Aziz Choudry
New
Abantu baseZealand badla ngokuqhayisa ngelithi ilizwe labo liphambili ehlabathini. Babanga ukuba yayiyiyo
okokuqala ukudala imo yentlalontle kunye nokunika amandla kwabasetyhini. Ngo-1984-1990 uMsebenzi
Urhulumente ubhengeze ilizwe ukuba alinayo inyukliya, ngelixa, ngokutsho kwe-Economist,
ngaxeshanye yaqalisa “ukukhupha uNksk. Thatcher” ngokufaka isicelo
incwadi yesikhokelo i-neoliberal economic theory kuluntu lwaseNew Zealand olungacingelanga ukuba a
isidanga asizange sabonwa nakweliphi na ilizwe le-OECD. Ngoku, kukho imiboniso emnandi
abahlalutyi abafana noJonathan Freedland we-Guardian bathi uHelen Clark's
Urhulumente okhokelwa yiLabour Party, onyulwe ngo-1999, ukhokela ihlabathi kude
ukholo oluyimfama kwicandelo labucala kunye nemfundiso yentengiso ebonakalise oko
oorhulumente abaninzi bedemokhrasi yezentlalo kwihlabathi jikelele.
Noba yintoni
ubunyani bamabango anjalo, xa kufikwa kuhlolo lukarhulumente kunye nokhuseleko lwayo
kunye nomthetho wobukrelekrele, le wannabe "inkokeli yehlabathi" ilulamile njenge
itakane, ukwenza abhide of Big Brothers yayo e-USA, UK, Australia kunye
Khanada.
A
Ikomiti yePalamente yaseNew Zealand ithathela ingqalelo izingeniso kwicandelo lokuqala
yotshintsho lwezomthetho oluyimfuneko ukunika amaPolisa aseNew Zealand kunye nobukrelekrele
ii-arhente zinamandla amatsha okugqekeza iikhompyuter, kunye nokuthintela ii-imeyile, iifeksi kunye nepeyija
imiyalezo. Ii-arhente zelizwe zokucupha zixolelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi
izilungiso, ezithengiswa eluntwini njengesixhobo esichasene nekhompyuter
uqhekezo/umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho we-elektroniki.
kuba
bonke abantu bobuntlola basekuhlaleni bathanda ukubekwa esweni
"Iimpembelelo zangaphandle", "isandla sangaphandle" sihlala ngasemva
utshintsho lwamva nje. Ubukhulu becala bakhuthazwa luxinzelelo lwe-US lokumisela umgangatho kunye
lungelelanisa iindlela zehlabathi kunye nesakhono sokuthintela i-elektroniki
unxibelelwano ukunceda imisebenzi yayo yobuntlola.
Kunye
nezilungiso ezicetywayo kuMthetho wezoNxibelelwano, ezifuna i-intanethi
ababoneleli ngenkonzo kunye neenkampani zomnxeba ukufaka izixhobo kunye nesoftwe ngoko
ukuba iinkqubo zabo zinokuthintelwa, umthetho ocetywayo utshintsha ngokusondeleyo
Umthetho waseBritani woLawulo lwaMagunya oPhando. Oku kunyanzelisa yonke i-Intanethi
ababoneleli ngenkonzo abasebenza eBritani ukuba baqhagamshelwe imeyile entsha MI5
iziko longenelelo, kunye nokunika izitshixo zoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo ukuze yonke imiyalezo ibenakho
zifundwe. Iziko elizinikeleyo alinakwakhiwa eNew Zealand, kodwa umphumo uya kuba njalo
yiba njalo.
The
urhulumente uyawakhanyela amakhonkco phakathi komthetho omtsha kunye nezicwangciso ze-FBI zokwenza omnye
amazwe amkela iimfuno zawo zokubeka iliso kunxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki.
Kodwa uMkomishinala oNcedisayo wamaPolisa uPaul Fitzharris uyavuma ukuba “kucetyiwe
utshintsho lwezomthetho luya kwenza iNew Zealand ihambelane noninzi, ukuba akunjalo
zonke, kwiiMfuno zoMsebenzisi waMazwe ngaMazwe” – eziphantse zifane
kwabo bakhuthazwa yi-FBI ukususela ngo-1992. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni athi ayazi ukuba akukho
iimeko apho ubugebenga bebucetywe kusetyenziswa i-imeyile, nokuba izaphuli-mthetho
zilumkele izinto abazithethayo kwi-Intanethi.
New
Ii-arhente zezobuntlola zase-Zealand ziphantsi koqwalaselo olungamkelekanga mva nje.
Ngo-1996 itshantliziyo laseWellington/umphandi uNicky Hager wakhupha eyakhe
incwadi evunyiweyo lihlabathi jikelele "Amandla afihlakeleyo". Oku kwatyhila iNew Zealand
indima kuthungelwano lwezobuntlola ezihlanganisiweyo zamazwe ngamazwe,
ilawulwa yimfihlo yesivumelwano sobuntlola UKUSA phakathi kwe-USA, UK, Canada,
EOstreliya naseNew Zealand. Yaqaqambisa iprojekthi ye-Echelon, ebandakanya
satellite interception spybases kula mazwe amahlanu ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye
ngokuqhubekayo ukukhangela amagama aphambili kwiibhiliyoni zemiyalezo. ENew Zealand
I-Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) ithumela imathiriyeli ekrwada ukuba yona
iqokelela ngqo kwi-NSA.
ukusukela
Ngo-1988, iinkampu zoqhanqalazo kunye nemiboniso kufutshane neSatellite yoKhuselo yeGCSB
IYunithi yoNxibelelwano, i-Waihopai spybase kuMzantsi onabemi abambalwa
Island, ifune ukuvalwa kwayo, kunye nokupheliswa kweGCSB. eWaihopai
umsebenzi uquka ukuhlola unxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe loMzantsi Pasifiki
iintlanga.
New
I-Zealand ibisoloko idlala indima encinci kumanyano lwaseNtshona,
ngokusebenzisana ne-USA, Canada, Australia kunye ne-UK. Ngowe-1956, uKhuseleko lweNZ
Intelligence Service (SIS) yasekwa emva koxinzelelo oluvela eBritani, yayo
umbutho iphenjelelwe ngamandla yi-MI5.
Ngexesha
iMfazwe ebandayo, njengabalingane babo basentshona, ubukrelekrele baseNew Zealand kunye
ii-arhente zokhuseleko zisebenzela ukukhusela ingcamango eyayichasene nobukomanisi,
anti-Soviet, kunye nenkululeko echasene nehlabathi lesithathu. I-SIS yenze uphando
yentshukumo echasene neVietnam, kunye nentshukumo yokuchasana nocalucalulo eyakhula
kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1970s, ifikelela incopho ngeentshukumo ezininzi kwilizwe lonke
ngexesha lokhenketho lweqela lombhoxo laseMzantsi Afrika eNew Zealand ngo-1981. Yahlola urhwebo
iimanyano, abafundi, izifundiswa, oonozakuzaku, iimbacu kwezopolitiko, kunye nabanye.
The
INkonzo yobuNhloli boLwaphulo-mthetho yamaPolisa aseNew Zealand (CIS) izibonelela ngokubanzi
Isigunyaziso sokuqokelela ulwazi malunga nabantu ngokwezopolitiko zabo
iinkolelo, kunye nezimvo ezenziwe ngamagosa ezobuntlola zamapolisa ukuba imisebenzi yabo
kunokubandakanya ukwaphulwa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Umsebenzi wabo kule ndawo
inezinto ezininzi ezifanayo nezopolitiko kwimikhosi yamapolisa kwenye indawo
ukubeka iliso rhoqo, ukuxhaphaza kunye nokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho abaququzeleli kunye nemisebenzi yezopolitiko.
I-CIS kunye ne-SIS zinxibelelana ngokusondeleyo.
Kwezopolitiko
kunye nolwazi lobuchwephesha malunga “nobhukuqo” kunye “noguqulo oluchaseneyo”
kwabelwana ngokwesiqhelo phakathi kokhuseleko lwasentshona kunye neearhente zobuntlola ngexesha
IMfazwe Yomlomo kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo iyaqhubeka. Emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo ezi arhente ziye
bazabalazele ukuxhasa ubukho babo obuqhubekayo kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ngokwakha ezinye
izoyikiso "zokhuseleko".
Iithagethi
ibandakanya ngokucacileyo abachasi behlabathi kunye ne-neo-liberal imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho,
AmaMaori (aBantu boMthonyama) ekhuthaza ilungelo lokuzikhethela, kunye nabanye
iindawo zokuhlala. Elinye inqaku lomhleli wephephandaba lagqabaza lathi: “Unqulo lwaseburhulumenteni
utshintsho oluchasene nobukomanisi ukuya kurhwebo olukhululekileyo, kodwa ububingeleli obuyimfihlo busenako
batshutshise abangakholwayo”
In
NgoJulayi 1996 amagosa amabini eSIS aphazanyiswa ndingena endlwini yam
ukuququzelela inkomfa echasa ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, kwiintsuku ezimbini phambi kwe
I-APEC (i-Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) iNtlanganiso yabaPhathiswa boRhwebo yaqala ngo
eChristchurch. Uqhekezo lwenzeka kwiiveki ezimbini emva kotshintsho lomthetho olusiqinisekisayo
ukuba i-SIS ayinakumisela ucupho nakubani na obandakanyeka ngokusemthethweni
Ukuthethelela, ukuqhankqalaza okanye ukuchasa. Kwaesi sihlomelo sasiqulathe impikiswano
ukuchazwa ngokutsha kokhuseleko. Yongeza “ukwenziwa kwegalelo kwiNtsha
Impilontle yamazwe ngamazwe okanye intlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho yase-Zealand” kwinto ekhoyo
“Ukukhusela iNew Zealand kwizenzo zobuntlola, ukonakaliswa, ubugrogrisi, kunye
ukubhukuqa, nokuba ngaba zijoliswe okanye azijongwanga ukuba zenziwe
ngaphakathi eNew Zealand”.
ukhuseleko
Iiarhente kudala zitolika “ubhukuqo” ukuthethelela ukuhlola iintshukumo,
imibutho kunye nabantu abakhuthaza izimvo zentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho
zicingelwa ukuba zicela umngeni kwizinto eziphambili zentlalo nezoqoqosho. Kodwa abagxeki
Isihlomelo sowe-1996 saxoxa ukuba ukuchazwa ngokutsha “kokhuseleko” kunika i-SIS ingcaciso.
i-carte blanche yokuhlola abachasi botyalo-mali lwangaphandle olungalawulwayo kwaye simahla
urhwebo, kunye neMaori ecel' umngeni imigaqo-nkqubo, izenzo kunye negunya le
Urhulumente waseNew Zealand ekhaya nakwiiforam zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-UN. eAuckland
Unjingalwazi wezomthetho weYunivesithi uJane Kelsey wabhala wathi “utshintsho kwingcaciso ye
“ukhuseleko” lubonakala luyilelwe ukukhusela ukuvalwa kwengxoxo….Eyona nto
undoqo woluntu lwedemokhrasi kukuba lukhusela esona siphumo sifanelekileyo
abantu bayo ngenkululeko yokuthetha kunye nokhuphiswano lokwenene lweengcamango. Iyavela
ukuba …urhulumente uziva engenako ukugcina imeko ikhoyo ngoku ebusweni
ingxoxo ekhululekileyo nevulelekileyo, kwaye uzama ukoyikisa kunye nokubeka iliso kwabo bathe
ugrogrisa ngokungena endleleni.”
I
emva koko wazisa ityala lembambano elibalulekileyo kuRhulumente, limangalela
I-SIS ngetyala kunye nophendlo olungekho ngqiqweni ngokwaphulwa koMthetho osaYilwayo waseNew Zealand
UMthetho wamaLungelo, ugcina ukuba i-SIS yayingenalungelo lasemthethweni lokungena ngasese
impahla. NgoDisemba 1998 iNkundla yesiBheno yandifumana, yawisa isigwebo
ukuqhekeza ngokungekho mthethweni. Ekuphenduleni, uRhulumente weQela leSizwe ngelo xesha - encediswa ngu
Inkcaso yezabasebenzi, yakhawuleza ngomthetho wokwandisa amagunya e-SIS ngo
ukubavumela ukuba bangene kwipropathi yabucala, kwaye bavunywe emva kwabo bonke abanye
Ukuqhekezwa kwe-SIS phakathi ko-1977 kunye no-1999.
In
NgoFebruwari 1999, i-SIS yahlawulela uDame Stella Rimington, owayesakuba yintloko ye
I-MI5 yaseBritane ibhabha iye eWellington njengengqina eliyingcaphephe lokuxhasa
Utshintsho lomthetho olucetywayo lunika i-SIS amandla okungena. Watsho ngaphandle
amandla okungena kwipropati ukufaka izixhobo zokumamela, i-SIS ayinakudlala a
inxaxheba epheleleyo kuluntu lwezobuntlola lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngasekupheleni kwaloo nyanga, iFBI
umlawuli uJaji Louis Freeh utyelele eWellington ukuze axoxe ngokhuseleko lwe-APEC
amalungiselelo kunye ne-SIS, amaPolisa kunye neNkulumbuso.
Nangona kunjalo
inkcaso yoluntu, umthetho wawiswa ngaphambi kokuba likhulu kweNew Zealand
umsebenzi wokhuseleko ngoSeptemba we-1999 ye-APEC Summit. Inkcazo ye
"Ukhuseleko" lwatshintshwa ngokungenantsingiselo kumsebenzi wokuthambisa ukuze kugxothwe
inkxalabo malunga nobubanzi bayo.
Emva koko,
ngoMeyi ophelileyo, imibutho yabasebenzi, imibutho yoluntu, izifundiswa, ezenkolo
kunye neenkokheli zezopolitiko zacela uphando lwepalamente kwi-CIS's yamaPolisa
indima ekujoliswe kuyo kwimibutho yezopolitiko kunye namatsha ntliziyo.
le
kulandele ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo eliziswe ngumhlohli waseyunivesithi uDavid Small ngokuchaseneyo
amapolisa, alandela ugqogqo lwamapolisa – ekuthiwa “lukwenza ibhombu
izixhobo” zamakhaya ethu ahlukeneyo kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa emva kokuba ebhaqile
I-SIS yokuqhekeza. Ngobungqina, amagosa eCIS avumile ukufota abathathi-nxaxheba kwi
Imibuzo yokunyusa ingxowa-mali ebusuku kunye nemiboniso enoxolo, ukubukela ikhaya lam kunye
indawo yokusebenza, kunye nokubeka iliso kwiindibano zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nezinye
iinkxalabo zobulungisa bentlalo, kwithuba leminyaka emininzi. Baye bancedisa
I-SIS ekuvaleni ukuqhekeza kwabo okungacacanga. Elinye igosa leCIS lathi uGqr
U-Small waqala ukuza kwingqalelo yakhe ngeminyaka yoo-1980, ngokubhala amanqaku
malunga nemiba yokuzimela kwePasifiki-akukho bungqina bobugebenga obunokwenzeka.
Xhosa Maori
abantu bobuzwe ngokucacileyo bebephantsi kweliso. Ngowe-1997 izindlu ezimbini
Amagqwetha aseMaori athethelela ulongamo lwemveli aqhekezwa kanye kanye
ngexesha elinye kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo. Ekuphela kwezinto eziphazamisekileyo kuzo zombini iimeko
yayingamaphepha amalunga notshintsho lomgaqo-siseko eNew Zealand sele esesidlangalaleni
ithambeka. Ngo-1999, i-Wellington Maori Legal Service yatyhila ukuba i-independent
ifemu yokhuseleko yatshayela ii-ofisi zayo kwaye yafumanisa ukuba bekutsalwa iminxeba
ibanjwe ngaphandle. Igqwetha laseMaori kunye nomlweli-mkhosi uAnnette Sykes naye wafumanisa
ukuba iifowuni zakhe zazicofwa kwaye isixhobo sokujonga indawo sibekwe kuye
imoto. AmaPolisa kunye noSIS baye bathula. Igqwetha leNkonzo yoMthetho yaseMaori uTaki Anaru
uthe uqinisekile ukuba i-SIS ibhuqa abantu abaninzi baseMaori “kuba
ingcaciso yokhuseleko lwesizwe ibanzi kakhulu kule mihla”.
New
Iiarhente zezobuntlola kunye nezokhuseleko zase Zealand zihlala ziqinile malunga nezabo
ekujoliswe kuko ngoku kunye nomdla wabo kunxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki phakathi
amatsha ntliziyo. Kodwa ingxelo yeNkonzo yezoKhuseleko lwezoKhuseleko lwaseKhanada ka-Agasti 2000,
"Anti-Globalization - A Ukusasazeka Phenomenon" wakhuthaza "ngokunyameka
ukubeka iliso” kunxibelelwano lwe-Intanethi phakathi kwabantu kunye namaqela achasiweyo
ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi “ukumisela iinjongo kunye neenjongo zababonisi, kunye
ukuthintela iziganeko ezingalindelekanga.” Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, eCanada naseOstreliya
imisebenzi yokubeka iliso karhulumente ejolise kwimibutho yabantu boMthonyama
ziye zatsala uluntu olungamkelekanga.
emva
umfanekiso wayo njengelizwe elathatha ngenkalipho i-USA malunga nomba wenyukliya, Entsha
I-Zealand ihlala ingukontraka omncinci ozimiseleyo kwi-Western Alliance's
indibano yezizwe ngezizwe yobuntlola kunye nenethiwekhi yokucupha. Kweye
ulawulo olusekwe kubukoloniyali kunye nokuhluthwa kweMaori, kwaye nangoku
batshatele kwintengiso yobufundamentali bezoqoqosho, ngaphakathi, abo bacela umngeni
ezona zithethe zobukoloniyali noqoqosho kunye nothungelwano lwazo lwaphesheya kweelwandle zi
kuthathwa ngokucacileyo njengomdlalo olungileyo wokucupha.
In
umzamo wayo wokwandisa ngakumbi i-SIS, amaPolisa kunye namagunya e-GCSB, urhulumente kaClark ngu
ukushiya imibuzo ethile engathandekiyo malunga neendima zezi arhente
ukubeka iliso nokulawula ukungavisisani ekhaya. Uyimodeli kuMsebenzi omtsha kaBlair,
(esandul’ ukuwisa umthetho wobunqolobi bonyaka wama-2000) iwamkela ngokufudumeleyo.
Ipolitiki yeNdlela yesiThathu - aka "iglobalization with a smiley face". Ingathi
uzibophelele ngokulinganayo ekugcineni nokwandisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe
izixhobo zokusebenza, kwaye ngokuzithandela ithobela iminqweno yobukrelekrele bayo obuphezulu
amaqabane e-US nase-UK. Kuzo zonke iintetho, kunzima ukwahlula
phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu ezopolitiko eNew Zealand, uMsebenzi kunye neSizwe, ngo
ukhuseleko kunye nemiba yobuntlola. Ngokudibeneyo, banamanani ePalamente
ukutyhala utshintsho lomthetho.
abaninzi
Abantu baseNew Zealand babala iigusha ukuze balale. Kodwa ilizwe laseNew Zealand
urhulumente wezokhuseleko usanceda amaqabane ayo eWestern Alliance ukubala ezopolitiko
abachasi.