzi abaManyeneyo, uyinxalenye yokungaphumeleli okukhulu konxibelelwano malunga nomsebenzi we-F-117As ekuqhutyweni kwabo kokuqala kwebhombu.
* Kanye njengokuba iPentagon yazicinezela iindaba ngexesha lokuhlasela kweGrenada ngo-1983, iSebe lezoKhuselo libhabha kwindawo yemithombo yeendaba ekhethiweyo eseWashington (endaweni yePanama) ukuya eHoward Air Force Base emva koko ngehelikopta ukuya eFort Clayton, apho bathintelwe khona ukubamba. igumbi de umlo omkhulu uphele. Abavumelekanga ukuba bashiye isiseko bebodwa kodwa kufuneka bakhatshwe kwaye bathintelwe ekuthatheni iifoto zezinto zokwenyani njengehelikopta ezonakalisiweyo okanye iibhokisi zamajoni ase-US. Amagosa omkhosi anika inkcazelo engachananga ngengozi yomkhosi nabemi. Kwenye yeendawo zokuhlala zikaNoriega, babonisa iintatheli into emhlophe uGeneral Maxwell Thurman, intloko yeSouthCom, eqinisekisa ukuba yicocaine. Oku kwenza iindaba ezikwiphepha elingaphambili e-United States, kodwa yi-disinformation; i'cocaine' yi 'farina, corn meal kunye nelard' esetyenziselwa ukwenza iitamales. I-CNN isasaza inombolo yefowuni kubahlali basePanama ukuba bafowunele; ezo ngxelo zibonelela ngamabali eendawo ezihlala abantu abahlaselwayo.
*Kwinkomfa yoonondaba ngomhla wohlaselo, uMongameli Bush uxelela ihlabathi ukuba, โIinjongo zeUnited States ibikukukhusela ubomi babantu baseMelika, ukukhusela idemokhrasi ePanama, ukulwa ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi, nokukhusela ingqibelelo. wesivumelwano sePanama Canal,' esongezelela ngelithi uye wayalela uMkhosi 'ukuba izise uNjengele Noriega ematyaleni eUnited States.'
* Imikhosi yase-US ephethe abasebenzi abaxhobileyo ijikeleze i-Cuban, i-Nicaragua kunye ne-Ambassy yaseLibya e-Panama City ngesizathu sokuba u-Manuel Noriega ungaphakathi kwenye yazo, nangona bobabini uGeneral Thomas Kelly kunye no-Rear Admiral Ted Sheafer we-Joint Chiefs of Staff bevuma e-US. kumabonakude ukuba akukho bungqina bokuba uNoriega uye wafuna indawo yokukhosela kuyo nayiphi na kuzo. Kuze kube nguJanuwari 18, imikhosi yase-US iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza i-Embassy yaseCuba kunye nekhaya lonozakuzaku waseCuba ePanama, uLazaro Mora Secade, ngamaxesha athile evalela unozakuzaku kunye nabanye oonozakuzaku baseCuba. Kuyavela ukuba uNoriega ungaphakathi kwi-nunciature kapopu kwisiXeko sasePanama. Nge-3 kaJanuwari, unikezela kwimikhosi yase-US kwaye ngoko nangoko wathunyelwa entolongweni eFlorida.
UJane Franklin ngumbhali weCuba kunye neUnited States: Imbali yeChronological (iMelbourne neNew York: iOcean Press, 1997). http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jbfranklins