Njengoko ubungqina bokutshintsha kwemozulu busiya bunyanzelisa, idabi lokuba ngubani oza kuyila oonobangela bayo, iziphumo kunye nezisombululo ziya kuqina. Kwiindawo ezidumileyo nakwiindawo zemigaqo-nkqubo, amazwi abo aviwayo nabangevayo iya kuba ngumba ophambili wezopolitiko kweli xesha lethu. Namhlanje, kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe ngamazwe, isini sibonakala ngokungabikho kwiingxoxo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Enyanisweni, amagama athi "abafazi" kunye "nobulili" alahlekile kwizivumelwano ezimbini eziphambili zokufudumala kwehlabathi, i-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change kunye ne-Kyoto Protocol. I-scholarship yakutshanje ye-feminist kunye ne-advocacy icela umngeni koku kungabonakali kwesini, esalatha ngokukodwa ukubaluleka kokuziphatha ngokwesini uhlalutyo lobuthathaka kunye nokulungelelaniswa nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Umsebenzi wobufazi malunga nokuba sesichengeni utsalela kuphando lwangaphambili malunga nokuba yintoni eyenza abantu abathile babe semngciphekweni ngakumbi kwiintlekele zendalo ezifana nezikhukula kunye nembalela, iziganeko zemozulu ezimbi kakhulu ezinokuthi zixhaphake kakhulu ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo apho abafazi bangenako ukufumana ukutya kunye nonyango oluncinane kunamadoda, baqala phantsi xa bejongene neentlekele zemvelo kunye noxinzelelo lwendalo. Ekubeni ngokufuthi bengabona banyamekeli babantwana nabakhulileyo, basenokungakwazi ukuhambahamba. Izithintelo zenkcubeko ekuhambeni kwabasetyhini zinokwenza ingxaki. Ngexesha lenkanyamba ka-1991 e-Bangladesh uninzi lwabasetyhini basweleka kunamadoda kuba izilumkiso zakwangoko zaboniswa kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke apho abafazi babethintelwe kwaye abafazi balibaziseka ukushiya amakhaya abo ngenxa yokoyika ukungafanelekanga.
Kunokuba bathembele kwi-generalizations ebanzi, iingcali zabasetyhini kunye nabasebenzi baye baphuhlisa imephu yomngcipheko ochaphazela isini apho abafazi babeka imephu yobuthathaka babo malunga nokuba zeziphi izityalo abazilimayo, zeziphi izixhobo abazenzayo okanye abangazilawuliyo, ukufikelela kwabo kunkcenkceshelo, iimarike, ulwazi. , njl.njl. Ngale ndlela, uhlalutyo lwesini sisixhobo sokuphonononga iimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuza nezisombululo ezisebenzayo ekuhlaleni endaweni yokuqonda konke ukuba sesichengeni.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi loncwadi olungesini kunye nokuba sesichengeni kutshintsho lwemozulu lugxile kubafazi basemaphandleni kuMzantsi wehlabathi nangona kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka uninzi lwabantu behlabathi luya kuhlala ezidolophini. Njengoko inkanyamba uKatrina ebonisa, uMntla wehlabathi awukhuselekanga kwizehlo zemozulu ezigqithisileyo, kwaye iqondo lokuba sesichengeni kwabantu baseNew Orleans lalinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nesini, intlupheko, uhlanga, ubudala kunye nodidi, kunye nokudityaniswa phakathi kwabo. Ukunikezelwa kwamathuba okuba imingcipheko ehambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu iya kwanda kwiminyaka ezayo, ukucwangciswa komngcipheko ngokwesini kunye nokuqokelelwa kwedatha kuya kuba zizixhobo eziluncedo kuluntu, emaphandleni nasezidolophini, kwihlabathi liphela.
Kuninzi ekusafuneka kwenziwe ukwenza iinkqubo zokulumkisa kwangethuba zithathele ingqalelo ngakumbi imiba yesini. NgokukaMaureen Fordham weNethiwekhi yeSini kunye neNtlekele, uninzi lweengcali ezingamadoda zilawula le ntsimi, kwaye ugxininiso lwemveli luku ('nzima'); iindlela zenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwephesha ekuchongeni iingozi kunye nokusonjululwa kweengxaki ngokuqwalaselwa okuncinci kwindima yothungelwano lwabasetyhini kunye namaqela abanye abemi ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo zokulumkisa ezingekho sikweni. Intsimi yolawulo lweentlekele ilawulwa ngokufanayo ngamadoda, kwaye iimfuno zabasetyhini zolwazi kunye neenkonzo zihlala zingahoywa ekuphenduleni intlekele.
Ngenxa yokungahoywa ngokupheleleyo kwemiba yesini kwizivumelwano zokutshintsha kwemozulu yamazwe ngamazwe, akumangalisi ukuba ingqwalasela encinci ihlawulwe kwindlela ezo zivumelwano ngokwazo ezinokuthi zibe neziphumo zesini. Kugxeko lwendlela yeKyoto Protocol yokurhweba ngekhabhoni, uLarry Lohmann wase-UK-based Corner House ukhomba indlela iinkqubo zokubala ngekhabhoni ezineziphumo ezijongela phantsi amagalelo angengawo amashishini, angengawo karhulumente kunye nangezizo iingcaphephe kuzinzo lwemozulu kwaye zidala ukukhutshelwa okutsha. iindlela zamalungelo epropathi. Bathanda iiprojekthi ezinkulu zokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni eMzantsi ezinokuba neziphumo ezibi kwezentlalo nokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, eMinas Gerais, eBrazil, i-Plantar SA Corporation iye yacela inkxaso-mali yekhabhoni yokwandisa amasimi eeucalyptus okulima isityalo esinye. La masimi awahlali nje kuphela kwimihlaba kawonke-wonke ekufuneka ngokomthetho iye kubalimi abahlwempuzekileyo, atsala amanzi kwaye anciphise kakhulu iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ezo zicwangciso zokulima zinokuba neziphumo ezininzi zesini. Umzekelo, abasetyhini abayi kuba nako ukufikelela kuzo ukuze baqokelele iinkuni zasekhaya, kwaye imisebenzi embalwa abayivelisela oonogada basehlathini, njl.njl. iya kuya ikakhulu emadodeni. Ekubeni kwiindawo ezininzi amabhinqa exhomekeke kwizityalo zasendle ukuze afumane ukutya nokufuya imbewu, ukulahleka kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunokunciphisa ukomelela kwawo. Kananjalo amasimi anjalo akanakuba negalelo ekusombululeni iimfuno zamandla zexesha elide zabasetyhini abahluphekayo. Ngokutsho kukaMargaret Skutsch weNethiwekhi yeGender kunye neMozulu yoTshintsho lweMozulu, iKyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism ivale ngokufanelekileyo umnyango kwizisombululo ezincinci, ezingezizo ezombutho ezifana neenkqubo ezikhuthaza ulawulo lwasekhaya lwamahlathi asele ekhona kunye nophuculo kwisakhono sabo sokuhlutha ikhabhoni. kunye nokuvelisa iinkuni zokubasa ezizinzileyo.
Ngokubanzi, umzamo omncinci uye wahlalutya indlela ubudlelwane besini obuchaphazela ngayo abaqhubi benguqu yemozulu. Umzekelo, kuMntla wehlabathi, onoxanduva ngokulinganayo lokufudumala kwehlabathi, icandelo lezothutho ngowona mthombo uphambili weegesi zegreenhouse. Mhlawumbi ngaphandle kwe-US, abasetyhini kuMntla wehlabathi banqabile ukuba babe neemoto kwaye banokusebenzisa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, eYurophu iimoto eziqhutywa ngabafazi zithande ukuba zincinci kwaye zonge amafutha kuba azijongwa njengeempawu zemo. Eli nqaku lokugqibela ligxininisa imfuneko yokujonga imilinganiselo yesini yeminqweno yabathengi njengoko ichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Intengiso iphezulu ngokwesini-i-SUV eqhelekileyo okanye umqhubi wemoto eboniswe kwiintengiso zemoto e-US, umzekelo, yindoda, nokuba yodwa okanye ikunye namaqabane ayo, ukuze yoyise intlango. Ukuba kukho abafazi emfanekisweni, badla ngokucokisekileyo kwaye bahle, bongeza into yokubhenela ngokwesondo. Ngaloo ndlela iimbono zobudoda kunye nobufazi zisasazwe ngobuchule ukudala kunye nokugcina inkcitho, inkcubeko yegesi, ukusuka ekuphakanyisweni kwee-ATVs 'njengezinto zokudlala zamakhwenkwe' ukuya kumkhosi we-Hummer crossover njengophawu olunamandla lobudoda baseMelika.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngokwesini kukwafuna ukuba kubekwe iliso elibukhali phakathi kweenkxalabo ezibambekayo malunga nezoyikiso ezibangelwa kukufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nokusasazwa ngobuchule kweentetho ze-alarmist ukwakha inkxaso yeprotocol yaseKyoto kunye nokusebenzela ezinye iinjongo eziyingxaki. Apha umntu kufuneka abeke iliso elibukhali leengxelo zesini ezicacileyo nezibethelela iimbono ezingalunganga zabasetyhini kunye nabantu abahluphekayo.
Umzekelo woku kuqulunqwa kwabasetyhini ngokwesoyikiso sabemi. Uqikelelo lwe-apocalyptic lokukhula koluntu olugqithisa umthamo wokuthwala umhlaba kudala ludumile kwizangqa zokusingqongileyo zaseMantla, ngakumbi e-US apho bekukho ubudlelwane obude phakathi kwe-lobby yabemi kunye nentshukumo eqhelekileyo yokusingqongileyo. Abo bafuna ukususa ityala lokufudumala kwehlabathi ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni kwaMantla kunye neepateni zemveliso kubantu abahluphekayo eMzantsi bahlala besebenzisa iingxoxo ezixhalabisayo zabemi. Ngokomzekelo, uNjingalwazi uChris Rapley, umalathisi weBritish Antarctic Survey, kutshanje uye waba ngundaba-mlonyeni kumaphephandaba aseBritani xa wayesithi ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwabemi ngokuphawulekayo, akukho themba lokuhlangabezana ngempumelelo nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Umyalezo ocacileyo ngowokuba ukuzala kwabasetyhini kufuneka kulawulwe. Ngaphambili, ukuqiqa okunjalo kube negalelo ekuphunyezweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo yabemi eyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabasetyhini nakumalungelo.
Unxunguphalo lwabemi lukwabonisa kwimifanekiso yamaza alambileyo eembacu ezifudumalayo ezihlanjwa elunxwemeni lwethu, njengoko kubonisiwe kwimeko yokutshintsha kwemozulu ye-2003 yePentagon ngequbuliso apho ukuncitshiswa kokuthwala umthamo kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi kubangela ukwanda kweemfazwe, izifo, indlala kwaye ekugqibeleni bafudukele. uMntla. Olu hlobo lwengxelo yezoyikiso lubandakanya abasetyhini kumfanekiso osongelayo weHlabathi leSithathu labahluphekileyo kwaye lomeleza igunya lee-arhente zokhuseleko lwesizwe kumanyathelo oluntu ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Enye indlela yokucela umngeni kulawulo lomkhosi olunjalo kukugxila kwindlela amajoni ngokwawo adlala ngayo indima ebalulekileyo kodwa engahoywanga ekufudumaleni kwehlabathi. Oku akulogalelo elibi kukufudumala kwehlabathi, ngenxa yokuba i-US yeyona nto inkulu yokukhupha i-greenhouse gases. Imikhosi kwezinye iindawo nayo iwasebenzisa ngendlela engafanelekanga amandla; ngokutsho kolunye uqikelelo, imikhosi yehlabathi ngokudibeneyo isebenzisa umlinganiselo ofanayo wemveliso yepetroleum njengeJapan, elinye lawona mazwe anoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kwimeko yase-US, into ehlekisayo kukuba umkhosi ngoku usebenzisa izixa ezikhulu zeoyile ukuphembelela imfazwe e-Iraq elwe ubuncinci ngokuyinxenye ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwaseMelika lwexesha elizayo lokubonelela ngeoyile.
Ukubeka iliso lobuni kuzo zombini umkhosi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuphakamisa inani lemibuzo enxulumeneyo. Zeziphi iipolitiki zesini zokubeka izinto eziphambili ngobuchule kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali? Iingcamango zobudoda kunye nothungelwano lwamadoda anamandla zibumba njani imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuselo, zikhusela umkhosi kwimfuno yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse, kwaye kumiselwe ukuba inkcitho kukhuselo oluqhelekileyo yeyona nto iphambili kakhulu kunotyalo-mali kwimithombo yamandla acocekileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe. ?
Ingaba inkcubeko yomkhosi wamadoda iluchaphazela njani ukhetho lwabathengi ngeemveliso ezifana neHummer kunye nokugcina indlela yokuphila edlala amandla enkcitho?
Imeko yemfazwe ijongela phantsi njani inkululeko yedemokhrasi, ityhala abafazi ngaphandle kwebala loluntu kwaye inciphise indawo yengxoxo ebandakanyayo malunga nendlela yokujongana nokufudumala kwehlabathi?
Ingaba impi iphindaphindeka njani kwaye/okanye yongeze njani ukuba sesichengeni kwabasetyhini kutshintsho lwemozulu? Kwimeko yeentlekele zemvelo ezibangelwa kukufudumala komhlaba, ngokomzekelo, ngaba ingozi yobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo iya kwanda ukuba oorhulumente baxhomekeke kumaziko omkhosi ukuze anikele uncedo nokugcina ucwangco?
Kwicala elincomekayo ngakumbi, ingaba iintshukumo zabasetyhini zoxolo kunye nokusingqongileyo zinokuba negalelo njani kumbono obanzi wobulungisa bemozulu kunye nezisombululo ezinokwenzeka ezinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ngelixa zinyusa ingeniso kunye namandla abasetyhini kunye namadoda ahluphekayo?
Le yimibuzo embalwa ekufuneka siyibuze ukuze sibeke umngeni osebenzayo wobufazi kunye nobulungisa bentlalo kushishino njengesiqhelo kwindawo yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
- UBetsy Hartmann ungumlawuli weNkqubo yoPhuhliso lwaBantu kunye noPhuhliso kwiKholeji yaseHampshire e-Amherst, MA. Kungekudala, ungumbhali-mbhali kunye noJoni Seager we-Mainstreaming Gender kuVavanyo lweNdalo kunye neSilumkiso sakwaQala (UNEP 2005) kunye nomhleli odibeneyo kunye no-Banu Subramaniam kunye noCharles Zerner wokwenza iNzongelo: I-Biofears kunye ne-Environmental Anxieties (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005).